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April 2011

Volume 16, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

Lihong V. Wang, PhD, Editor-in-Chief
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Washington University in St. Louis

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JBO Letters

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Assessment of the role of circulating breast cancer cells in tumor formation and metastatic potential using in vivo flow cytometry Derrick Hwu, Steven Boutrus, Cherry Greiner, Theresa DiMeo, Charlotte Kuperwasser, and Irene Georgakoudi J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 040501 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560624 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The identification of breast cancer patients who will ultimately progress to metastatic disease is of significant clinical importance. The quantification and assessment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been proposed as one strategy to monitor treatment effectiveness and disease prognosis. However, CTCs have been an elusive population of cells to study because of their small number and difficulties associated with isolation protocols. In vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) can overcome these limitations and provide insights in the role these cells play during primary and metastatic tumor growth. In this study, we used two-color IVFC to examine, for up to ten weeks following orthotopic implantation, changes in the number of circulating human breast cells expressing GFP and a population of circulating hematopoietic cells with strong autofluorescence. We found that the number of detected CTCs in combination with the number of red autofluorescent cells (650 to 690 nm) during the first seven days following implantation was predictive in development of tumor formation and metastasis eight weeks later. These results suggest that the combined detection of these two cell populations could offer a novel approach in the monitoring and prognosis of breast cancer progression, which in turn could aid significantly in their effective treatment.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Quantitative analysis on collagen morphology in aging skin based on multiphoton microscopy Shulian Wu, Hui Li, Hongqin Yang, Xiaoman Zhang, Zhifang Li, and Shufei Xu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 040502 (Apr 14, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3565439 \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: Apr 14, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Multiphoton microscopy was employed for monitoring the structure changes of mouse dermis collagen in the intrinsic- or the extrinsic-age-related processes in vivo. The characteristics of textures in different aging skins were uncovered by fast Fourier transform in which the orientation index and bundle packing of collagen were quantitatively analyzed. Some significant differences in collagen-related changes are found in different aging skins, which can be good indicators for the statuses of aging skins. The results are valuable to the study of aging skin and also of interest to biomedical photonics.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Dermal reflectivity determined by optical coherence tomography is an indicator of epidermal hyperplasia and dermal edema within inflamed skin Kevin G. Phillips, Yun Wang, David Levitz, Niloy Choudhury, Emily Swanzey, James Lagowski, Molly Kulesz-Martin, and Steven L. Jacques J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 040503 (Apr 04, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3567082 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Apr 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease resulting from genetic and environmental alterations of cutaneous immune responses. While numerous therapeutic targets involved in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis have been identified, the in vivo dynamics of inflammation in psoriasis remain unclear. We undertook in vivo time course focus-tracked optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to noninvasively document cutaneous alterations in mouse skin treated topically with Imiquimod (IMQ), an established model of a psoriasis-like disease. Quantitative appraisal of dermal architectural changes was achieved through a two parameter fit of OCT axial scans in the dermis of the form A(x, y, z) = ρ(x, y)exp [ − μ(x, y)z]. Ensemble averaging over 2000 axial scans per mouse in each treatment arm revealed no significant changes in the average dermal attenuation rate, 〈μ〉, however the average local dermal reflectivity 〈ρ〉, decreased significantly following 1, 3, and 6 days of IMQ treatment (p < 0.001) in comparison to vehicle-treated control mice. In contrast, epidermal and dermal thickness changes were only significant when comparing controls and 6-day IMQ treated mice. This suggests that dermal alterations, attributed to collagen fiber bundle enlargement, occur prior to epidermal thickness changes due to hyperplasia and dermal thickness changes due to edema. Dermal reflectivity positively correlated with epidermal hyperplasia (r epi 2 = 0.78) and dermal edema (r derm 2 = 0.86). Our results suggest that dermal reflectivity as measured by OCT can be utilized to quantify a psoriasis-like disease in mice, and thus has the potential to aid in the quantitative assessment of psoriasis in humans.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Contact and contactless diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: potential for recovery monitoring of vascular lesions after intense pulsed light treatment Ilona Kuzmina, Ilze Diebele, Janis Spigulis, Lauma Valeine, Anna Berzina, and Anita Abelite J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 040505 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569119 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical fiber contact probe diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and remote multispectral imaging methods in the spectral range of 400 to 1100 nm were used for skin vascular malformation assessment and recovery tracing after treatment by intense pulsed light. The results confirmed that oxy-hemoglobin relative changes and the optical density difference between lesion and healthy skin in the spectral region 500 to 600 nm may be successfully used for objective appraisal of the therapy effect. Color redness parameter a* = 2 is suggested as a diagnostic border to distinguish healthy skin and vascular lesions, and as the indicator of phototreatment efficiency. Valuable diagnostic information on large area (>5 mm) lesions and lesions with uncertain borders can be proved by the multispectral imaging method.

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Review Papers

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Optical coherence elastography: current status and future applications Cuiru Sun, Beau Standish, and Victor X. D. Yang J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 043001 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560294 \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has several advantages over other imaging modalities, such as angiography and ultrasound, due to its inherently high in vivo resolution, which allows for the identification of morphological tissue structures. Optical coherence elastography (OCE) benefits from the superior spatial resolution of OCT and has promising applications, including cancer diagnosis and the detailed characterization of arterial wall biomechanics, both of which are based on the elastic properties of the tissue under investigation. We present OCE principles based on techniques associated with static and dynamic tissue excitation, and their corresponding elastogram image-reconstruction algorithms are reviewed. OCE techniques, including the development of intravascular- or catheter-based OCE, are in their early stages of development but show great promise for surgical oncology or intravascular cardiology applications.

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Research Papers: General

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Visualization of light propagation in visible Chinese human head for functional near-infrared spectroscopy Ting Li, Hui Gong, and Qingming Luo J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 045001 (Apr 04, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3567085 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Using the visible Chinese human data set, which faithfully represents human anatomy, we visualize the light propagation in the head in detail based on Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation is verified to agree with published experimental results in terms of a differential path-length factor. The spatial sensitivity profile turns out to seem like a fat tropical fish with strong distortion along the folding cerebral surface. The sensitive brain region covers the gray matter and extends to the superficial white matter, leading to a large penetration depth (>3 cm). Finally, the optimal source-detector separation is suggested to be narrowed down to 3–3.5 cm, while the sensitivity of the detected signal to brain activation reaches the peak of 8%. These results indicate that the cerebral cortex folding geometry actually has substantial effects on light propagation, which should be necessarily considered for applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy.

Select this Article		Toward label-free Raman-activated cell sorting of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells Flavius C. Pascut, Huey T. Goh, Vinoj George, Chris Denning, and Ioan Notingher J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 045002 (Apr 21, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3570302 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 21, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS) has been recently proposed for label-free phenotypic identification of human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes. However, the methods used for measuring the Raman spectra led to acquisition times of minutes per cell, which is prohibitive for rapid cell sorting applications. In this study we evaluated two measurement strategies that could reduce the measurement time by a factor of more than 100. We show that sampling individual cells with a laser beam focused to a line could eliminate the need of cell raster scanning and achieve high prediction accuracies (>95% specificity and >96% sensitivity) with acquisition times ∼5 seconds per cell. However, the use of commercially-available higher power lasers could potentially lead to sorting speeds of ∼10 cells per s. This would start to progress RMS to the field of cell sorting for applications such as enrichment and purification of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes.

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Research Papers: Imaging

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Monitoring of drug and stimulation induced cerebral blood flow velocity changes in rat sensory cortex using spectral domain Doppler optical coherence tomography Chuan Wang, Yong Yang, Zhihua Ding, Jie Meng, Kai Wang, Wenwei Yang, and Ying Xu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046001 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560286 Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) provides a novel method to measure blood flow velocity in vessels with diameter at micrometer scale. In this study, a developed spectral domain DOCT system is applied to monitor cerebral blood flow velocity changes in a rat. An animal model with a cranial window is used, and by application of a drug, light, and electric stimulations, changes in blood flow velocity of the pial artery in sensory cortex are measured in real time. The results show significant differences in blood flow velocity before and after drug administration or light and electric stimulations, demonstrating the feasibility of DOCT in cerebral microcirculation study. Given its noninvasive nature, high spatial resolution, high velocity sensitivity, and high imaging speed, DOCT shows great promise in brain research by imaging blood flow changes at micrometer scale vessels, which helps to understand the pathogenesis of cerebral diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Intravital microscopy of subpleural alveoli via transthoracic endoscopy David Schwenninger, Hanna Runck, Stefan Schumann, Jörg Haberstroh, Sven Meissner, Edmund Koch, and Josef Guttmann J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046002 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560297 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Transfer of too high mechanical energy from the ventilator to the lung's alveolar tissue is the main cause for ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). To investigate the effects of cyclic energy transfer to the alveoli, we introduce a new method of transthoracic endoscopy that provides morphological as well as functional information about alveolar geometry and mechanics. We evaluate the new endoscopic method to continuously record images of focused subpleural alveoli. The method is evaluated by using finite element modeling techniques and by direct observation of subpleural alveoli both in isolated rat lungs as well as in intact animals (rats). The results confirm the overall low invasiveness of the endoscopic method insofar as the mechanical influences on the recorded alveoli are only marginal. It is, hence, a suited method for intravital microscopy in the rat model as well as in larger animals.

Select this Article		Dark-field illuminated reflectance fiber bundle endoscopic microscope Xuan Liu, Yong Huang, and Jin U. Kang J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046003 (Apr 05, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560298 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 05, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a reflectance fiber bundle microscope using a dark-field illumination configuration for applications in endoscopic medical imaging and diagnostics. Our experiment results show that dark-field illumination can effectively suppress strong specular reflection from the proximal end of the fiber bundle. We realized a lateral resolution of 4.4 μm using the dark-field illuminated fiber bundle configuration. To demonstrate the feasibility of using the system to study cell morphology, we obtained still and video images of two thyroid cancer cell lines. Our results clearly allow differentiation of different cancer cell types.

Select this Article		Optical coherence tomography for high-resolution imaging of mouse development in utero Saba H. Syed, Kirill V. Larin, Mary E. Dickinson, and Irina V. Larina J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046004 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560300 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Although the mouse is a superior model to study mammalian embryonic development, high-resolution live dynamic visualization of mouse embryos remain a technical challenge. We present optical coherence tomography as a novel methodology for live imaging of mouse embryos through the uterine wall thereby allowing for time lapse analysis of developmental processes and direct phenotypic analysis of developing embryos. We assessed the capability of the proposed methodology to visualize structures of the living embryo from embryonic stages 12.5 to 18.5 days postcoitus. Repetitive in utero embryonic imaging is demonstrated. Our work opens the door for a wide range of live, in utero embryonic studies to screen for mutations and understand the effects of pharmacological and toxicological agents leading to birth defects.

Select this Article		Reconstruction of fluorescence distribution hidden in biological tissue using mesoscopic epifluorescence tomography Saskia Björn, Karl-Hans Englmeier, Vasilis Ntziachristos, and Ralf Schulz J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046005 (Apr 04, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560631 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Mesoscopic epifluorescence tomography is a novel technique that discovers fluorescence bio-distribution in small animals by tomographic means in reflectance geometry. A collimated laser beam is scanned over the skin surface to excite fluorophores hidden within the tissue while a CCD camera acquires an image of the fluorescence emission for each source position. This configuration is highly efficient in the visible spectrum range where trans-illumination imaging of small animals is not feasible due to the high tissue absorption and scattering in biological organisms. The reconstruction algorithm is similar to the one used in fluorescence molecular tomography. However, diffusion theory cannot be employed since the source-detector separation for most image pixels is comparable to or below the scattering length of the tissue. Instead Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to predict the sensitivity functions. In a phantom study we show the effect of using enhanced source grid arrangements during the data acquisition and the reconstruction process to minimize boundary artefacts. Furthermore, we present ex vivo data that show high spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy in heterogeneous tissues using GFP-like fluorescence in B6-albino mice up to a depth of 1100 μm.

Select this Article		Resting-state functional connectivity assessed with two diffuse optical tomographic systems Haijing Niu, Sabin Khadka, Fenghua Tian, Zi-Jing Lin, Chunming Lu, Chaozhe Zhu, and Hanli Liu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046006 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3561687 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is recently utilized as a new approach to assess resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the human brain. For any new technique or new methodology, it is necessary to be able to replicate similar experiments using different instruments in order to establish its liability and reproducibility. We apply two different diffuse optical tomographic (DOT) systems (i.e., DYNOT and CW5), with various probe arrangements to evaluate RSFC in the sensorimotor cortex by utilizing a previously published experimental protocol and seed-based correlation analysis. Our results exhibit similar spatial patterns and strengths in RSFC between the bilateral motor cortexes. The consistent observations are obtained from both DYNOT and CW5 systems, and are also in good agreement with the previous fNIRS study. Overall, we demonstrate that the fNIRS-based RSFC is reproducible by various DOT imaging systems among different research groups, enhancing the confidence of neuroscience researchers and clinicians to utilize fNIRS for future applications.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Development of a stigmatic mass microscope using laser desorption/ionization and a multi-turn time-of-flight mass spectrometer Hisanao Hazama, Hidetoshi Yoshimura, Jun Aoki, Hirofumi Nagao, Michisato Toyoda, Katsuyoshi Masuda, Kenichi Fujii, Toshio Tashima, Yasuhide Naito, and Kunio Awazu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046007 (Apr 01, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3561091 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel stigmatic mass microscope using laser desorption/ionization and a multi-turn time-of-flight mass spectrometer, MULTUM-IMG, has been developed. Stigmatic ion images of crystal violet masked by a fine square mesh grid with a 12.7 μm pitch as well as microdot patterns with a 5 μm dot diameter and a 10 μm pitch made with rhodamine B were clearly observed. The estimated spatial resolution was about 3 μm in the linear mode with a 20-fold ion optical magnification. Separating stigmatic ion images according to the time-of-flight, i.e., the mass-to-charge ratio of the ions was successfully demonstrated by a microdot pattern made with two different dyes, crystal violet and methylene blue. Stigmatic ion images of a microdot pattern made with crystal violet were observed after circulation in MULTUM-IMG, and the pattern of the ion image was maintained after ten cycles in MULTUM-IMG. A section of a mouse brain stained with crystal violet and methylene blue was observed in the linear mode, and the stigmatic total ion image of crystal violet and methylene blue agreed well with the optical microphotograph of the hippocampus for the same section.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Dynamic fluorescence imaging for multiparametric measurement of tumor vasculature Myunghwan Choi, Kyungsun Choi, Seung-Wook Ryu, Jungwhoi Lee, and Chulhee Choi J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046008 (Apr 04, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3562956 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and a promising target for cancer therapy. Blood vessel monitoring is an indispensable tool for evaluation and development of anti-angiogenic drugs. Here, we report a new noninvasive in vivo imaging tool, named dynamic fluorescence imaging (DyFI), for the simultaneous measurement of multiple vascular parameters including vascular density, perfusion rate, and permeability using spatiotemporal profiles of indocyanine green. Using DyFI in a tumor xenograft model, we quantitatively measured multiple vascular parameters in tumors and normal tissues with high spatial resolution. The multimodality of this method allowed us to find negative spatial correlations between perfusion and permeability. Moreover, DyFI was effective for revealing the early effects of an anti-angiogenic drug. We suggest that DyFI could be a useful tool for the preclinical development of anti-angiogenic drugs.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Noncontact detection of dry eye using a custom designed infrared thermal image system Tai Yuan Su, Chen Kerh Hwa, Po Hsuan Liu, Ming Hong Wu, David O. Chang, Po Fang Su, Shu Wen Chang, and Huihua Kenny Chiang J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046009 (Apr 20, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3562964 Online Publication Date: Apr 20, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Dry eye syndrome is a common irritating eye disease. Current clinical diagnostic methods are invasive and uncomfortable for patients. This study developed a custom designed noncontact infrared (IR) thermal image system to measure the spatial and temporal variation of the ocular surface temperature over a 6-second eye-open period. This research defined two parameters: the temperature difference value and the compactness value to represent the temperature change and the irregularity of the temperature distribution on the tear film. Using these two parameters, this study achieved discrimination results for the dry eye and the normal eye groups; the sensitivity is 0.84, the specificity is 0.83, and the receiver operating characteristic area is 0.87. The results suggest that the custom designed IR thermal image system may be used as an effective tool for noncontact detection of dry eye.

Select this Article		Target detection and quantification using a hybrid hand-held diffuse optical tomography and photoacoustic tomography system Patrick D. Kumavor, Chen Xu, Andres Aguirre, John Gamelin, Yasaman Ardeshirpour, Behnoosh Tavakoli, Saeid Zanganeh, Umar Alqasemi, Yi Yang, and Quing Zhu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046010 (Apr 07, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3563534 \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: Apr 07, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF See Also: Erratum
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a photoacoustic tomography-guided diffuse optical tomography approach using a hand-held probe for detection and characterization of deeply-seated targets embedded in a turbid medium. Diffuse optical tomography guided by coregistered ultrasound, MRI, and x ray has demonstrated a great clinical potential to overcome lesion location uncertainty and to improve light quantification accuracy. However, due to the different contrast mechanisms, some lesions may not be detectable by a nonoptical modality but yet have high optical contrast. Photoacoustic tomography utilizes a short-pulsed laser beam to diffusively penetrate into tissue. Upon absorption of the light by the target, photoacoustic waves are generated and used to reconstruct, at ultrasound resolution, the optical absorption distribution that reveals optical contrast. However, the robustness of optical property quantification of targets by photoacoustic tomography is complicated because of the wide range of ultrasound transducer sensitivity, the orientation and shape of the targets relative to the ultrasound array, and the uniformity of the laser beam. We show in this paper that the relative optical absorption map provided by photoacoustic tomography can potentially guide the diffuse optical tomography to accurately reconstruct target absorption maps.

Select this Article		Assessment of inflow and washout of indocyanine green in the adult human brain by monitoring of diffuse reflectance at large source-detector separation Adam Liebert, Piotr Sawosz, Daniel Milej, Michał Kacprzak, Wojciech Weigl, Marcin Botwicz, Joanna Mączewska, Katarzyna Fronczewska, Ewa Mayzner-Zawadzka, Leszek Królicki, and Roman Maniewski J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046011 (Apr 26, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3574018 Online Publication Date: Apr 26, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Recently, it was shown in measurements carried out on humans that time-resolved near-infrared reflectometry and fluorescence spectroscopy may allow for discrimination of information originating directly from the brain avoiding influence of contaminating signals related to the perfusion of extracerebral tissues. We report on continuation of these studies, showing that the near-infrared light can be detected noninvasively on the surface of the tissue at large interoptode distance. A multichannel time-resolved optical monitoring system was constructed for measurements of diffuse reflectance in optically turbid medium at very large source-detector separation up to 9 cm. The instrument was applied during intravenous injection of indocyanine green and the distributions of times of flight of photons were successfully acquired showing inflow and washout of the dye in the tissue. Time courses of the statistical moments of distributions of times of flight of photons are presented and compared to the results obtained simultaneously at shorter source-detector separations (3, 4, and 5 cm). We show in a series of experiments carried out on physical phantom and healthy volunteers that the time-resolved data acquisition in combination with very large source-detector separation may allow one to improve depth selectivity of perfusion assessment in the brain.

Select this Article		New closed-form approximation for skin chromophore mapping Petri Välisuo, Ilkka Kaartinen, Valery Tuchin, and Jarmo Alander J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046012 (Apr 07, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3562976 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 07, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The concentrations of blood and melanin in skin can be estimated based on the reflectance of light. Many models for this estimation have been built, such as Monte Carlo simulation, diffusion models, and the differential modified Beer–Lambert law. The optimization-based methods are too slow for chromophore mapping of high-resolution spectral images, and the differential modified Beer–Lambert is not often accurate enough. Optimal coefficients for the differential Beer–Lambert model are calculated by differentiating the diffusion model, optimized to the normal skin spectrum. The derivatives are then used in predicting the difference in chromophore concentrations from the difference in absorption spectra. The accuracy of the method is tested both computationally and experimentally using a Monte Carlo multilayer simulation model, and the data are measured from the palm of a hand during an Allen's test, which modulates the blood content of skin. The correlations of the given and predicted blood, melanin, and oxygen saturation levels are correspondingly r = 0.94, r = 0.99, and r = 0.73. The prediction of the concentrations for all pixels in a 1-megapixel image would take ∼20 min, which is orders of magnitude faster than the methods based on optimization during the prediction.

Select this Article		Application of optical methods to characterize textile materials and their influence on the human skin Helene Strese, Monika Kuck, Rainer Benken, Sabine Schanzer, Heike Richter, Joachim W. Fluhr, Martina C. Meinke, Christian Benderoth, Gottfried Frankowski, Wolfram Sterry, and Juergen Lademann J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046013 (Apr 19, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3562978 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 19, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The skin is not only the largest organ of the human body, but it is also a barrier to the environment. The major part of the human skin is in constant contact with textile materials. The objective of this study was to characterize textile materials and to investigate their influence on the skin properties. For this purpose, two different textile materials (polyamide and polyester) were objectively characterized by optical coherence tomography and surface structure 3D-profilometry. In addition, subjective textile properties like haptic sensation and stiffness, as tactile characteristics felt by volunteers, were analyzed. The objective textile characteristics and subjective parameters were compared to the barrier properties measured by in vivo laser scanning microscopy . Comparable results were achieved between barrier properties and subjective assessment in relation to the textile characteristics in favor of the polyester fabric. Consequently, the optical method used in dermatology for the analysis of the skin can be applied to characterize and evaluate textile fabrics and their interaction with human skin in vivo.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Endomicroscopy imaging of epithelial structures using tissue autofluorescence Bevin Lin, Shiro Urayama, Ramez M. G. Saroufeem, Dennis L. Matthews, and Stavros G. Demos J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046014 (Apr 18, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3565216 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 18, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We explore autofluorescence endomicroscopy as a potential tool for real-time visualization of epithelial tissue microstructure and organization in a clinical setting. The design parameters are explored using two experimental systems—an Olympus Medical Systems Corp. stand-alone clinical prototype probe, and a custom built bench-top rigid fiber conduit prototype. Both systems entail ultraviolet excitation at 266 nm and/or 325 nm using compact laser sources. Preliminary results using ex vivo animal and human tissue specimens suggest that this technology can be translated toward in vivo application to address the need for real-time histology.

Select this Article		Artifact reduction method in ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography using exogenous contrast agents Yasaman Ardeshirpour, Nrusingh Biswal, Andres Aguirre, and Quing Zhu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046015 (Apr 21, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569088 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 21, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In diffuse optical tomography (DOT), a typical perturbation approach requires two sets of measurements obtained at the lesion breast (lesion or target site) and a contra-lateral location of the normal breast (reference site) for image reconstruction. For patients who have a small amount of breast tissue, the chest-wall underneath the breast tissue at both sites affects the imaging results. In this group of patients, the perturbation, which is the difference between measurements obtained at the lesion and reference sites, may include the information of background mismatch which can generate artifacts or affect the reconstructed quantitative absorption coefficient of the lesion. Also, for patients who have a single breast due to prior surgery, the contra-lateral reference is not available. To improve the DOT performance or overcome its limitation, we introduced a new method based on an exogenous contrast agent and demonstrate its performance using animal models. Co-registered ultrasound was used to guide the lesion localization. The results have shown that artifacts caused by background mismatch can be reduced significantly by using this new method.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Tomographic bioluminescence imaging reconstruction via a dynamically sparse regularized global method in mouse models Kai Liu, Jie Tian, Chenghu Qin, Xin Yang, Shouping Zhu, Dong Han, and Ping Wu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046016 (Apr 22, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3570828 Online Publication Date: Apr 22, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Generally, the performance of tomographic bioluminescence imaging is dependent on several factors, such as regularization parameters and initial guess of source distribution. In this paper, a global-inexact-Newton based reconstruction method, which is regularized by a dynamic sparse term, is presented for tomographic reconstruction. The proposed method can enhance higher imaging reliability and efficiency. In vivo mouse experimental reconstructions were performed to validate the proposed method. Reconstruction comparisons of the proposed method with other methods demonstrate the applicability on an entire region. Moreover, the reliable performance on a wide range of regularization parameters and initial unknown values were also investigated. Based on the in vivo experiment and a mouse atlas, the tolerance for optical property mismatch was evaluated with optical overestimation and underestimation. Additionally, the reconstruction efficiency was also investigated with different sizes of mouse grids. We showed that this method was reliable for tomographic bioluminescence imaging in practical mouse experimental applications.

Select this Article		Photoacoustic tomography of foreign bodies in soft biological tissue Xin Cai, Chulhong Kim, Manojit Pramanik, and Lihong V. Wang J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046017 (Apr 18, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569613 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 18, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In detecting small foreign bodies in soft biological tissue, ultrasound imaging suffers from poor sensitivity (52.6%) and specificity (47.2%). Hence, alternative imaging methods are needed. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging takes advantage of strong optical absorption contrast and high ultrasonic resolution. A PA imaging system is employed to detect foreign bodies in biological tissues. To achieve deep penetration, we use near-infrared light ranging from 750 to 800 nm and a 5-MHz spherically focused ultrasonic transducer. PA images were obtained from various targets including glass, wood, cloth, plastic, and metal embedded more than 1 cm deep in chicken tissue. The locations and sizes of the targets from the PA images agreed well with those of the actual samples. Spectroscopic PA imaging was also performed on the objects. These results suggest that PA imaging can potentially be a useful intraoperative imaging tool to identify foreign bodies.

Select this Article		Long-term imaging of mouse embryos using adaptive harmonic generation microscopy Anisha Thayil, Tomoko Watanabe, Alexander Jesacher, Tony Wilson, Shankar Srinivas, and Martin Booth J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046018 (Apr 28, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569614 Online Publication Date: Apr 28, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a detailed description of an adaptive harmonic generation (HG) microscope and culture techniques that permit long-term, three-dimensional imaging of mouse embryos. HG signal from both pre- and postimplantation stage (0.5–5.5 day-old) mouse embryos are fully characterized. The second HG images reveal central spindles during cytokinesis whereas third HG images show several features, such as lipid droplets, nucleoli, and plasma membranes. The embryos are found to develop normally during one-day-long discontinuous HG imaging, permitting the observation of several dynamic events, such as morula compaction and blastocyst formation.

Select this Article		Cell tracking in live Caenorhabditis elegans embryos via third harmonic generation imaging microscopy measurements George J. Tserevelakis, George Filippidis, Evgenia V. Megalou, Costas Fotakis, and Nektarios Tavernarakis J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046019 (Apr 20, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569615 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Apr 20, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this study, we demonstrate the potential of employing third harmonic generation (THG) imaging microscopy measurements for cell tracking studies in live Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) embryos. A 1028-nm femtosecond laser was used for the excitation of unstained C. elegans samples. Different C. elegans embryonic stages (from two-cell to threefold) were imaged. Live biological specimens were irradiated for prolonged periods of time (up to 7 h), testifying to the nondestructive nature of this nonlinear imaging technique. Thus, THG image contrast modality is a powerful diagnostic tool for probing in vivo cell division during early embryogenesis.

Select this Article		Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching on the confocal laser-scanning microscope: generalized model without restriction on the size of the photobleached disk Nick Smisdom, Kevin Braeckmans, Hendrik Deschout, Martin vandeVen, Jean-Michel Rigo, Stefaan C. De Smedt, and Marcel Ameloot J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046021 (Apr 20, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569620 Online Publication Date: Apr 20, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) carried out on a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) performs well for photobleached disks that are large compared to the resolution of the bleaching beam. For smaller disks approaching this resolution, current FRAP models providing a closed-form solution do not allow one to extract the diffusion coefficient accurately. The new generalized disk model we present addresses this shortcoming by bringing into account the bleaching resolution and the total confocal imaging resolution. A closed-form solution is obtained under the assumption of linear photobleaching. Furthermore, simultaneous analysis of FRAP data collected at various disk sizes allows for the intrinsic determination of the instrumental resolution parameters, thereby obviating the need for an extrinsic calibration. A new method to estimate the variance of FRAP data is introduced to allow for proper weighting in this global analysis approach by nonlinear least squares. Experiments are performed on two independent CLSMs on homogeneous samples providing validation over a large range of diffusion coefficients.

Select this Article		Waveguide evanescent field fluorescence microscopy: high contrast imaging of a domain forming mixed lipid Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer mimicking lung surfactant Abdollah Hassanzadeh and Silvia Mittler J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 046022 (Apr 29, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3569095 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 29, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF See Also: Erratum
	+ -	Show Abstract Waveguide evanescent field fluorescence (WEFF) microscopy is a new development that allows the imaging of contact regions between biological cells and their substratum, as well as imaging of ultrathin films such as monomolecular Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films. Mixed-lipid monolayer systems mimicking lung surfactant were fabricated on waveguides using the LB technique and imaged by both WEFF and standard wide field epi-fluorescence microscopy. These two technologies were compared with respect to contrast, photobleaching, and sensitivity. It was found that WEFF microscopy produced images with a much higher contrast, lower photobleaching, and higher sensitivity. In addition, fine structures in the lipidic domains were observed for the first time.

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Research Papers: Sensing

Select this Article		Spectroscopic sensitive polarimeter for biomedical applications Jessica C. Ramella-Roman, Amritha Nayak, and Scott A. Prahl J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 047001 (Apr 13, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3561907 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 13, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present the design and calibration of a spectroscopic sensitive polarimeter. The polarimeter can measure the full Stokes vector in the wavelength range 550 to 750 nm with 1-nm resolution and consists of a fiber-based spectrophotometer, a white light emitting diode light source, two liquid crystal retarders, and one polarizer. Calibration of the system is achieved with a scheme that does not require knowledge of the polarizing elements’ orientation or retardation. Six intensity spectra are required to calculate the full spectrum Stokes vector. Error in the polarimeter is less than 5%. We report the Stokes vectors for light transmitted through nonscattering polarizing elements as well as a measurement of the depolarizing properties of chicken muscle at several wavelengths.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to measurement of hemodynamic signals accompanying stimulated saliva secretion Hiroki Sato, Akiko N. Obata, Ichiro Moda, Kazutaka Ozaki, Takaomi Yasuhara, Yukari Yamamoto, Masashi Kiguchi, Atsushi Maki, Kisou Kubota, and Hideaki Koizumi J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 047002 (Apr 14, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3565048 Online Publication Date: Apr 14, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We aim to test the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for indirect measurement of human saliva secretion in response to taste stimuli for potential application to organoleptic testing. We use an NIRS system to measure extracranial hemodynamics (Hb-signals around the temples) of healthy participants when taste stimuli are taken in their mouths. First, the Hb-signals and volume of expelled saliva (stimulated by distilled-water or sucrose-solution intake) are simultaneously measured and large Hb-signal changes in response to the taste stimuli (Hb-responses) are found. Statistical analysis show that both the Hb response and saliva volume are larger for the sucrose solution than for the distilled water with a significant correlation between them (r = 0.81). The effects of swallowing on the Hb-signals are investigated. Similar Hb responses, differing from the sucrose solution and distilled water, are obtained even though the participants swallow the mouth contents. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to identify possible sources of the Hb signals corresponding to salivation. Statistical analysis indicates similar responses in the extracranial regions, mainly around the middle meningeal artery. In conclusion, the identified correlation between extracranial hemodynamics and the saliva volume suggests that NIRS is applicable to the measurement of hemodynamic signals accompanying stimulated saliva secretion.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Comparison of human optimized bacterial luciferase, firefly luciferase, and green fluorescent protein for continuous imaging of cell culture and animal models Dan M. Close, Ruth E. Hahn, Stacey S. Patterson, Seung J. Baek, Steven A. Ripp, and Gary S. Sayler J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 047003 (Apr 07, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3564910 Online Publication Date: Apr 07, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter systems have enabled the rapid and continued growth of the optical imaging field over the last two decades. Of particular interest has been noninvasive signal detection from mammalian tissues under both cell culture and whole animal settings. Here we report on the advantages and limitations of imaging using a recently introduced bacterial luciferase (lux) reporter system engineered for increased bioluminescent expression in the mammalian cellular environment. Comparison with the bioluminescent firefly luciferase (Luc) system and green fluorescent protein system under cell culture conditions demonstrated a reduced average radiance, but maintained a more constant level of bioluminescent output without the need for substrate addition or exogenous excitation to elicit the production of signal. Comparison with the Luc system following subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection into nude mice hosts demonstrated the ability to obtain similar detection patterns with in vitro experiments at cell population sizes above 2.5 × 10⁴ cells but at the cost of increasing overall image integration time.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Choroidal laser Doppler flowmeter with enhanced sensitivity based on a scattering plate Chuan Wang, Zhihua Ding, Martial Geiser, Tong Wu, and Minghui Chen J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 047004 (Apr 18, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3565438 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 18, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A portable choroidal laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) with enhanced sensitivity based on a scattering plate is developed. The portable LDF is weighted 2 kg operated at center wavelength of 780 nm, leading to a better penetration into the eye fundus in contrast to the previous LDF operated at center wavelength of 670 nm. Enhancement of number of detected photons that undergo Doppler scattering and improved measured speed of choroidal blood flow are achieved with the use of a scattering plate positioned in front of the eye. The mechanism of detection and sensitivity enhancement is theoretically analyzed. Evaluation of system performance is done by in vivo measurements on ten volunteers. The results demonstrate that an increased percentage of backscattering light at high Doppler shift frequency is collected due to utilization of the scattering plate. However, this kind of light detection influences spatial resolution of the system and decreases the total signal measured. The proposed method for detection and sensitivity enhancement might be useful in a case where the perception of very slight alternation of blood flow is pursued and the spatial resolution is not as critical as that in a choroidal vascular bed.

Select this Article		Precision of cerebral oxygenation and hemoglobin concentration measurements in neonates measured by near-infrared spectroscopy Sandra Jasminder Arri, Thomas Muehlemann, Martin Biallas, Hans Ulrich Bucher, and Martin Wolf J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 047005 (Apr 21, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3570303 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 21, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Background and aim: One source of error with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is the assumption that the measured tissue is optically homogeneous. This is not always the case. Our aim is to assess the impact of tissue homogeneity (TH) on the precision of NIRS measurements in neonates. Methods: On 36 term and 27 preterm neonates at least five 1-min measurements are performed on each subject using the OxiplexTS. The sensor position is slightly changed before each measurement while assessing TH. The precision for cerebral tissue oxygenation saturation (StO₂) and total hemoglobin concentration (tHb) are calculated by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The mean StO₂ is not significantly different between term and preterm infants. The mean tHb is significantly lower in preterm infants (p < 0.01). With increasing TH, the precision of StO₂ increase from 5.6 to 4.6% for preterm and from 11.0 to 2.0% for term infants; the precision of tHb increases from 10.1 to 7.5μM for preterm and from 16.4 to 3.5μM for term infants. The precision for StO₂ is higher in term than in preterm infants. The precision for tHb shows no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: The precision of NIRS measurements correlates with tissue homogeneity.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Development of a compact terahertz time-domain spectrometer for the measurement of the optical properties of biological tissues Gerald J. Wilmink, Bennett L. Ibey, Thomas Tongue, Brian Schulkin, Norman Laman, Xomalin G. Peralta, Caleb C. Roth, Cesario Z. Cerna, Benjamin D. Rivest, Jessica E. Grundt, and William P. Roach J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 047006 (Apr 18, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3570648 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 18, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Terahertz spectrometers and imaging systems are currently being evaluated as biomedical tools for skin burn assessment. These systems show promise, but due to their size and weight, they have restricted portability, and are impractical for military and battlefield settings where space is limited. In this study, we developed and tested the performance of a compact, light, and portable THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) device. Optical properties were collected with this system from 0.1 to 1.6 THz for water, ethanol, and several ex vivo porcine tissues (muscle, adipose, skin). For all samples tested, we found that the index of refraction (n) decreases with frequency, while the absorption coefficient (μ_a) increases with frequency. Muscle, adipose, and frozen/thawed skin samples exhibited comparable n values ranging between 2.5 and 2.0, whereas the n values for freshly harvested skin were roughly 40% lower. Additionally, we found that the freshly harvested samples exhibited higher μ_a values than the frozen/thawed skin samples. Overall, for all liquids and tissues tested, we found that our system measured optical property values that were consistent with those reported in the literature. These results suggest that our compact THz spectrometer performed comparable to its larger counterparts, and therefore may be a useful and practical tool for skin health assessment.

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Research Papers: Therapeutic

Select this Article		Monte Carlo modeling of in vivo protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and singlet oxygen production during photodynamic therapy for patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinomas Ronan M. Valentine, C. Tom A. Brown, Harry Moseley, Sally Ibbotson, and Kenny Wood J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 048002 (Apr 04, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3562540 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence measurements acquired from patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinoma during photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment, facilitating in vivo photobleaching to be monitored. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, taking into account photobleaching, are performed on a three-dimensional cube grid, which represents the treatment geometry. Consequently, it is possible to determine the spatial and temporal changes to the origin of collected fluorescence and generated singlet oxygen. From our clinical results, an in vivo photobleaching dose constant, β of 5-aminolaevulinic acid–induced PpIX fluorescence is found to be 14 ± 1 J/cm². Results from our MC simulations suggest that an increase from our typical administered treatment light dose of 75–150 J/cm² could increase the effective PDT treatment initially achieved at a depth of 2.7–3.3 mm in the tumor, respectively. Moreover, this increase reduces the surface PpIX fluorescence from 0.00012 to 0.000003 of the maximum value recorded before treatment. The recommendation of administrating a larger light dose, which advocates an increase in the treatment time after surface PpIX fluorescence has diminished, remains valid for different sets of optical properties and therefore should have a beneficial outcome on the total treatment effect.

Select this Article		Effect of 405-nm high-intensity narrow-spectrum light on fibroblast-populated collagen lattices: an in vitro model of wound healing Richard McDonald, Scott J. MacGregor, John G. Anderson, Michelle Maclean, and M. Helen Grant J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 048003 (Apr 04, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3561903 Online Publication Date: Apr 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract High-intensity narrow-spectrum (HINS) 405-nm light is a novel technology developed to address the significant problem of health-care associated infection. Its potential for wound-decontamination applications is assessed on mammalian cells and bacteria. The fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) is used as an in vitro model of wound healing, and the effect of HINS light on contraction is examined. Effects on cell proliferation, morphological changes, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression are investigated. Bactericidal effects are assessed using the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis. Low doses of HINS light were found to have no significant inhibitory effects on FPCL contraction, cell proliferation, or α-SMA expression. Doses of up to 18 Jcm⁻² had no significant inhibitory effects on FPCL cell numbers, and this dose was shown to cause almost complete inactivation of bacteria. These results show that HINS light has potential for disinfection applications without adversely influencing wound healing.

Select this Article		Performance assessment of novel side firing safe tips for endodontic applications Roy George and Laurence J. Walsh J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 048004 (Apr 22, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3563637 Online Publication Date: Apr 22, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract During root canal or periodontal treatment, directing laser energy onto the walls of the root canal is essential for effective disinfection. This study assessed the performance of four different fiber modifications that have increased lateral emission, including three designs with safe tips to reduce irradiation directed toward the root apex. Free-running pulsed infrared lasers (Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and Er,Cr:YSGG) and a diode laser (980 nm) were used in combination with plain ended (forward emitting) laser fibers; conical laser fibers, side firing honeycomb pattern fibers without a safe end; honeycomb fibers with silver coated ends, conical fibers with selectively abraded tips, and selectively abraded honeycomb fibers with silver coated tips (20 fibers for each laser type). Laser emissions forward and laterally were measured, and digital photographs and thermally sensitive paper used to record the emission profiles. Thermochromic dyes painted onto the root surface of an extracted tooth were used to explore the distribution of laser energy with different tips designs. All three safe tipped ends gave reduced emissions in the forward direction (range 17–59%), but had similar lateral emission characteristics. Fiber designs with reduced forward emission may be useful for various dental laser procedures.

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Errata

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Errata: Resolution in the ApoTome and the confocal laser scanning microscope: comparison Arwed Weigel, Detlev Schild, and André Zeug J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 049801 (Apr 28, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3585832 Online Publication Date: Apr 28, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Errata: Target detection and quantification using a hybrid hand-held diffuse optical tomography and photoacoustic tomography system Patrick D. Kumavor, Chen Xu, Andres Aguirre, John Gamelin, Yasaman Ardeshirpour, Behnoosh Tavakoli, Saeid Zanganeh, Umar Alqasemi, Yi Yang, and Quing Zhu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 049802 (Apr 29, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3587643 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Apr 29, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

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