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Dopants may influence light-induced refractive index changes - so-called photo-refractive or optical damage effects - in LiNbO3 by different means. In this contribution we investigate consequences of transition metal ions acting as filled and empty traps, of Ti4+ centers and protons which are necessary for the formation of waveguiding layers and of Mg2+ ions reducing optical damage effects.
Eckhard E. Kraetzig andRalph Sommerfeldt
"Influence of dopants on photorefractive properties of LiNbO3 crystals", Proc. SPIE 1273, Nonlinear Optical Materials III, (1 August 1990); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.20457
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Eckhard E. Kraetzig, Ralph Sommerfeldt, "Influence of dopants on photorefractive properties of LiNbO3 crystals," Proc. SPIE 1273, Nonlinear Optical Materials III, (1 August 1990); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.20457