Page 22, Other Types of Lenses

Table of Contents

• Front Matter

• Basics
• Spectroscopy Defined

• Spectrometer, Spectroscope, and Spectrograph

• Light as a Wave

• Light as a Particle

• The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Maxwell's Equations of Electromagnetism

• Maxwell's Equations: General Form

• Spectroscopy and Regions of the Spectrum

• Polarization

• Polarization and Reflection

• Interactions of Light with Matter

• Index of Refraction

• Internal Reflection

• Dichroism

• Instrumental Aspects
• Light Sources

• Prisms

• Gratings

• Absorption Filters

• Interference Filters

• Types of Lenses: Convex

• Other Types of Lenses

• Mirrors

• Lens and Mirror Equations

• Modulators: Mechanical Choppers and Shutters

• Electro-Optical Modulators

• Magneto- and Acousto-Optical Modulators

• Other Components

• Grating Monochromators

• Prism Monochromators

• Michelson Interferometer

• Fabry-Perot Interferometer

• Detectors

• Photon Detectors

• Photomultiplier Tubes

• Multichannel Photon Detectors

• Multichannel Detectors: Charge-Transfer Devices

• Thermal Detectors

• Theory and Methods
• Fourier Transform

• Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

• Absorption

• Emission

• Magnetic Resonance

• Quantum Theory

• Quantum Theory of Light and Its Application

• Quantum Mechanics—Postulates

• QM—Particle-in-a-Box

• QM—Harmonic Oscillator

• QM—Two-Dimensional Rotations

• QM—Three-Dimensional Rotations

• QM—The Hydrogen Atom: Setup

• QM—The Hydrogen Atom: Solutions

• QM—Other Systems

• Spin

• Approximation Methods—Variation Theory

• Approximation Methods—Perturbation Theory

• Approximation Methods Applied to Spectroscopy

• The Transition Moment

• Quantum-Mechanical Selection Rules

• Group Theory

• Plotting a Spectrum—The Ordinate

• Plotting a Spectrum—The Abscissa

• Baselines

• Beer's Law

• Linewidths

• Types of Line Broadening

• Noise

• Resolution

• Resolution in Fourier Transform Spectrometers

• Atomic Electronic Spectroscopy

• Atomic Term Symbols

• Electronic Spectra Selection Rules

• Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

• Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

• The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation

• Molecular Spectroscopy

• Diatomic Molecule Term Symbols

• Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy

• Hückel Approximations

• The Zeeman Effect

• The Anomalous Zeeman Effect

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Theory

• NMR: The Chemical Shift

• NMR: Spin-Spin Splitting

• Electron Spin Resonance

• Rotational Spectroscopy

• Vibrational Spectroscopy

• Near- and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy

• Overtones and Combination Bands

• Rovibrational Spectroscopy

• Vibronic Spectroscopy

• Raman Spectroscopy

• Lasers

• Fluorescence

• Phosphorescence

• Photoelectron Spectroscopy

• Appendix
• Equation Summary

• Back Matter