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Liquid/liquid interfaces are used as optical elements,and are moved or deformed by the electrocapillarity effect. Several types of modulator,working in both transmission and reflection, are described.
Michael Lea
"Optical Modulators Based On Electrocapillarity", Proc. SPIE 0465, Spatial Light Modulators and Applications I, (13 August 1984); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.941398
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Michael Lea, "Optical Modulators Based On Electrocapillarity," Proc. SPIE 0465, Spatial Light Modulators and Applications I, (13 August 1984); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.941398