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October - December 2010

Volume 19, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

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Editorial

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Changing of the Guard Jan P. Allebach J. Electron. Imaging 19, 040101 (Dec 30, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3518141 Online Publication Date: Dec 30, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

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JEI Letters

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Efficient temporal alignment of video sequences using unbiased bidirectional dynamic time warping Cheng Lu and Mrinal Mandal J. Electron. Imaging 19, 040501 (Dec 21, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3488415 Online Publication Date: Dec 21, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose an efficient technique for temporally aligning video sequences of similar activities. The proposed technique is able to synchronize view-variance videos from different scenes performing similar 3-D activities. Unlike existing techniques that just consider unidirectional alignment, the proposed technique considers symmetric temporal alignment and computes the optimal alignment by eliminating any view-based bias. The advantages of our technique are validated by experiments conducted on synthetic and real video data. The experimental results show that the proposed technique out-performs existing techniques in several test video sequences.

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Regular Articles

Select this Article		Reconstruction with criterion from labeled markers: new approach based on the morphological watershed Damián Vargas-Vázquez, Jose Crespo, Victor Maojo, Jose Gabriel Ríos-Moreno, and Mario Trejo-Perea J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043001 (Dec 30, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3491494 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Dec 30, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The goal of image segmentation is to partition an input image into a set of regions. In mathematical morphology, the reconstruction of images from markers has proven to be useful in morphological filtering and image segmentation. The utilization of a criterion in the problem of the image reconstruction from an image marker has been partially treated elsewhere. We further investigate this idea and extend it to the problem of image reconstruction from labeled markers by proposing a new method based on the “watershed” transformation as an alternative in image segmentation. The image gradient is considered as a topographic relief that is flooded (similarly as in a normal watershed). However, a criterion is added in this reconstruction process that enables the flexibility to separate structures of interest. Following the flooding analogy on topographic reliefs, this flooding process is limited to certain zones to control the recovering process of structures shapes. Experimental results are provided. A comparison with a viscous watershed is performed to show the differences between them. The technique is applied mainly in the biomedical domain, although the technique can generally be applied to other areas.

Select this Article		Noise-robust superresolution based on a classified dictionary Shin-Cheol Jeong and Byung Cheol Song J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043002 (Oct 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3491500 Online Publication Date: Oct 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Conventional learning-based superresolution algorithms tend to boost noise components existing in input images because the algorithms are usually learned in a noise-free environment. Even though a specific noise reduction algorithm is applied to noisy images prior to superresolution, visual quality degradation is inevitable due to the mismatch between noise-free images and denoised images. Accordingly, we present a noise-robust superresolution algorithm that overcomes this problem. In the learning phase, a dictionary classified according to noise level is constructed, and then a high-resolution image is synthesized using the dictionary in the inference phase. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms for various noisy images.

Select this Article		Quaternion-based color image filtering for impulsive noise suppression Lianghai Jin, Hong Liu, Xiangyang Xu, and Enmin Song J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043003 (Dec 09, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3491498 Online Publication Date: Dec 09, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract It is difficult to precisely detect all impulsive noise in color images due to the nonstationarity caused by edges and fine details. For many pixels, we can not absolutely classify them as noisy or noise-free, but can only describe them using the likelihood that they are corrupted by impulsive noise. Based on this consideration, we present a new filtering solution to removing impulsive noise from color images. The proposed method first utilizes the unit transforms of quaternions to represent the chromaticity difference of two color pixels, and then divides the image into noise-free and possible noisy pixels. Finally it performs adaptive weighted vector median filtering operations on only the possible noisy pixels to suppress noise. The new weighting mechanism is based on a joint spatial/quaternion-chromaticity criterion, which ensures that pixels with different contamination likelihoods have different contributions to the filter's output. The extensive simulation results indicate that the proposed method significantly outperforms some other well-known multichannel filtering techniques.

Select this Article		Vision models for image quality assessment: one is not enough Roland Brémond, Jean-Philippe Tarel, Eric Dumont, and Nicolas Hautière J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043004 (Dec 09, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3495989 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Dec 09, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A number of image quality metrics are based on psychophysical models of the human visual system. We propose a new framework for image quality assessment, gathering three indexes describing the image quality in terms of visual performance, visual appearance, and visual attention. These indexes are built on three vision models grounded on psychophysical data: we use models from Mantiuk et al. (visual performance), Moroney et al. (visual appearance), and Itti, Koch, and Niebur (visual attention). For accuracy reasons, the sensor and display system characteristics are taken into account in the evaluation process, so that these indexes characterize the image acquisition, processing, and display pipeline. We give evidence that the three image quality indexes, all derived from psychophysical data, are very weakly correlated. This emphasizes the need for a multicomponent description of image quality.

Select this Article		Efficient rotation- and scale-invariant texture analysis Kam-Keung Fung and Kin-Man Lam J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043005 (Dec 20, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3495999 Online Publication Date: Dec 20, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Texture analysis plays an important role in content-based image retrieval and other areas of image processing. It is often desirable for the texture classifier to be rotation and scale invariant. Furthermore, to enable real-time usage, it is desirable to perform the classification efficiently. Toward these goals, we propose several enhancements to the multiresolution Gabor analysis. The first is a new set of kernels called Slit, which can replace Gabor wavelets in applications where high computational speed is desired. Compared to Gabor, feature extraction using Slit requires only 11 to 17% of the numeric operations. The second is to make the features more rotation invariant. We propose a circular sum of the feature elements from the same scale of the feature vector. This has the effect of averaging the feature vector from all orientations. The third is a slide-matching scheme for the final stage of the classifier, which can be applied to different types of distance measures. Distances are calculated at slightly different scales, and the smallest value is used as the actual distance measures. Experimental results using different image databases and distance measures show distinct improvements over existing schemes.

Select this Article		Statistical multiscale blob features for classifying and retrieving image texture from large-scale databases Qi Xu, Haishan Wu, and Yan Qiu Chen J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043006 (Dec 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3491420 Online Publication Date: Dec 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The extraction of texture features from images faces two new challenges: large-scale databases with diversified textures, and varying imaging conditions. We propose a novel method termed multiscale blob features (MBF) to overcome these two difficulties. MBF analyzes textures in both resolution scale and gray level. Proposed statistical descriptors effectively extract structural information from the decomposed binary images. Experimental results show that MBF outperforms other methods on combined large-scale databases (VisTex+Brodatz+CUReT+OuTex). Moreover, experimental results on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign database and the entire Brodatz's atlas show that MBF is invariant to gray-level scaling and image rotation, and is robust across a substantial range of spatial scaling.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Per-separation clustered-dot color halftone watermarks: separation estimation based on spatial frequency content Basak Oztan and Gaurav Sharma J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043007 (Dec 16, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3497615 Online Publication Date: Dec 16, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A framework for clustered-dot color halftone watermarking is considered, wherein watermark patterns are embedded in individual colorant halftones prior to printing and embedded watermarks are detected from scans of the printed images after obtaining estimates of the individual halftone separations. The principal challenge in this methodology arises in the watermark detection phase. Typical three-channel RGB scanner systems do not directly provide good estimates of the four CMYK colorant halftones that are commonly used in color printing systems. To address this challenge, we propose an estimation method that, when used with suitably selected halftone periodicities, jointly exploits the differences in the spatial periodicities and the color (spectra) of the halftone separations to obtain good estimates of the individual halftones from conventional RGB scans. We demonstrate the efficacy of this methodology experimentally using continuous phase modulation for the embedding of independent visual watermark patterns in the individual halftone separations. Watermarks detected from the estimates of halftone separations obtained using the proposed estimation method have a much higher contrast than those detected directly. We also evaluate the accuracy of the estimated halftones through simulations and demonstrate that the proposed estimation method offers high accuracy.

Select this Article		Authentication and recovery of an image by sharing and lattice-embedding Sian-Jheng Lin and Ja-Chen Lin J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043008 (Dec 06, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3500799 Online Publication Date: Dec 06, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Based on sharing and lattice-embedding techniques, we present an authentication-recovery method for an image. The recovery data are shared among many shadows, then lattice-embedding is utilized to embed each shadow in the discrete cosine transform domain of an 8×8 block. The proposed method can resist certain content-preserving operations such as JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, and brightness adjustment, up to a tolerance level controlled by a quantization parameter value. The method can also resist certain security attacks such as a cut-and-paste attack, a collage attack, and a vector quantization attack. Compared with previous works, the proposed method has following major advantages and novelty: (1) the method does not require prediction of the tampering trace, and the tampered blocks are always recovered as long as the number of valid blocks reaches a threshold and (2) lattice-embedding yields smaller distortion than does parity-check quantization, and the latter was often used in reported works.

Select this Article		Dual-focus stereo imaging Feng Li, Jian Sun, Jue Wang, and Jingyi Yu J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043009 (Dec 06, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3500802 Online Publication Date: Dec 06, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a novel stereo imaging technique called dual-focus stereo imaging or DFSI. DFSI uses a pair of images captured from different viewpoints and at different foci, but with identical wide aperture size. Each image in an DFSI pair exhibits different defocus blur, and the two images form a defocused stereo pair. To model defocus blur, we introduce a defocus kernel map (DKM) that computes the size of the blur disk at each pixel. We derive a novel disparitydefocusconstraint for computing the DKM in DFSI, and integrate DKM estimation with disparity map estimation to simultaneously recover both maps. We show that the recovered DKMs provide useful guidance for segmenting the in-focus regions. We demonstrate using DFSI in a variety of imaging applications, including low-light imaging, automatic defocus matting, and multifocus photomontage.

Select this Article		Automatic radial distortion correction in zoom lens video camera Daehyun Kim, Hyoungchul Shin, Juhyun Oh, and Kwanghoon Sohn J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043010 (Dec 07, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3503524 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Dec 07, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a novel method for automatically correcting the radial lens distortion in a zoom lens video camera system. We first define the zoom lens distortion model using an inherent characteristic of the zoom lens. Next, we sample some video frames with different focal lengths and estimate their radial distortion parameters and focal lengths. We then optimize the zoom lens distortion model with preestimated parameter pairs using the least-squares method. For more robust optimization, we divide the sample images into two groups according to distortion types (i.e., barrel and pincushion) and then separately optimize the zoom lens distortion models with respect to divided groups. Our results show that the zoom lens distortion model can accurately represent the radial distortion of a zoom lens.

Select this Article		Transcript synchronization using local dynamic programming Anthony F. Martone and Edward J. Delp J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043011 (Nov 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3504350 Online Publication Date: Nov 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A local text alignment algorithm is introduced in this work for synchronizing transcripts. The proposed algorithm can be used for any transcript alignment process where high computational complexity is a concern. Dynamic programming is typically used to align a set of transcripts: however, the computational complexity of dynamic programming is high. To reduce the computational complexity, a local dynamic programming algorithm is introduced that aligns subsections of the transcripts. Aligning subsections of the transcripts greatly reduces the information needed for accurate synchronization. The information is reduced because it is not necessary to compare all words between the two transcripts. For example, words at the beginning of one transcript would not be compared to the words at the end of the other transcript. The subsection size is dependent on the total number of alignment errors between the transcripts. It is shown that the computational complexity of the proposed local dynamic programming algorithm is greatly reduced while preserving alignment accuracy.

Select this Article		Fuzzy variable-branch decision tree Shiueng-Bien Yang J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043012 (Nov 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3504357 Online Publication Date: Nov 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Decision trees and their variants recently have been proposed. All trees used are fixed M-ary tree structured, such that the training samples in each node must be artificially divided into a fixed number of branches. This work proposes a fuzzy variable-branch decision tree (FVBDT) based on the fuzzy genetic algorithm (FGA). The FGA automatically searches for the proper number of branches of each node according to the classification error rate and the classification time of FVBDT. Therefore, FGA reduces both the classification error rate and classification time, and then optimizes the FVBDT. In our experiments, FVBDT outperforms the traditional C-fuzzy decision tree (CFDT) based on the fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm.

Select this Article		Measurement of the optimum surround ratio inducing the highest perceived image contrast Ye Seul Baek, Youn Jin Kim, Hong-suk Kim, and Seung-ok Park J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043013 (Dec 06, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3506735 Online Publication Date: Dec 06, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Much research has shown that perceived image contrast increases as the surround luminance increases, but a number of recent studies reported opposite trends under higher surround luminance levels. We measured the change in perceived image contrast under a wide range of surround luminance levels covering from dark up to 2087 cd/m². A large-area illuminator was used to illuminate the surround. It consists of 23 dimmable fluorescent lamps and a diffuser. Its maximum luminance is 2087 cd/m² and could be adjusted to six lower levels. A set of paired comparison experiments was conducted to compare the perception of image contrast under seven different surround luminance levels. The results showed that the perceived image contrast varies with surround luminance and the maximum perceived image contrast is found near a surround ratio (S_R) of 1. As S_R increases from 0 to 1, the z score is increased, which can be fully expected by the Bartleson and Breneman effect. However, it is drastically decreased in the region of S_R > 1; thus, the perceived image contrast is eventually decreased.

Select this Article		Comparing image preference in controlled and uncontrolled viewing conditions Silvia Zuffi, Carla Brambilla, Reiner Eschbach, and Alessandro Rizzi J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043014 (Dec 20, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3514732 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Dec 20, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We examine the relationship between controlled and uncontrolled visual preference tests. We compare the results for the preference of printed images in various viewing environments. The data are examined with regard to different numbers of observer subsets and we can derive an experimental guideline for an equivalence of the controlled and uncontrolled preference experiments based on the certainty of the expected result.

Select this Article		Spatiotemporal wavelet maximum a posteriori estimation for video denoising Pavel A. Khazron and Ivan W. Selesnick J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043015 (Dec 06, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3514739 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Dec 06, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We examine one way to extend recently proposed wavelet-based maximum aposteriori estimation rules for image denoising to video. The proposed approach takes into account both spatial and temporal dependencies between wavelet coefficients, and is general enough to incorporate different spherically contoured prior distributions on noiseless coefficients, as well as different spatiotemporal coefficient neighborhoods. Presented extensions of the algorithm have reasonable complexity and are suited to vectorized, convolution-based implementations.

Select this Article		Application of finite-difference time domain and dynamic differential evolution for inverse scattering of a two-dimensional perfectly conducting cylinder in slab medium Chi-Hsien Sun, Chien-Ching Chiu, Wei Chien, and Ching-Lieh Li J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043016 (Dec 06, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3514737 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Dec 06, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We apply the dynamic differential evolution (DDE) algorithm to solve the inverse scattering problem for which a two-dimensional perfectly conducting cylinder with unknown cross section is buried in a dielectric slab medium. The finite-difference time domain method is used to solve the scattering electromagnetic wave of a perfectly conducting cylinder. The inverse problem is resolved by an optimization approach, and the global searching scheme DDE is then employed to search the parameter space. By properly processing the scattered field, some electromagnetic properties can be reconstructed. One is the location of the conducting cylinder, the others is the shape of the perfectly conducting cylinder. This method is tested by several numerical examples, and it is found that the performance of the DDE is robust for reconstructing the perfectly conducting cylinder. Numerical simulations show that even when the measured scattered fields are contaminated with Gaussian noise, the quality of the reconstructed results obtained by the DDE algorithm is very good.

Select this Article		Real-time line scan extraction from infrared images using the wedge method in industrial environments Rubén Usamentiaga, Julio Molleda, Daniel F. García, Luis Pérez, and Guillermo Vecino J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043017 (Dec 09, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3514741 Online Publication Date: Dec 09, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Infrared imaging is based on the measurement of radiation of an object and its conversion to temperature. A vital parameter of the conversion procedure is emissivity, which defines the capability of a material to absorb and radiate energy. For most applications, emissivity is assumed to be constant. In applications measuring the temperature of objects with high emissivity, this is not problematic, as slight variations in the chosen emissivity value cause only minor changes in the resulting surface temperatures. However, when emissivities are low, as in steel strips, considering emissivity as a constant can lead to significant errors in temperature measurement. To overcome problems generated by variations in emissivity, one solution is to measure temperature where the steel strip forms a wedge, acting as a cavity. In the deepest part of the wedge, emissivity is sufficiently close to one. This work presents a real time image processing system to acquire infrared line scans for steel strips using the wedge method. The proposed system confronts two challenges: extracting infrared line scans in real time from the deepest part of the wedge in rectangular infrared images, and translating pixels from the line scan into real-world units.

Select this Article		Color demosaicking using deinterlacing and median-based filtering techniques Wen-Tsung Huang, Wen-Jan Chen, and Shen-Chuan Tai J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043018 (Dec 06, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3517068 Online Publication Date: Dec 06, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Color demosaicking is critical to the image quality of single-sensor–based imaging devices. Caused by the sampling pattern of color filter array (CFA), the demosaicked images typically suffer from visual color artifacts in regions of high frequency and sharp edge structures, degrading the quality of camera output. We present a new high-quality demosaicking algorithm by taking advantage of deinterlacing and median-based filtering techniques. We treat the sampled green data of Bayer CFA as a form of diagonal interlaced green planes and make use of some key concepts about spatial deinterlacing to help the edge estimation in terms of both various directions and accuracy. In addition, a specific edge feature, sharp line edge of width 1 pixel, can also be handed well by the proposed method. The median-based filtering techniques are developed for suppressing most visual demosaicking artifacts, such as zipper effect, false color artifact, and interpolation artifact. Experimental results show that our algorithm is effective in suppressing visual artifacts, preserving the edges of image with sharpness and satisfying visual inspection, while keeping computational efficiency.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Design and testing of an active 190-GHz millimeter-wave imager Greg P. Timms, Michael L. Brothers, John D. Bunton, John W. Archer, Grahame C. Rosolen, Yue Li, Andrew D. Hellicar, Juan Y. Tello, and Stuart G. Hay J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043019 (Dec 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3514744 Online Publication Date: Dec 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The design and testing of an active 190-GHz imaging system is presented. The system features two beam-scanning antennas, one of which transmits a vertical fan beam, and the other which receives a horizontal fan beam. By correlating the transmitted and received signals, an output is obtained that is proportional to the millimeter-wave reflectivity at the intersection of the two fan beams. Beam scanning is obtained by rotating a small subreflector within each antenna, allowing rapid scanning. The system has an angular resolution of 0.3 deg, a field of view of 14×14 deg, and operates at a standoff distance of 5 m.

Select this Article		Joint-source-channel coding scheme for scalable video-coding-based digital video broadcasting, second generation satellite broadcasting system Kwang-deok Seo, Won Sup Chi, In Ki Lee, and Dae-Ig Chang J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043020 (Nov 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3517084 Online Publication Date: Nov 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a joint-source-channel coding (JSCC) scheme that can provide and sustain high-quality video service in spite of deteriorated transmission channel conditions of the second generation of the digital video broadcasting (DVB-S2) satellite broadcasting service. Especially by combining the layered characteristics of the SVC (scalable video coding) video and the robust channel coding capability of LDPC (low-density parity check) employed for DVB-S2, a new concept of JSCC for digital satellite broadcasting service is developed. Rain attenuation in high-frequency bands such as the Ka band is a major factor for lowering the link capacity in satellite broadcasting service. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a new technology to dynamically manage the rain attenuation by adopting a JSCC scheme that can apply variable code rates for both source and channel coding. For this purpose, we develop a JSCC scheme by combining SVC and LDPC, and prove the performance of the proposed JSCC scheme by extensive simulations where SVC coded video is transmitted over various error-prone channels with AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) patterns in DVB-S2 broadcasting service.

Select this Article		Retrieval of intracranial hemorrhages in computed tomography brain images using binary coherent vector W. Mimi Diyana W. Zaki, M. Faizal A. Fauzi, and Rosli Besar J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043021 (Nov 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3518138 Online Publication Date: Nov 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We investigate the use of a new binary coherent vector approach, integrated in a proposed content-based medical retrieval (CBMIR) system, to retrieve computed tomography (CT) brain images. Five types of hemorrhages consisting of 150 plain axial CT brain images are queried from a database of 2500 normal and abnormal CT brain images. Possible combinations of shape features are portrayed as feature vectors and are evaluated based on precision-recall plots. Solidity, form factor, equivalent circular diameter (ECD), and Hu moment are proposed as identifying features of intracranial hemorrhages in CT brain images. In addition to identifying hemorrhages, the proposed approach significantly improves the CBMIR system performance. This retrieval system can be widely useful due to rapid development in computer vision and computer database management, both of which motivated this application of CBMIR.

Select this Article		Improving the performance of acousto-optic tunable filters in imaging applications Joan Vila-Francés, Javier Calpe-Maravilla, Luis Gómez-Chova, and Julia Amorós-López J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043022 (Nov 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3518139 Online Publication Date: Nov 29, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) can be used as spectral filters for the implementation of multispectral imaging systems. However, obtaining quality images is challenging. In this work, we propose several improvements that enable the use of these systems in quantitative spectroscopic imaging applications. The improvements are based on three pillars: 1. a finer spectral bandpass shaping by dynamically optimizing the radio frequency (rf) driving signal, 2. an extensive calibration process, and 3. careful image preprocessing that uses calibration data to correct some well known AOTF issues in imaging applications. A novel multispectral imaging instrument is built using commercial off-the-shelf components. The instrument includes an Isomet (Springfield, New Jersey) AOTF working in the visible and near-infrared range, and a new concept of rf generator based on a high-speed digital-to-analog converter that allows the generation of multiband signals. The ancillary control software performs the main part of the image optimization process: an initial calibration, a dynamic adjustment of the rf driving signal power and exposure time, and finally the radiometric preprocessing of the acquired multispectral images. Finally, some results of the instrument performance are presented that show the achieved spectral and spatial resolution on different imaging scenarios.

Select this Article		Image search based on quadtree Zernike decomposition Alessandro Neri, Marco Carli, Veronica Palma, and Luca Constantini J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043023 (Dec 30, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3524827 Online Publication Date: Dec 30, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel technique for searching for complex patterns in large multimedia databases is presented, based on rotation independent template matching. To handle objects of arbitrary shape while reducing the computational workload, the pattern to be localized is partitioned into small square blocks of sizes adapted to the local image content using quadtree decomposition. The use of Zernike polynomials for representing each block allows the design of a fast and effective maximum likelihood matching procedure to sequentially verify whether the target image contains each block of the quadtree. State of the art methods usually represent the whole pattern by using an orthogonal basis and extracting an invariant feature vector from the representation coefficients. In the proposed scheme, the use of the quadtree decomposition allows us to bind the number of terms of the truncated expansions, still guaranteeing a precise image representation.

Select this Article		Function-based design process for an intelligent ground vehicle vision system Robert L. Nagel, Kenneth L. Perry, Robert B. Stone, and Daniel A. McAdams J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043024 (Dec 28, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3528476 Online Publication Date: Dec 28, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An engineering design framework for an autonomous ground vehicle vision system is discussed. We present both the conceptual and physical design by following the design process, development and testing of an intelligent ground vehicle vision system constructed for the 2008 Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition. During conceptual design, the requirements for the vision system are explored via functional and process analysis considering the flows into the vehicle and the transformations of those flows. The conceptual design phase concludes with a vision system design that is modular in both hardware and software and is based on a laser range finder and camera for visual perception. During physical design, prototypes are developed and tested independently, following the modular interfaces identified during conceptual design. Prototype models, once functional, are implemented into the final design. The final vision system design uses a ray-casting algorithm to process camera and laser range finder data and identify potential paths. The ray-casting algorithm is a single thread of the robot's multithreaded application. Other threads control motion, provide feedback, and process sensory data. Once integrated, both hardware and software testing are performed on the robot. We discuss the robot's performance and the lessons learned.

Select this Article		Image-processing algorithms for detecting and counting vehicles waiting at a traffic light Ernesto de la Rocha and Rafael Palacios J. Electron. Imaging 19, 043025 (Dec 21, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3528465 Online Publication Date: Dec 21, 2010 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Traffic lights at most road intersections operate on a fixed timing schedule that leads to suboptimal traffic management, with unnecessary delays, higher fuel consumption, and higher emissions. Traffic management can be improved by installing inductive loops; however, installation involves temporary road closures and high maintenance costs, especially if there is normally a lot of heavy traffic on the road. We present a vehicle detection and counting system based on digital image-processing techniques. These images can be taken by digital cameras installed at the top of existing traffic lights. By using the proposed approach, it is possible to detect the number of vehicles waiting on each side of the intersection, hence, providing the necessary information for optimal traffic management. Results achieved after testing this methodology on three real intersections are promising, attaining high accuracy during the day (98.8%) and the night (91.3%) while counting several vehicles at the same time. Hence, the system is equivalent to installing multiple inductive loops in all the streets of the intersection, but with lower installation and maintenance costs. After integrating the proposed algorithms into a traffic-management system, it was possible to reduce fuel and CO₂ emissions by half compared to the standard fixed-time scheduler.

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Book Reviews

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Sparse Image and Signal Processing: Wavelets, Curvelets, Morphological Diversity, by Jean-Luc Starck, Fionn Murtagh, and Jalal M. Fadili Mrityunjay Kumar, Reviewer J. Electron. Imaging 19, 049901 (Dec 29, 2010); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3518456 Online Publication Date: Dec 29, 2010 Full Text: \| Download PDF
		Abstract Unavailable

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