Page 8, Photopic and Scotopic Vision

Table of Contents

• Front Matter

• Basic Quantities in Illumination
• Flux and Irradiance

• Solid Angle

• Intensity, Radiance, and Projected Solid Angle

• Solid Angle and Projected Solid Angle

• Spectroradiometric and Radiometric Quantities

• Photometric Quantities

• Matrix of Basic Quantities

• Photopic and Scotopic Vision

• Luminous Efficacy

• Typical Values of Illumination Quantities

• Averaged LED Intensity

• Color
• Light Source Color

• Chromaticity Diagram

• Color Temperature and CCT

• Dominant Wavelength and Purity

• Surface Color

• Color of Fluorescent Surfaces

• Color Rendering and CRI

• Calculating CRI and Problems with CRI

• Sources for Illumination
• Typical Source Parameters

• Tungsten Lamps

• Tungsten and Sunlight

• Fluorescent Lamps

• H.P. Sodium and Metal Halide

• Xenon and White LEDs

• Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• Illumination Properties of Materials
• Transmittance, Reflectance, and Absorptance

• Reflectance Factor and BRDF

• Harvey ∕ ABg Method

• Directional Properties of Materials

• Retroreflectors—Geometry

• Retroreflectors—Radiometry

• Illumination Transfer
• Lambertian and Isotropic Models

• Known Intensity

• Known Flux and Known Radiance

• Form Factor and Average Projected Solid Angle

• Configuration Factor

• Useful Configuration Factor

• Useful Form Factor

• Irradiance from a Uniform Lambertian Disk

• Cosine Fourth and Increase Factor

• Known Irradiance

• ω, Ω, NA, and f∕# for a Circular Cone

• Invariance of Radiance

• Illumination in Imaging Systems
• Image Radiance

• Limitations on Equivalent Radiance

• Image Irradiance

• f∕#, Working f∕#, T∕#, NA, Ω

• Flux and Étendue

• Illumination in Nonimaging Systems
• Generalized Étendue

• Concentration

• Skew Invariant

• Fibers, Lightpipes, and Lightguides
• Fibers—Basic Description

• Numerical Aperture and Étendue

• Fiber Bundles

• Tapered Fibers and Bundles

• Classical Illumination Designs
• Spherical Reflector

• Abbe Illumination

• Köhler Illumination

• Ellipsoidal and Paraboloidal Mirrors

• Spectral Control and Heat Management

• Illumination in Visual Afocal Systems

• Uniform Illumination
• Searchlight

• Source at a Distance

• Mixing Rod

• Bent Lightpipes

• Integrating Sphere

• Lenslet Arrays

• Small Reflectors, Lenslet Arrays, and Facets

• Source Models
• Source Modeling Overview

• Source Modeling Methods

• LED Modeling

• Incandescent Lamp Modeling

• Arc and Fluorescent Lamp Modeling

• Nonimaging Compound Concentrators
• Nonimaging Compound Concentrators

• Concentrators as Luminaires

• Compound Parabolic Concentrators

• Compound Elliptical and Hyperbolic Concentrators

• Tailored-Edge-Ray Design

• Faceted Reflector Design

• Advanced Nonimaging Optic Design

• Displays
• Displays—Overview

• Backlit Display Components

• Backlit Display: Source and Injector

• Backlit Display: Lightguides, Features, Reflectors

• Backlit Display: Polarizers, LC, and BEF

• Projection Displays

• Characterizing Illumination Systems
• Mapping Flat-Fielding Sources

• Goniophotometers

• Types A, B, C Goniometer Coordinate Systems

• “Snapshot” Goniophotometers

• Software Modeling
• Software Modeling Discussion

• Architectural Illumination
• Role of Light in Architecture

• Light and Visual Performance
• Eye Adaptation and Visual Fields

• Apparent Brightness

• Lighting Design
• Lighting Design—Layering of Light

• Luminaire for Open-Plan Office
• Photometric Report and VCP

• The Layered Approach

• Daylight Compensation
• Daylight Factor

• Daylight Strategies

• Exterior Lighting
• Nighttime Visibility Criteria

• Recommended Illuminance for Façades

• Façade Floodlighting for Uniform Illumination

• Illumination of Outdoor Areas

• Special Considerations for Outdoor Fixtures

• Parking
• Outdoor Luminaire—Transverse Light Distribution

• Outdoor Luminaire—Lateral Light Distribution

• Roadway Lighting
• Criteria for Roadway Lighting

• Small Target Visibility

• Recommended Roadway Luminaires

• Recommended Lamps for Roadway Luminaires

• Appendix
• Equation Summary

• CIE Illuminants A and D65

• Back Matter