Effect of noise on modulation amplitude and phase in frequency-domain diffusive imaging

Kang, Dongyel; Kupinski, Matthew A.

doi:doi:10.1117/1.JBO.17.1.016010

GENERAL INFORMATION

You are not logged in Logged Out Log In

Journal of Biomedical Optics / Volume 17 / Issue 1 / Research Papers: Imaging

Previous Article | Next Article

Effect of noise on modulation amplitude and phase in frequency-domain diffusive imaging

J. Biomed. Opt. 17, 016010 (Feb 10, 2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.1.016010

Alerts
- Alert Me When Cited
- Alert Me When Corrected
Tools
Share
- Email Abstract
- Connotea
- CiteULike
- del.icio.us
- BibSonomy
- Tweet this Article
- Add to Facebook

Abstract

References (32)

Dongyel Kang and Matthew A. Kupinski

University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721

We theoretically investigate the effect of noise on frequency-domain heterodyne and/or homodyne measurements of intensity-modulated beams propagating through diffusive media, such as a photon density wave. We assumed that the attenuated amplitude and delayed phase are estimated by taking the Fourier transform of the noisy, modulated output data. We show that the estimated amplitude and phase are biased when the number of output photons is small. We also show that the use of image intensifiers for photon amplification in heterodyne or homodyne measurements increases the amount of biases. Especially, it turns out that the biased estimation is independent of AC-dependent noise in sinusoidal heterodyne or homodyne outputs. Finally, the developed theory indicates that the previously known variance model of modulation amplitude and phase is not valid in low light situations. Monte-Carlo simulations with varied numbers of input photons verify our theoretical trends of the bias.

History

Received Jul 05, 2011
Accepted Nov 16, 2011
Revised Nov 13, 2011
Published online Feb 10, 2012

Digital Object Identifier

http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.1.016010

Citation

Dongyel Kang and Matthew A. Kupinski, "Effect of noise on modulation amplitude and phase in frequency-domain diffusive imaging", J. Biomed. Opt. 17, 016010 (Feb 10, 2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.1.016010