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Volume 3749 18th Congress of the International Commission for Optics

Alexander J. Glass, Joseph W. Goodman, Milton Chang, Arthur H. Guenther, Toshimitsu Asakura July 1999

Conference Location: San Francisco, CA, USA Conference Date: Monday 02 August 1999

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Plenary Session

Select this Article		InGaN-based LEDs and laser diodes Shuji Nakamura Proc. SPIE 3749, 2 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354827 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A violet InGaN multi-quantum well/GaN/AlGaN separate- confinement-heterostructure laser diode (LD) was grown on epitaxially laterally overgrown GaN on sapphire. The threshold current density was 2 - 4 kA/cm². The LDs with cleaved mirror facets showed an output power as high as 30 mW under room-temperature continuous-wave (CW) operation. The stable fundamental transverse mode in the near-field patterns was observed at an output power up to 30 mW. The lifetime of the LDs at a constant output power of 5 mW was more than 1,900 hours under CW operation at an ambient temperature of 50 degree(s)C.

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Diffraction and Propagation I

Select this Article		Design of an achromatic Fourier system by means of Wigner algebra Adolf W. Lohmann, Dayong Wang, Avi Pe'er, and Asher A. Friesem Proc. SPIE 3749, 6 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354931 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An achromatic Fourier system (AFS) performs optically a Fourier transformation in spatially coherent white light, without color blurring. Our design method uses matrix algebra, applied upon the Wigner distribution function. The matrix procedure is similar to what is used in geometrical objects. However, our approach is valid also for wave optics. That is important because the AFS does contain not only refractive lenses, but also diffractive lenses (Fresnel zone plates).

Select this Article		Optimal 3D beam forming Gal Shabtay, Uriel Levy, David Mendlovic, Zeev Zalevsky, and Emanuel Marom Proc. SPIE 3749, 8 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355023 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A beam propagating in free space is exposed to the laws of diffraction, which tend to deform the wave front. Hence, 3D beam forming is a very applicable task. For instance it may be useful in designing a special beam to be used for scanning purposes, beam forming for optical communication modules and 3D beam forming as a tool to exceed system's resolving power. There are several techniques, which allow obtaining a reduced sensitivity to diffraction in a pre- determined region of propagation. In this paper a novel optimal technique is suggested. Using the calculus of variation method we derive an analytic expression for an optimal filter in the mean square error sense, to obtain a 3D beam forming, which is as close as possible to the desired 3D distribution. We applied the proposed method for obtaining a scanning beam with improved performances. The suggested approach was tested in computer simulations as well as in optical experiments and was proven to deliver improved performance. Thus one can obtain an extended working region using the resulting beam with confined lateral spread.

Select this Article		Chromatic compensation of light diffraction: novel broadband diffraction-based applications Pedro Andres and Vicent Climent Proc. SPIE 3749, 10 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355034 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Different optical architectures designed for compensating the chromatic dispersion inherent to free-space broadband light diffraction are presented. These devices are formed by a small number of conventional refractive objectives and diffractive lenses. In a second stage, several achromatic diffraction-based information processing techniques working with spatially-coherent or spatially-incoherent white-light illumination are also discussed.

Select this Article		Electromagnetic wavelet propagation and diffraction Yunlong Sheng and Sylvain Dechenes Proc. SPIE 3749, 12 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355042 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract For the first time we show that optical diffraction is a wavelet transform with the electromagnetic wavelets, which are reduced to Hyugens' wavelets by a temporal. Fourier analysis in the case of monochromatic field. We define the non-diffracting electromagnetic wavelet by integrating a subset of the electromagnetic wavelets. A non-diffracting field can be constructed by a linear combination of the non- diffracting electromagnetic wavelets, which are the one-side windowed Fourier transform of the Bessel beams with a temporal frequency window and are spatially localized in the lateral direction, translated in the propagation direction and scaled in the time and the temporal frequency.

Select this Article		Phase mask for high focal depth Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda, Albertina Castro, and Javier Santamaria Proc. SPIE 3749, 14 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355052 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a phase mask that substantially reduces the influence of focus error of an optical system; while preserving light gathering power, and lateral resolution. Numerical simulations and first experimental results are shown.

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Adaptive and Atmospheric Optics I

Select this Article		Telescopes with dynamic nonlinear-optical correction for distortions Vladimir A. Berenberg, Alexey Leshchev, Michael V. Vasil'ev, and Vladimir Y. Venediktov Proc. SPIE 3749, 16 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355063 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The paper describes the decade history and the recent advances in the field of the telescopes, where the nonlinear-optical effects are used for the correction for image distortions, caused by the defects and deformations of the primary mirror and of some other elements. Described are the schemes, based on phase conjugation use, which can work with the coherent radiation (beam direction, laser collimators and imaging with coherent illumination) and the schemes, based on the use of the dynamic holography, applicable to the remote objects (astronomy, Earth observation) in the incoherent radiation with the wide spectrum.

Select this Article		Bichromatic two-photon coherent excitation of sodium for adaptive optics Jens Biegert and Jean-Claude M. Diels Proc. SPIE 3749, 18 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355074 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a new concept for an artificial beacon for adaptive optics. A direct extension of the work on sodium is the application of two-photon coherent excitation to create a multiple wavelength beacon.

Select this Article		Production of high-intensity laser pulses with adaptive optic wavefront correction Deanna M. Pennington, Curtis G. Brown, Michael W. Kartz, Mark Landon, Michael D. Perry, and Gregory L. Tietbohl Proc. SPIE 3749, 20 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354719 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have developed a Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass laser system which produces > 1.25 PW peak power. An irradiance of 10²⁰ - 10²¹ W/cm² is achieved utilizing an on-axis parabolic mirror, with adaptive optic wavefront correction. Experimental results will be described.

Select this Article		Toward a solution of the focal anisoplanatism inverse problem using multiple laser guide stars Neville T. Jones and Christopher Dainty Proc. SPIE 3749, 22 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354730 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A mathematical model of the deployment of multiple laser beacons in astronomical imaging has been created and inverted, with the objectives of approaching the diffraction limit of the telescope and widening its field of view. Initial results have proved encouraging, at least within the confines of the assumptions made.

Select this Article		Progress in atmospheric adaptive optics Robert Q. Fugate Proc. SPIE 3749, 24 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354741 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Significant advances have been made in the development and performance of large scale adaptive optical systems in recent years. Technological innovations in sensors, processors, wave front correctors, and laser guide stars have all contributed to the rapid growth of adaptive optics as an enabling technology for ground based optical astronomy in the 21st century.

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Optical Communications

Select this Article		Large optical switches Robert I. MacDonald Proc. SPIE 3749, 28 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354752 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Capacity growth in networks requires optical crossconnect switches that can be assembled incrementally, probably to large ultimate sizes, preferably using identical submodules of small size. Continued strict-sense nonblocking operation must be ensured during expansion, and expandability should have minimal impact on the initial cost. Large ultimate sizes mandate multistage architectures which impose difficulties in the expansion. We discuss the design of optical switching matrices for > 100 X 100 ports using a new modular multistage architecture that focusses on expandability.

Select this Article		Holographically corrected telescope for high-bandwidth optical communications Geoff P. Andersen and Randall J. Knize Proc. SPIE 3749, 30 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354763 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe a method by which a lightweight, low-quality, reflecting primary is holographically corrected to diffraction limited operation. The resulting telescope can be used to transmit or receive optical data signals with frequencies up to 100 GHz with high SNR (> 60 dB). The simplicity of this design makes it ideal for future global satellite networks or space probe communications.

Select this Article		Novel efficient wavelength assignment algorithm for bidirectional WDM rings Nina L. Taranenko, Martin C. Nuss, and Anthony L. Lentine Proc. SPIE 3749, 32 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354774 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Ring networks are the architecture of choice for WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) telecommunication networks because of their inherent survivability, scalability, and large capacity. We describe a novel and efficient algorithm that allows a substantial reduction of the number of wavelengths required for full interconnection of bidirectional WDM ring, yet has much simpler wavelength assignment than the precisely optimal algorithm.

Select this Article		Limits of dense WDM Andrew R. Chraplyvy Proc. SPIE 3749, 34 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354785 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Diffraction and Propagation II

Select this Article		Rigorous solution of scattering by randomly rough surfaces: recent contributions to open problems Marc Saillard and G. Soriano Proc. SPIE 3749, 36 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354795 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper, we address some of the most difficult problems encountered in surface scattering. The first part is devoted to our recent work about the rigorous solution for 2D metallic surfaces. An impedance approximation has been implemented to take into account the finite conductivity of the metals, and, to deal with surfaces of arbitrary size, the beam simulation method has been generalized. But still, several problems cannot be rigorously solved in three dimensions. One of them concerns shallow metallic surfaces in optics: how taking accurately into account the propagation of surface polaritons? A second challenge consists in solving a surface scattering problem under grazing incidence. Since the field on the surface spreads out in both problems, the same answer holds. The surface current is described in the Fourier space, while the sampling of the rigorous integral equation is still achieved in the coordinate space. The number of unknowns is drastically reduced, and standard forward solvers can be used. The last problem studied here is a step towards the inverse problem. What kind of geometrical parameter describing the surface can be extracted from intensity measurements in the far field? For multi-scale rough surfaces, we show that the wavelet correlation dimension is a good candidate for such a characterization.

Select this Article		Three-dimensional diffraction tomography by two-dimensional sectioning Oyvind R. Halse and Jakob J. Stamnes Proc. SPIE 3749, 38 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354806 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The hybrid filtered backpropagation algorithm of diffraction tomography is known to give good reconstructions of 2D objects with a low contrast relative to the background medium. Here we show how the method can be extended (1) to reconstruct objects with rather large contrasts, and (2) to reconstruct 3D objects.

Select this Article		Fractional Fourier transform in information optics David Mendlovic and Haldun M. Ozaktas Proc. SPIE 3749, 40 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354816 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The Fourier transform is one of the most important concepts in optical signal processing, and in the mathematical theory of signals and systems. It can be implemented optically as well as digitally, and constitutes the building block of more complex information processing operations. The fractional Fourier transform is a generalization of the ordinary Fourier transform and also has efficient digital and optical implementations. However, the fractional order parameter associated with the fractional Fourier transform makes it more versatile than the ordinary Fourier transform, leading to many applications in optics and signal processing.

Select this Article		Fractional Hilbert transform and isotropic Hilbert transform for two-dimensional objects: numerical simulation M. Torres, Eduardo Tepichin-Rodriguez, Adolf W. Lohmann, David Sanchez, and Gustavo Ramirez Zabaleta Proc. SPIE 3749, 42 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354828 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present computer simulations of the 2D Fractional Hilbert Transform, of index P for both amplitude and phase objects. We also present, computer simulations of the isotropic version of the classical Hilbert Transform.

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Adaptive and Atmospheric Optics II

Select this Article		Fractional moments for determining intensity PDFs from experimental data in atmospheric optical scintillation Anna Consortini, Florence Rigal, and Claudia Innocenti Proc. SPIE 3749, 48 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354849 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Experimental evidence of the effects of non-Kolmogorov turbulence and anisotropy of turbulence Mikhail S. Belen'kii, Stephen J. Karis, Christina L. Osmon, James M. Brown II, and Robert Q. Fugate Proc. SPIE 3749, 50 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354860 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Astronomical applications of volume-phase holographic gratings Samuel C. Barden, James A. Arns, and Willis S. Colburn Proc. SPIE 3749, 52 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354869 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Volume-Phase Holographic (VPH) gratings provide unique capabilities over classical surface gratings which can be exploited in modern astronomical spectrographs. The peak diffraction efficiency of a VPH grating is tunable due to the nature of Bragg diffraction. This allows a single dispersing element to serve the function of several classical gratings. Additionally, VPH grating structures can be stacked to produce complex gratings capable of directing the diffracted light in ways that classical gratings can not.

Select this Article		Active micromirror: a new adaptive optical microcomponent Gilles Robert, A. Coville, L. Babadjian, and Serge Spirkovitch Proc. SPIE 3749, 54 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354879 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The AMM is a new kind of micromachined deformable mirror. It is a silicon mirror which can be electrostatically actuated by electrodes located on each side of the mirror. In this article we describe the characteristics and the results of modelization and testing of our deformable micro mirror.

Select this Article		Adaptive optics in China Wenhan Jiang and Ning Ling Proc. SPIE 3749, 56 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354890 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Photonic Crystals

Select this Article		Photonic crystal fibers, waveguides, and resonators Philip S. Russell, J. C. Knight, and Timothy A. Birks Proc. SPIE 3749, 60 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354899 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Fibers and planar waveguides made from dielectric materials which are periodically patterned on the scale of the optical wavelength--photonic crystals--have quite remarkable properties, requiring a complete realignment of the goal- posts in conventional guided-wave photonics. For example, photonic crystal fibers can be designed to be single-mode at every frequency, and full 2D photonic bandgaps can permit light to be guided--single mode--in a core region where the refractive index is lower than the cladding. A whole menagerie of new possibilities are presently emerging, including hollow-core single-mode optical fibers and ultra- compact micro-components formed in planar photonic crystal films.

Select this Article		Transparent, conducting films based on metal/dielectric photonic band gaps Mark J. Bloemer, Michael Scalora, G. D'Aguanno, Charles M. Bowden, Salvatore Baglio, Concita Sibilia, Marco Centini, and Mario Bertolotti Proc. SPIE 3749, 63 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354910 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A transparent conductor has been developed based on 1D metal/dielectric photonic band gap structures. Laminated metal/dielectric filters containing 100 nm of silver have been fabricated with > 50% transmittance. Applications for transparent, conducting films include antennas embedded in windshields, electrodes on flat panel displays, electromagnetic shielding, and solar window panes.

Select this Article		Designing a photonic crystal fiber with flattened dispersion Albert Ferrando, J. J. Miret, Enrique Silvestre-Mora, Miguel V. Andres, Pedro Andres, and Philip S. Russell Proc. SPIE 3749, 65 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354920 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel analysis of specially designed photonic crystal fibers accounts for the existence of endlessly single-mode structures with flattened dispersion. Our approach permits to control the fiber dispersion in terms of its geometrical parameters.

Select this Article		Use of nonlinear organic photonic crystal in spatial light modulator and its application to optical computing Toyohiko Yatagai, Kenji Harada, Katsuhiro Munakata, Nobukazu Yoshikawa, Shinsuke Umegaki, and Masahide Itoh Proc. SPIE 3749, 67 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354932 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Phase matching conditions for parametric interactions in one-dimensional photonic band gap structures Marco Centini, Michael Scalora, Concita Sibilia, Mario Bertolotti, Mark J. Bloemer, and Charles M. Bowden Proc. SPIE 3749, 69 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354942 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Phase-matching conditions for parametric interaction in 1D photonic band gap (PBG) structures are studied. Band edge effects, such as field localization, increased density of modes, and `effective' phase matching between pump and signal fields are responsible for the high predicted enhancement of nonlinear processes in PBGs.

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Diffraction and Propagation III

Select this Article		Diffraction, relativity, and quantum mechanics Henri H. Arsenault Proc. SPIE 3749, 72 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354934 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Imaging of (sub-) wavelength sized objects Rene Daendliker, Peter Blattner, and Hans Peter Herzig Proc. SPIE 3749, 74 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354963 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The objective of this paper is to show different aspects of the interaction of light with wavelength sized optical microstructures, and their imaging. Furthermore, we outline that a microoptical structure can generate a laminar or a turbulent optical field.

Select this Article		Applications of nondiffracting beams Zsolt Bor, Miklos Erdelyi, Zoltan L. Horvath, Gabor Szabo, Karoly Osvay, William L. Wilson, Jr., and Frank K. Tittel Proc. SPIE 3749, 76 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354974 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Interfering Bessel beams: theory, experiment, and applications Sabino Chavez-Cerda, Eduardo Tepichin-Rodriguez, Gustavo Ramirez Zabaleta, and Jandir M. Hickmann Proc. SPIE 3749, 78 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354985 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We discuss the theory, the experiment and applications to the interference resulting of the superposition of two or more Bessel beams propagating in free space and showed for first time a self imaging effect using nondiffracting beams.

Select this Article		Partially coherent nondiffracting beams Andrei V. Shchegrov Proc. SPIE 3749, 80 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354996 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe exact representations for partially coherent beams whose spectral degree of coherence remains invariant on propagation. Such beams are obtained by taking a random superposition of well-known coherent Bessel beams, each of which propagates without spreading in the transverse direction. The invariance in coherent properties for such partially coherent beams holds for propagation distances as large as the propagation distances of coherent Bessel beams.

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Astronomical Optics I

Select this Article		Recent developments in hybrid mirror technology for the next-generation space telescope Kelly J. Dodson, Gregory V. Mehle, and Eldon P. Kasl Proc. SPIE 3749, 82 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355007 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The objective of this paper is to report the recent developments in lightweight mirror technology at Composite Optics, Incorporated. The developments are a result of the activities being conducted in support of the Next Generation Space Telescope Program. The sponsors of these efforts are the NASA Marshall and Goddard Space Flight Centers. The requirements, design approach, performance, and the technology status for the program are summarized.

Select this Article		Ultralightweight actively controlled mirrors for space James H. Burge Proc. SPIE 3749, 84 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355018 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Advanced technology mirrors for large space telescopes are being developed that use thin facesheets controlled by actuators. This concept was proven with a 50 cm prototype and is now being implemented for a 2-m cryogenic mirror that weighs only 40 kg.

Select this Article		Final design of the active positioning actuators for the Large Binocular Telescope primary mirrors Luciano Miglietta, Valdemaro Biliotti, Matteo Accardo, Paolo Stefanini, Bernardo Bettini, and Claudio Braccesi Proc. SPIE 3749, 86 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355022 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Liquid mirror telescope applications Ralph F. Wuerker Proc. SPIE 3749, 88 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355024 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Large Binocular Telescope Piero Salinari Proc. SPIE 3749, 89 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355025 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Devices for Photonics

Select this Article		Acousto-optic filters for fiber systems Byoung Yoon Kim Proc. SPIE 3749, 92 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355026 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Basic principles and several key applications of wavelength tunable acousto-optic filters are described. The devices utilize periodic coupling of guided and/or dissipating modes in optical fibers provided by traveling acoustic wave in the same fiber. The wavelength tuning is realized by tuning the applied acoustic frequency, and proper phase matching condition selects filtered optical wavelength. Application of the acousto-optic filters to gain flattening of fiber amplifiers, wavelength selection, optical switching, and non-reciprocal filtering will be discussed.

Select this Article		GaAs/AlGaAs narrow-bandwidth in-line fiber filter Erji Mao, Christopher W. Coldren, James S. Harris, Jr., Diego R. Yankelevich, Olav Solgaard, and Andre Knoesen Proc. SPIE 3749, 94 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355027 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A GaAs/AlGaAs in-line fiber optic filter for wavelength division multiplexing applications is demonstrated. The device consists of a GaAs/AlGaAs anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) evanescently coupled to a single mode fiber. At certain discrete wavelengths, light is coupled from the fiber to the ARROW, due to phasematching conditions. Sharp resonances are observed around the design wavelength of 830 nm. The 3 dB cutoff bandwidth for TE polarization is 0.5 nm and the rejection ratio is 9 dB.

Select this Article		Idler spectral broadening suppression in two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier MinChen Ho, Frank S. Yang, Michel E. Marhic, and Leonid G. Kazovsky Proc. SPIE 3749, 96 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355028 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have demonstrated the suppression of idler broadening in a two-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier by dithering the two pumps with out-of-phase signals. Idler spectrum linewidth almost the same as signal linewidth is observed.

Select this Article		IR terahertz-bandwidth InGaAs MSM photodiode for communications and sensing applications Jules D. Levine, Michael O'Hagan, James R. Palmer, Gary E. Halama, James A. McAdoo, Dustin Carr, Marc Currie, Thomas Y. Hsiang, Jianliang Li, Louise Lorenzo, and Carlo Williams Proc. SPIE 3749, 98 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355029 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Anomalous gain saturation in EDFAs Diana Tentori-Santa-Cruz, Manuel May, Horacio Soto, and Javier Mendieta Proc. SPIE 3749, 100 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355030 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Several models have been developed to describe the interaction between neighboring ions in heavily doped erbium fibers. All of them are based on the anomalous saturation of the pump power. In this work we present experimental results of the anomalous behavior of the gain saturation in an EDFA, induced by the signal's power. This additional information shows us that energy migration is also induced by phonons.

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Diffraction and Propagation IV

Select this Article		Powers of transfer matrices and cyclic cascades Tatiana Alieva and Martin J. Bastiaans Proc. SPIE 3749, 104 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355031 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The parameters of the transfer matrix describing a first- order optical system that is a cascade of k identical subsystems defined by the transfer matrix M, are determined from considering the subsystem's eigenfunctions. A condition for the cascade to be cyclic is derived. Particular examples of cyclic first-order optical systems are presented.

Select this Article		Pseudo-symmetric beams: generation, propagation properties, and measurements George Nemes, Julio Serna, Bernd Eppich, Chunyu Gao, and Horst Weber Proc. SPIE 3749, 106 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355032 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We define the pseudo-symmetrical (PS), or the non-rotating general astigmatic beams, and investigate them theoretically and experimentally. We show that to any type of symmetrical beam, such as stigmatic, aligned simple astigmatic, or rotated simple astigmatic, corresponds a type of PS beam, which we call pseudo-stigmatic, pseudo-aligned simple astigmatic, and pseudo-rotated simple astigmatic, respectively. The PS beams behave identical to the symmetrical ones as long as only rotationally symmetric optical systems are involved, and as long as the second- order moments method is used to characterize these beams. We show how to characterize the PS beams using this method, how to generate them, we study their propagation properties, and show how to identify and measure them in comparison to the measurement of the symmetrical beams.

Select this Article		Propagation invariance and 3D light fields Joseph Shamir, Rafael Piestun, and Yoav Y. Schechner Proc. SPIE 3749, 108 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355033 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Wave-fields that propagate in free space while maintaining invariant characteristics are important for technological applications and they are interesting from a fundamental point of view. Conditions for generalized propagation- invariant wave-fields are discussed and specific examples are presented. Propagation invariance in a limited region of space is considered as well.

Select this Article		Degrees of freedom of an electromagnetic wave Rafael Piestun and David A. B. Miller Proc. SPIE 3749, 110 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355035 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a rigorous formalism for evaluating the degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) in communication with electromagnetic waves. We show that, although in principle there is an infinity of d.o.f., the effective number is finite. This is in agreement with the restricted classical theories. We further show that the best transmitting functions are the solutions of a specific eigenvalue equation. The analysis is valid for electromagnetic waves under arbitrary boundary conditions communicating between domains in 3D space. The practical implications of this theory will be discussed.

Select this Article		Zero twist of Gaussian light in first-order optical systems Martin J. Bastiaans Proc. SPIE 3749, 112 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355036 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The propagation of Gaussian light through first-order optical systems is studied; in particular, the twist in the output (or input) plane is expressed in terms of the characteristics of the light in the other plane. Conditions are derived for which zero twist in the input plane corresponds to zero twist in the output plane, and vice versa. Three special cases for which zero twist is preserved, are described: (1) propagation between conjugated planes, (2) adaptation of the signal to the system, and (3) the case of symplectic Gaussian light.

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Astronomical Optics II

Select this Article		Superresolution applied to solar granulation images Noriaki Miura, Naoshi Baba, and Takashi Sakurai Proc. SPIE 3749, 116 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355037 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Superresolution is attained for solar granulation images observed from the ground. The images are preprocessed with a blind deconvolution method, and then are superresolved. The resultant images show features with resolution higher than the diffraction limit.

Select this Article		MOMS/PRIRODA mission on the MIR station Franz Lanzl Proc. SPIE 3749, 118 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355038 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Fiber and Integrated Optics

Select this Article		Light amplification by multilayers with fractal gain structures Takashi Okamoto Proc. SPIE 3749, 122 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355039 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The transmission properties of an interference filter with optical gain are studied in which the layers of a gain medium are stacked in a self-similar manner. It is found that the gain variation of transmitted light with layer thickness or input frequency exhibits a fractal structure with sharp gain peaks which are not observed for a multilayer with periodic gain structures.

Select this Article		Complete system for characterization of spectrally selective fiber optic devices Eli S. Simova and Chander P. Grover Proc. SPIE 3749, 124 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355040 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present an optical setup for complete characterization of fiber Bragg gratings and wavelength selective fiber-optic devices. We measure the spectral response of these devices either in transmission or in reflection geometry, and the wavelength dependency of the group delays due to chromatic and polarization mode dispersion, as well as the wavelength dependency of the polarization dependent loss.

Select this Article		Ultralow-birefringence measurement in optical fibers by use of a fiber optical loop mirror Evgueni A. Kuzin, Baldeamr Ibarra-Escamilla, and J. M. Estudillo-Ayala Proc. SPIE 3749, 126 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355041 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe a new method for measuring ultralow- birefringence in fibers. It is based on the fiber twist in a fiber optical loop mirror. The method allows birefringence measurement within the range from 10^-6 to 10^-8.

Select this Article		Waveguide grating coupler with tailored wavelength response Ming Li, Yan Feng, Baozhu S. Luo, Hui C. Liu, and Chander P. Grover Proc. SPIE 3749, 128 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355043 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel method which, for the first time to our knowledge, makes it possible to tailor the wavelength response of a waveguide grating coupler. Such grating couplers may be used to improve the efficiency of broad-band quantum-well infrared photodetectors and solar cells.

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Coherence, Elecromagnetics

Select this Article		Storage and retrieval of coherence functions using instantaneous holograms Tomohiro Shirai, Emil Wolf, Girish S. Agarwal, and Leonard Mandel Proc. SPIE 3749, 132 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355044 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel method is described for storing and retrieving the second-order correlation function of partially coherent fields. The key element of the method is an instantaneous hologram that records the superposition of a random field whose correlation function is to be determined and the mutually incoherent reference field, taken over a time interval that is much shorter than the coherence time of the random field. The method is somewhat similar to conventional holography, but differs from it in several important respects.

Select this Article		Interferometric imaging by inverse propagation of cross-spectral density Hidenobu Arimoto and Kazuyoshi Itoh Proc. SPIE 3749, 134 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355045 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract New imaging method based on measuring the spatial coherence function across an observation area is presented. The propagation law of the cross-spectral density described in the Fourier domain allows us to retrieve the cross-spectral density at arbitrary reference planes. The method can be applied to a source of any state of coherence. Results of the experimental demonstration are also shown.

Select this Article		Mutual influence of polarization and propagation of the light and symmetry of a space Natalyia D. Kundikova Proc. SPIE 3749, 136 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355046 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Near-field effects in spatial coherence of thermal sources of light: short-range and long-range correlations Jean-Jacques Greffet and Remi Carminati Proc. SPIE 3749, 138 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355047 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper, we establish the form of the spectral degree of spatial coherence of the field thermally emitted by a planar opaque surface. Our approach is based on the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Several new properties are derived. It is shown that for lossy media, the coherence length in a plane very close to the surface is essentially the skin depth. Thus, it can be much smaller than the wavelength. However, if the metal can support a surface wave, the coherence length can be much larger than the wavelength.

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Optical Materials

Select this Article		Efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes Alexander L. Burin and Mark A. Ratner Proc. SPIE 3749, 142 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355048 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have studied the quantum efficiency of multilayer organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Attention is focused on the recombination efficiency and exciton quenching, controlling the performance of highly efficient OLEDs having Alq(3) (Al(III) 8-hydroxyquinoline) as the emissive layer. The kinetics model is extended to account for the image charge effect on the injection and the narrow bandwidths of carriers. An analytical criterion for maximum recombination efficiency at low voltages is found. The analysis of current voltage dependence and quantum efficiency is performed for Al/LiF/Alq(3)/TPD/ITO devices with or without an ultrathin dielectric layer LiF, taking into account the exciton quenching controlled by the boundary Al-Alq(3). We get a reasonable fit for the experimental data and discuss the optimum modifications required to enhance the device performance.

Select this Article		Pulsed photothermal measurement of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) film George C. K. Chen and Ping Hui Proc. SPIE 3749, 144 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355049 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Pulsed photothermal reflection technique is developed to measure the thermal conductivity of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films. This technique is basically a pump and probe type. The pump source is Nd YAG laser, pulse width 8 ns, is operated at 532 nm with 1 mJ. The sample is deposited on silicon wafer and over-coated with a gold layer for heat absorption. Upon the laser pulse strikes on the sample surface, the surface temperature rises sharply and then relaxes with time. A continuous HeNe laser (1 mW) probes the surface temperature, measuring the reflectivity changes on the sample's surface. Since the reflectivity and temperature has an inverse linear relationship, the relaxed temperature profile can be obtained by inverting the captured reflectivity profile. Using either 2-layer or 3-layer heat conduction model, thermal properties of the ta-C film are then varied to fit the obtained profile. The fitted thermal conductivity value of the ta-C film is approximately 2 W/mK.

Select this Article		Raman study of deformation of polyethylene Kirill A. Prokhorov, G. Y. Nikolaeva, Pavel P. Pashinin, Sergey A. Gordeyev, and Ludmila E. Semenova Proc. SPIE 3749, 146 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355050 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Some peculiarities of rotation of polarization plane in quartz Ivetta T. Bodnar Proc. SPIE 3749, 148 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355051 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In the present work some results of modulation peculiarities measurements of linearly polarized laser beam are obtained. The laser beam with polarization under 45 degree(s) angle to the optical axis of quartz passed through quartz crystal set between two crossed polarizers. The intensity of laser beam after passing through the polarizer-crystal-analyzer system was measured in dependence of the turn angle of crystal. It is determined that every pair of parallel faces of quartz cube has its individual modulation intensity picture. Experimentally conditions do not influence the whole picture. It is supposed that different kinds of modulation can be connected with certain crystallographic directions.

Select this Article		Optical characterization of multilayer systems with randomly rough boundaries Ivan Ohlidal, Frantisek Vizd'a, and Miloslav Ohlidal Proc. SPIE 3749, 150 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355053 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this contribution examples of the optical characterization of multilayer systems with randomly rough boundaries are presented. The method based on measuring and interpreting the spectral dependences of the coherent reflectance is used to determine the values of the optical and statistical parameters of samples of three-layer and thirteen-layer systems exhibiting the rough boundaries. The systems mentioned are formed by thin films of SiO₂ and TiO₂.

Select this Article		Laser-induced instabilities in optical materials induced by low-absorbing microinclusion and laser-induced damage Mikhail N. Libenson, Anastasia S. Gruzdeva, Vitali E. Gruzdev, and Vladimir L. Komolov Proc. SPIE 3749, 152 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355054 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract There are reviewed and summarized several theoretical models describing various mechanisms of developing of laser-induced temperature and field instabilities in both absorbing and nonabsorbing microinclusions. Most attention is paid to application of the models to investigation of laser-induced damage. General criterion for evaluation of damage threshold is deduced from presented models and discussed.

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Optical Networks, Solitons

Select this Article		WDM soliton transmission in dispersion-managed links Thierry Georges and Francois Favre Proc. SPIE 3749, 156 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355055 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Dispersion-managed solitons exhibit superior transmission quality as soon as Kerr nonlinearity in non negligible. Long transmission distances, large span loss and high spectral efficiency are expected for the next generation of transmission systems based on 20 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s data rate.

Select this Article		Experimental results on high-bit-rate optical synchronization of RZ soliton-type signals Pedro M. Tavares, Orlando Frazao, Antonio Cunha, L. B. Ribeiro, and Jose F. da Rocha Proc. SPIE 3749, 158 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355056 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report the development of a lab prototype for all optical synchronization at 10 GHz. Adjusting the distance between the AR coated facet of the MQW semiconductor laser and the ferrule it was possible to induce the self-pulsation needed for correct operation. In the presence of optical RZ signals, the device leaves is natural pulsation frequency synchronizing with the input data.

Select this Article		Design aspects of soliton communication systems Mario F. S. Ferreira Proc. SPIE 3749, 160 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355057 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We examine the main constraints on the design of single- channel, high-bit rate soliton communication systems. In the average soliton regime, the main limitation for transoceanic fiber links is the Gordon-Haus jitter, while for shorter transmission distances it arises from the discrete in-line amplification. The use of dispersion-decreasing fibers and of periodic optical phase conjugation can increase the system capacity.

Select this Article		Optical networking advances in Europe Paul E. Lagasse, Piet M. A. Demeester, and Ann Ackaert Proc. SPIE 3749, 162 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355058 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract After a short introduction on the European Union RTD Programs, a more in-depth analysis will be given on the projects and results recently obtained within in the ACTS (Advanced Communications and Services Program) Photonic Technologies Area.

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Imaging and Image Processing

Select this Article		Imaging methods that ensure positive images Eric Clarkson and John L. Denny Proc. SPIE 3749, 166 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355059 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We discuss methods of image reconstruction which lead to non-negative images: no negative values appear in the estimate or approximation to the unknown object. We describe methods which always lead to non-negative estimates of the object, characterize some regularized and non-regularized methods, and characterize those orthonormal systems whose partial series approximations to the object are always non- negative. This paper surveys the authors' recent research, adds some new results, and discusses related work.

Select this Article		Application of shift-and-add method to reconstruction of solar granulation Naoshi Baba, Noriaki Miura, and Takashi Sakurai Proc. SPIE 3749, 168 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355060 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The shift-and-add (SAA) method is applied to specklegrams of solar granulation to reconstruct its high-resolution image. The SAA recovers solar granulation from the atmospherically degraded images. From our reconstruction result it is shown that SAA method is useful for a largely extended object.

Select this Article		Three-dimensional reconstruction using a slant for hybrid holographic microscopy Yasuhiro Takaki Proc. SPIE 3749, 170 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355061 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Hybrid holographic microscopy, in which a hologram of a microscopic object recorded by an image sensor is numerically reconstructed using a computer, can provide 3D information of an object. This study proposes a new 3D reconstruction technique using a slant.

Select this Article		Phase retrieval algorithms in the Fresnel domain Ido Raveh, Emanuel Marom, and David Mendlovic Proc. SPIE 3749, 172 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355062 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract There are several known iterative algorithms, which reconstruct the phase of an unknown wavefront from two intensity measurements. These algorithms are based on a Fourier connection between the input and output plane. An algorithm based on a Fourier connection must contain additional optical setup for the implementation and in addition needs more longitudinal space. Since a wavefront is a function that obeys the wave equation, it is only natural to implement the iterative algorithms using free space propagation relation between two intensity planes. We propose to make phase retrieval calculations between any two arbitrary planes interrelated through the Fresnel domain. Since any two arbitrary parallel planes are interconnected by the Fresnel domain, no additional setup is needed. The calculation of the free space propagation is based on the angular spectrum approach, which is calculated using the fast Fourier transform. This approach can be applied with any of the algorithms that rely on a Fourier connection between the input and the output planes.

Select this Article		Blind image deconvolution for symmetric blurs by polynomial factorization Edmund Y. Lam and Joseph W. Goodman Proc. SPIE 3749, 174 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355064 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In image acquisition, the captured image is often the result of the object being convolved with a blur. Deconvolution is necessary to undo the effects of the blur. However, in reality we often know very little of its exact structure, and therefore we have to perform blind deconvolution. Most existing methods are computationally intensive, Here, we show that if the blur is symmetric, we have an efficient algorithm for deconvolution based on polynomial factorization in the z-domain.

Select this Article		Monitoring the reduction of multiplicative noise in periodic patterns Adolf W. Lohmann, Claudio Frausto, and Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda Proc. SPIE 3749, 176 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355065 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We exploit the random superposition process for presenting a statistical model that describes the reduction of multiplicative noise, on a periodic structure, by using the self-image phenomenon. We discuss a novel, noncoherent, optical processor for visualizing this reduction process, in a single picture. Numerical simulations are reported.

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Intererometry

Select this Article		Error analysis for a single-frame phase-shifting speckle interferometer Jochen Kranz, Andrea Hettwer, Juergen Lamprecht, and Johannes Schwider Proc. SPIE 3749, 178 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355066 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A single frame phase-shifting speckle-interferometer for quantitative measurements of out-of-plane-deformations is presented. Using a diffractive optical element, six phase- shifted interference patterns are generated and stored within the frame time of a single CCD-camera.

Select this Article		Heterodyne temporal speckle pattern interferometry Hans J. Tiziani, Mahendra P. Kothiyal, Charles Joenathan, and Pascal Haible Proc. SPIE 3749, 180 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355067 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Measurement considerations for precise highly reflective surfaces using a phase-measuring Fizeau interferometer Katherine Creath Proc. SPIE 3749, 182 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355068 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Stringent surface specifications for highly reflective precision optical surfaces place great demands on interferometric techniques used for surface metrology. Highly reflective test surfaces often produce nonsinusoidal interference fringes when compared to a partially- reflective/absorbing reference surface in Fizeau-type interferometers. This talk will discuss some tradeoffs in choosing phase-measurement techniques for use with noticeably nonsinusoidal fringes when the residual measurement error needs to be on the order of one-hundredth of a wave peak-to-valley. The errors due to the phase calculation algorithm, the phase shift calibration and the reference surface calibration are all coupled making the choices more difficult. Simulated data will be used for most of the discussion. Comparisons to the measurement of uncoated surfaces will be made.

Select this Article		Phase-shifting moire in a sampled interferogram with a linear carrier and its applications to fringe pattern analysis Yasuhiro Harada and Toshimitsu Asakura Proc. SPIE 3749, 184 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355069 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Phase-shifting property of moire patterns which constitute spatially sampled data set of single interferograms with a linear carrier is revealed. Based on this property, a phase reconstruction method using the phase-shifting algorithm is proposed for single interferograms with a linear carrier. Limits of a carrier frequency and a phase slope being reconstructed are given.

Select this Article		Precision optics for long baseline interferometry Achim J. Leistner, Bozenko F. Oreb, and Christopher J. Walsh Proc. SPIE 3749, 186 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355070 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical interferometers are being built to operate over longer and longer baselines, in some cases more than a few kilometers. Examples include laser interferometers to detect gravitational waves, and stellar interferometers which use starlight to determine the angular diameter of the source. The optics used in these interferometers must satisfy demanding performance criteria. In this paper we review some of those criteria and present results which demonstrate that such optical surfaces can be successfully fabricated and measured.

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Ultrafast Optics

Select this Article		Unidirectionally mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire ring laser with l.5-GHz repetition rate Albrecht Bartels, Thomas Dekorsy, and Heinrich Kurz Proc. SPIE 3749, 190 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355071 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We demonstrate 22 fs pulse generation from a unidirectionally modelocked Ti:sapphire ring laser at a repetition rate of 1.5 GHz. Intracavity dispersion control is accomplished by dispersive mirrors.

Select this Article		Fourier synthesis of 257-GHz optical pulse trains using three cw semiconductor lasers Masaharu Hyodo, Noriaki Onodera, and Kazi M. Abedin Proc. SPIE 3749, 192 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355072 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Fourier synthesis of 257-GHz optical pulse trains has been demonstrated based on optical phase locking of three independent continuous-wave semiconductor lasers using SOA as a four-wave mixer. The FM sideband heterodyne technique was employed to ensure the stable homodyne optical phase locking. The SHG correlation traces were measured for several phase-locking offsets, and were in good agreement with theory.

Select this Article		Femtosecond pulse processing (1997 ICO Prize Winner) Andrew M. Weiner Proc. SPIE 3749, 194 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355073 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We discuss Fourier optics methods for ultrafast optical pulse shaping, waveform synthesis, and signal processing, which are achieved by spatial manipulation of the dispersed optical frequency spectra of femtosecond pulses.

Select this Article		Nondestructive picosecond ultrasonic characterization of Mo/Si multilayers using a novel pump-probe scheme Nen-Wen Pu, Seongtae Jeong, Rian Zhao, and Jeffrey Bokor Proc. SPIE 3749, 196 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355075 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have used picosecond ultrasonics techniques to study the localized surface vibrations in Mo/Si multilayers. Two band- gap modes were simultaneously detected using a new alternating pumps scheme, which has been demonstrated to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio by 10 dB.

Select this Article		Time-delayed nonlinear absorption effects on spatiotemporal propagation for femtosecond pulses Mary J. Potasek and Sukkeun Kim Proc. SPIE 3749, 198 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355076 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We investigate the effects of time delayed nonlinear absorption (Raman effect) on spatiotemporal propagation for femtosecond pulses. In the case of normal dispersion and no Raman effect, we find symmetric pulse splitting, in agreement with previous work. However, as the magnitude of the Raman effect increases relative to the dispersion, asymmetric splitting occurs. For significant Raman effect, the pulse splitting due to GVD is suppressed.

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Optical Processing I

Select this Article		Application of volume-phase self-developing Fourier holograms in Vander Lugt optical processor Eugene A. Tikhonov and Mykhajlo V. Shovgenyuk Proc. SPIE 3749, 202 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355077 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Color optical pattern recognition using nonlinear morphological correlation Pascuala Garcia-Martinez, Carlos Ferreira, Javier Garcia, and E. Signes Proc. SPIE 3749, 204 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355078 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The morphological correlation has been recently used as a tool in optical pattern recognition owing to its nonlinear properties. In this paper, we present an extension of the morphological correlation to color pattern recognition. We use two methods: the multichannel one, based on decomposing the image in separate channels, and the single channel method, based on codifying the color information into a single amplitude/phase distribution. Simulation results are given and optical implementation is proposed.

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Poster Session II

Select this Article		Multiple target detection using a wavelet joint transform processor Mohammad S. Alam and Dylan Chain Proc. SPIE 3749, 207 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355079 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An improved multiple target detection technique is proposed by using a wavelet joint transform correlator (JTC). A bank of wavelet filters are generated using the Mexican hat wavelet function which are sequentially superimposed on the joint power spectrum before applying the inverse Fourier transform to yield the correlation output. This technique is found to yield high correlation discrimination for multiple target detection for both binary and grey level input scenes while avoiding the false alarms as well as rejecting the non-target objects. An all-optical implementation for the proposed wavelet JTC technique is also suggested. Computer simulation results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

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Optical Processing I

Select this Article		Optical classification employing composed gray-level CGH filters Claudio C. Iemmi, Silvia A. Ledesma, Juan Campos, and Mirta Villarreal Proc. SPIE 3749, 209 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355080 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Synthesis of gray level computer generated holograms allows to increase the information storage capability of complex filters. In this work we study the capability of gray level filters to perform multichannel correlation. To this end a composed synthetic discriminant function filter is employed to implement an object classification by means of a binary code.

Select this Article		Wavelet transform to improve recognition accuracy of a volume holographic correlator Wenyi Feng, Yingbai Yan, Guofan Jin, Minxian Wu, and Qingsheng He Proc. SPIE 3749, 211 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355081 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Volume holographic associative storage in a photorefractive crystal provides an inherent mechanism to develop a multichannel correlation system with high parallelism. Wavelet transform is introduced to improve recognition accuracy of the system. A novel volume holographic correlator is proposed and constructed. Its application in human face recognition is studied, and experimental results are given.

Select this Article		White light JTC for color pattern recognition Hongchen Zhai, Xiushan Zhu, and Guoguang Mu Proc. SPIE 3749, 213 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355082 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present theoretical analysis and experimental results of a white light JTC (joint transform correlator) using a tri- color grating to encode color patterns. The power spectra of the encoded pattern are easy for parallel channeling, and the zero order power spectrum also forms an important channel for the shape-only correlation.

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Interferometry, Archeological Optics

Select this Article		How knowledge about speckle intensity and phase gradients can improve electronic speckle pattern interferometry Heinz Helmers and Jan Burke Proc. SPIE 3749, 216 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355083 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract As is well known, the spatial coherence in a speckle field is limited to an area called the mean speckle size. Throughout this area, the coherence decays smoothly from the center to the margin of a speckle, and the degree of coherence between two points (x₁,y₁) and (x₂,y₂) determines the probable amount of deviations between their intensities I₁, I₂ and phases. These deviations are of special importance when spatial phase shifting is applied in electronic speckle pattern interferometry. We demonstrate that the knowledge about the intensity and phase gradients in the object speckle pattern can be used to reduce the noise in measured deformation maps significantly.

Select this Article		Measurement of transient deformations by double-pulsed video speckle interferometry: recent developments Guillermo H. Kaufmann, Pablo D. Ruiz, and Gustavo E. Galizzi Proc. SPIE 3749, 218 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355084 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The paper presents the main techniques that were developed in the last years to measure high speed transient displacements using double-pulsed video speckle interferometry.

Select this Article		Real-time and unambiguous visualization of a surface profile using an all-optical feedback interferometer Tomohiro Shirai, Thomas H. Barnes, and T. G. Haskel Proc. SPIE 3749, 220 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354720 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel feedback interferometer, which consists of a polarization Sagnac interferometer and an optically- addressed phase-only spatial light modulator, is described for real-time and unambiguous visualization of the surface profile. In this system, the output intensity from the Sagnac interferometer is optically fed back to the phase modulator placed in one arm of the interferometer to produce a sawtooth fringe intensity profile which is directly and unambiguously related to the surface profile. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of applying this system to surface profile measurement.

Select this Article		Adaptive optical 3D measurement with structured light Joerg Gerber, Richard M. Kowarschik, Gunther Notni, and Wolfgang Schreiber Proc. SPIE 3749, 222 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354721 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Remarkable lenses and eye units in statues from the Egyptian Old Kingdom (ca. 4500 years ago): properties, timeline, questions requiring resolution Jay M. Enoch Proc. SPIE 3749, 224 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354722 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The first known lenses appeared during the IVth and Vth Dynasties (fabricated mainly between ca. 2500 - 2400 BC) of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Excellent examples of these lenses are found in The Louvre Museum in Paris and the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. These lenses were components of eye constructs in statues and had unique qualities. In particular, the `eyes' appear to follow the viewer as he/she rotates about the statues in any direction. Clearly, this was an intended effect which can be readily photographed (and understood optically). The lenses were ground from high quality rock crystal (a form of quartz). They had a convex and highly polished front surface. On the plane rear lens surface as `iris' was painted. Centered in the dark- appearing pupil zone was an approximately hemispheric negative ground, high power, concave lens surface.

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Ultrafast Optics, Optical Trapping

Select this Article		Analysis of an optical attractive force exerted upon metallic particles Hiromitsu Furukawa Proc. SPIE 3749, 228 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354723 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Optical 2D space-to-time conversion system by using spectral holography Tsuyoshi Konishi and Yoshiki Ichioka Proc. SPIE 3749, 230 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354724 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a new approach for the 2D-space-to-time conversion by using spectral holography. In this approach, we assign procedures for the 2D-space-to-time conversion to processing in spatial and temporal domains in order to avoid the influence of the optical power loss in transmission process.

Select this Article		Future of femtosecond technology Ursula Keller Proc. SPIE 3749, 232 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354725 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Today, ultrafast laser technology demonstrates unsurpassed performances in terms of pulse duration, pulse repetition rates, average power and wavelength range. This enables new applications in many areas such as optical communication, photonics switching, RGB-displays, material processing and many more. These markets will strongly drive further research efforts towards even more reliable and more compact sources. In addition, we are at the edge of sub-femtosecond science using high-harmonic generation of optical pulses with only few optical cycles.

Select this Article		Suboptical wavelength atomic gratings generated in a time-domain interferometer Andrey V. Turlapov, Dmitry V. Strekalov, A. Kumarakrishnan, Sydney B. Cahn, A. Karpf, and Tycho Sleator Proc. SPIE 3749, 234 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354726 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have studied sub-optical wavelength atomic gratings generated by the interference of atomic de Broglie waves in a time-domain interferometer. Three short optical standing- wave pulses, detuned from resonance with a cloud of approximately 100 (mu) K ⁸⁵Rb atoms, act as phase gratings for atomic matter waves. Shortly after the first pulse, a modulation in the atomic density containing spatial harmonics of period (lambda) /2N appears ((lambda) is the optical wavelength, and N is any integer) and then rapidly vanishes due to the atomic thermal motion. The cloud maintains phase memory of this modulation, however, and the second pulse (applied at time T after the first one) results in a temporal sequence of atomic density gratings of periods (lambda) /2N. The appearance of a grating is referred to as an echo. The third pulse (and a subsequent traveling wave pulse) is used to detect these gratings. By this technique, we have created and detected in real time a grating with period (lambda) /4 at time 1.5T after the first pulse and observed new types of `echoes' caused by interaction of the de Broglie waves with all three phase gratings. This ability to produce sub-wavelength structures makes our techniques applicable to atomic beam lithography.

Select this Article		Imaging of phase-space evolution of trapped atoms Dmitry V. Strekalov, Andrey V. Turlapov, A. Kumarakrishnan, A. Karpf, and Tycho Sleator Proc. SPIE 3749, 236 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354727 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Experimental results on phase-space imaging of a laser- cooled atomic cloud are presented. Both position and velocity information are encoded in the frequency of the signal coherently radiated from the cloud. This encoding is achieved by application of a position-dependent magnetic field. Fourier transformation of the signal yields a projection of the phase-space density of the atoms. Imprinting a structure on the cloud we observe its time `sheering' evolution in the phase-space. Since the projection direction is determined by the imposed field gradient, we can reconstruct the phase-space structure of the cloud.

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Optical Interconnects, Optical Processing

Select this Article		Multi gigabit per second optical interconnects technology for computer and communication applications Waguih S. Ishak Proc. SPIE 3749, 240 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354728 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Modulator and VCSEL-MSM smart pixels for parallel pipeline networking and signal processing C.-H. Chen, Bogdan Hoanca, C. B. Kuznia, Dhawat E. Pansatiankul, Liping Zhang, and Alexander A. Sawchuk Proc. SPIE 3749, 241 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354729 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract TRANslucent Smart Pixel Array (TRANSPAR) systems perform high performance parallel pipeline networking and signal processing based on optical propagation of 3D data packets. The TRANSPAR smart pixel devices use either self-electro- optic effect GaAs multiple quantum well modulators or CMOS- VCSEL-MSM (CMOS-Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser- Metal-Semiconductor-Metal) technology. The data packets transfer among high throughput photonic network nodes using multiple access/collision detection or token-ring protocols.

Select this Article		VLSI smart pixel array for free-space optical interconnects Christine T. Mollenkopf, Jongwoo Kim, John M. Hessenbruch, Jack Ko, Richard V. Stone, and Peter S. Guilfoyle Proc. SPIE 3749, 243 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354731 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract VLSI smart pixel arrays are being developed for free space optical interconnects in high density input/output applications. An individual smart pixel cell, which operates at 850 nm, consists of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser, a photodetector, an optical receiver, a laser driver, and digital logic circuitry. For optical interconnect applications, the integrated smart pixel combines high speed operation and low power consumption. A 32 X 32 smart pixel array is currently being developed that will operate at 500 Mbps/channel, which gives an aggregate throughput of > 500 Gbps with a power consumption of < 10 W.

Select this Article		Controlling distortion in an optical imaging system Dayong Wang, Avi Pe'er, Asher A. Friesem, and Adolf W. Lohmann Proc. SPIE 3749, 245 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354732 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a system in which it is possible to distort the intensity distribution of an object I(x,y) into I(Ax + By,Cx + Dy), where the ABCD matrix has a unit determinant. The coefficients A, B, C and D can be varied independent of each other by rotating some cylindrical lenses. The degree of coherence is arbitrary. The number of pixels is limited in the usual way by the size of the object, by the wavelength, and by the F-number of the lenses.

Select this Article		Fusion study on optical correlation pattern recognition and neural networks YanXin Zhang Proc. SPIE 3749, 247 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354733 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract From the view point of neural networks (NNs) the present problems of optical correlation pattern recognition (OCPR) are analyzed. It is shown that distortion invariant pattern recognition (DIPR) can not be performed with a single filter within the framework of OCPR. By means of fusion between OCPR and NNs some solutions to an effective optical DIPR are proposed.

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Optical Engineering I

Select this Article		Optics for the National Ignition Facility L. Jeffrey Atherton Proc. SPIE 3749, 250 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354734 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Wavefront control system for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) Richard A. Zacharias, Erlan S. Bliss, Mark Feldman, Andrew Grey, Jeffrey A. Koch, Richard A. Sacks, John S. Toeppen, Lewis Van Atta, Scott Winters, and Bruce W. Woods Proc. SPIE 3749, 252 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354735 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Aspherical surface testing by using spherical compensation Johannes Pfund, Norbert Lindlein, and Johannes Schwider Proc. SPIE 3749, 254 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354736 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A technique for testing aspherical surfaces without the use of a null-corrector is described. The wave-front sensor for the detection of the aspherical wave-front is a Shack- Hartmann sensor which has a significantly expanded range of measurable wave-front slopes. The optical testing set-up, the used algorithm for the dynamic range expansion, and experimental results are presented in this paper.

Select this Article		Matrix method for the analysis of optical waveguides and quantum well structures Ajoy K. Ghatak Proc. SPIE 3749, 256 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354737 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Lasers, Nonlinear Optics

Select this Article		Pure and ytterbium-doped AgGaS₂ potential for cw parametric oscillation and stimulated emission in the mid-infrared Jean-Jacques Zondy, A. Douillet, Alexander P. Yelisseyev, Sergei Lobanov, and Ludmila I. Isaenko Proc. SPIE 3749, 260 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354738 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report experiments on cw parametric oscillation in AgGaS₂ and spectroscopic characterization of Yb³⁺ doped AgGaS₂.

Select this Article		New generation of very high repetition rate subnanosecond pulsed UV sources F. Druon, Francois Balembois, Patrick M. Georges, and Alain Brun Proc. SPIE 3749, 262 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354739 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We demonstrate a new kind of picosecond laser source in the UV at high repetition rate. This system is based on only passive, compact and simple elements: a microchip laser and a very efficient multipass amplifier both pumped with recently developed high brightness laser diodes. This all- solid-state laser has been optimized for delivering, at a high repetition rate -45 kHz-, sub-nanosecond pulses at the wavelength of 355 nm with an energy per pulse close to 1 (mu) J (or equivalently 38 mW average power). This source is- -to our knowledge--the first totally passive, 300-ps UV laser source at this high repetition rate.

Select this Article		Linear and nonlinear propagation of femtosecond laser pulses in dispersive media Czeslaw Radzewicz Proc. SPIE 3749, 264 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354740 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Some aspects of the propagation of femtosecond laser pulses in transparent, dispersive, nonlinear media are reviewed. Since the details of pulse propagation depend critically on the experimental conditions we only will briefly consider a general case of a femtosecond wavepacket evolution and then apply it to specific problems. Theoretical and experimental results for wavepacket distortion by lenses and wavepacket distortion in birefringent media will be presented. Splitting of femtosecond wavepackets in dispersive Kerr media will be also discussed.

Select this Article		Upconversion lasing of a Tm³⁺-doped fluoride glass microsphere Keiji Sasaki and Hideki Fujiwara Proc. SPIE 3749, 266 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354742 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Upconversion lasing of a thulium-ion-doped zirconium fluoride glass microsphere was demonstrated. The microsphere was pumped by a fundamental wave of a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) at room temperature. The lasing emission was observed in 480-nm and 800-nm regions, and their lasing thresholds were determined to be approximately 20 mW and approximately 5 mW, respectively. The application to near-field optical microscopy is also discussed.

Select this Article		Submillisecond pulses by two-wave coupling in Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ crystals Matthias Esselbach, Gregor Cedilnik, Armin Kiessling, and Richard M. Kowarschik Proc. SPIE 3749, 268 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354743 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We experimentally observed the unusually fast response in a two-wave mixing arrangement with fiber-like Bi₁₂TiO₂₀ crystals on transient change of the external electric field. Pulses of the amplification of the signal wave with a rise time down to 0.2 ms and a width of 0.5 ms at a total input intensity of 6 mW/mm² are obtained when applying a rising or decreasing front of an external electric field to the crystal. The two-wave coupling without external field has a response time of 200 ms.

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Optical Computing and Optical Encryption

Select this Article		Photonics in digital computing: paradigms and proof-of-principle demonstrators Hugo Thienpont Proc. SPIE 3749, 272 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354744 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Experiments with new phase image encrypting method Paul C. Mogensen, Jesper Glueckstad, Haruyoshi Toyoda, and Tsutomu Hara Proc. SPIE 3749, 274 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354745 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Encryption of optical image using BCGH and visual cryptography Sang-Yi Yi, Chung-Sang Ryu, Dal-Gyu Kim, and Seung-Hyun Lee Proc. SPIE 3749, 276 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354746 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The thresholding scheme in which a person can decode the encrypted data with an important information in the agreement of other members has been extended to the visual data by visual cryptography. But with the limitation of visual cryptography in the representation of information, some problem is encountered in application. This paper proposes a method to overcome the problem by introducing an optical technique to the visual cryptography.

Select this Article		Design of an optical correlator with totally incoherent light Avi Pe'er, Dayong Wang, Asher A. Friesem, and Adolf W. Lohmann Proc. SPIE 3749, 278 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354896 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An optical spatial filtering system, designed to operate with totally incoherent light sources is presented. When correlating with such polychromatic light sources, one major problem is the dependence of the correlation response scaling on wavelength. A theoretical system that exactly compensate for this problem is analyzed. A practical configuration for implementing such a system, satisfying the theoretical solution up to first order in wavelength, is proposed. This configuration includes a combination of diffractive and refractive lenses and a gray scale filter. The possibility of higher order approximations is considered.

Select this Article		Optical logic-neural field using computer-generated Fresnel holograms Kunihiko Mori, Noritake Izaiku, Kenn Kawaharada, Takayasu Fuchida, and Sadayuki Murashima Proc. SPIE 3749, 280 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354966 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Optical Engineering II

Select this Article		Certification of a null corrector via a diamond-turned asphere: design and implementation Jose M. Sasian, Scott A. Lerner, and James H. Burge Proc. SPIE 3749, 284 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354749 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We discuss the design of diamond turned mirror to be used to certify a refractive null corrector to test a 6.5 meter, F/1.25 paraboloidal mirror. Practical details of the certification implementation will also be presented.

Select this Article		General paraxial analysis of mechanically compensated zoom lenses Kazuo Tanaka Proc. SPIE 3749, 286 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354750 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract It is analyzed a mechanically compensated zoom lens in which the second and fourth components are movable to attain zooming effects, while the first, third and fifth components are fixed during zooming. It is derived a set of quartic and two (or four) elements simultaneous zoom equations each of which simultaneously satisfies two paraxial conditions; continuous change of magnification (or focal length) and constant object-image distance. Analytical solutions are obtained together with an approximate zoom equation in the vicinity of a critical point and that near a singular point. Numerical example is added to show the effectiveness of the analysis.

Select this Article		Prism-based fiber optical refractometer sensor L. M. Bali, Atul K. Srivastava, Rajesh K. Shukla, and Anchal Srivastava Proc. SPIE 3749, 288 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354751 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The new design for the prism based refractometer sensor presented here is characterized by its high sensitivity over a wide range of refractive indices of the ambient. The refractometer is more robust and user friendly than other such refractometers reported in literature.

Select this Article		Grazing incidence interferometry with the help of diffractive masters Johannes Schwider, Sven Brinkmann, Roland Schreiner, and Thomas Dresel Proc. SPIE 3749, 290 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354753 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The test of rod-like technical objects can be carried out in grazing incident using diffractive optical elements as beam splitters and at the same time as generators for master wave fronts. The occurring interference patterns can be evaluated with the help of the well known phase shifting technique. Wave aberrations caused by the adjustment state of the test sample can be removed from the data set via least squares fitting a functional representing the wave aberrations due to misalignments.

Select this Article		Collimation testing techniques: a review Rajpal S. Sirohi Proc. SPIE 3749, 292 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354754 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Collimation of beam is essential in long path interferometry otherwise significant measurement error may be introduced. Therefore, considerable efforts were spent in developing techniques of collimation testing. In laser interferometers, the source is effectively a point. However, its axial shift from the focus of the collimator introduces a curvature in the wave front and its lateral shift may introduce off-axis aberrations. Therefore, the objective is to place the point source at the focus of the collimator. This task is achieved by collimation testing techniques, which can be grouped under interferometry, shear interferometry, Talbot interferometry, and phase conjugate interferometry. We will discuss these techniques below.

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Semiconductor Lasers

Select this Article		Low-frequency fluctuations and frequency locking in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback Junji Ohtsubo, Yoshiro Takiguchi, and Yun Liu Proc. SPIE 3749, 296 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354755 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Low-frequency fluctuations in semiconductor lasers with optical feedback both from short and long external cavities are investigated. At a modulation frequency which is very close to the external cavity mode, low-frequency fluctuations are eliminated and frequency-locking to the modulation in the laser output power is found.

Select this Article		Modeling low-frequency fluctuations in semiconductor lasers with lateral carrier diffusion M. S. Torre, Cristina Masoller, and Neal B. Abraham Proc. SPIE 3749, 298 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354756 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Low frequency fluctuations similar to those observed in experiments are found in a model that includes explicitly carrier diffusion and lateral profiles for the carriers and the optical field. We compare with the predictions of the standard model, that includes lateral effects phenomenologically though an additional gain saturation term.

Select this Article		Advances in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser Kenichi Iga and Fumio Koyama Proc. SPIE 3749, 300 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354757 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Polarization switching in VCSELs: experiments and theory Jan Danckaert, Krassimir P. Panajotov, Boris S. Ryvkin, Thomas Erneux, Michael Peeters, Guy Verschaffelt, Hugo Thienpont, and Irina P. Veretennicoff Proc. SPIE 3749, 302 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354758 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The intriguing polarization properties of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are discussed and different physical mechanisms to explain this behavior are proposed. Experimental results obtained on different types of VCSELs will be confronted with the predictions from different theoretical models.

Select this Article		Experimental evidence of stochastic resonance in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers Sylvain Barbay, Giovanni Giacomelli, and Francesco Marin Proc. SPIE 3749, 304 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354759 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The experimental evidence of Stochastic Resonance in the polarized emission of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers is given. We report for the first time in an experimental work a complete characterization of the phenomenon based on the residence times probability density. We give also the evidence of the bona fide resonance, clarifying this recently debated subject.

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Optical Processing II

Select this Article		Filtering techniques for optical pattern recognition Philippe Refregier Proc. SPIE 3749, 308 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354760 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Performance progress of a human face recognition processor Haisong Liu, Minxian Wu, Guofan Jin, Qingsheng He, and Yingbai Yan Proc. SPIE 3749, 310 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354761 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper gives a concise summary on recent progress of our research on an incoherent optical correlator based optoelectronic human face recognition processor. Several methods for improving its processing speed, discrimination ability, and robustness are illustrated.

Select this Article		Detection of wood density by a diffractive-optics-based sensor Raimo V. J. Silvennoinen, Jari Palviainen, Seppo Kellomaeki, Heli Peltola, and Kari Sauvala Proc. SPIE 3749, 312 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354762 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Rotation-invariant recognition of copepods by circular harmonic filters Victor A. Zavala-Hamz and Josue Alvarez-Borrego Proc. SPIE 3749, 314 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354764 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The use of circular harmonic filters for the invariant recognition of marine microorganisms is presented.

Select this Article		Multi-object intensity-invariant pattern recognition with an optimal processor for correlated noise Rafal Kotynski and Katarzyna Chalasinska-Macukow Proc. SPIE 3749, 316 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354765 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Normalized correlation provides a way to achieve reliable pattern recognition with images containing multiple target objects of unequal intensities without the need of image segmentation. We show that the optimum Bayesian processor for the detection of a target with additive correlated noise and disjoint background, introduced, has the form of the normalized correlation. In consequence it can be expressed with correlations and pointwise processing only--which is a condition for an efficient optical implementation. Moreover it may be applied to multi-object intensity invariant problems.

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Fractal Optics, Lithography

Select this Article		Diffraction by fractal apertures and Babinet's principle L. Baum, V. Laguna Weinberg, J. Cesaretti, J. A. Martinez, and Mario Garavaglia Proc. SPIE 3749, 320 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354766 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Babinet's principle establishes the equivalency from the diffracting fields by complementary gratings. In this work there is shown results obtained by the diffracting field of different orders of Cantor's and Sierpinski's Fractals and their complementary, according to Babinet's principle, observed experimentally and computer simulations. The agreement of results is excellent.

Select this Article		Fractal speckles in diffraction regions and image plane Jun Uozumi, K. Tsujino, E. Miyasaka, and M. Ibrahim Proc. SPIE 3749, 322 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354767 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Speckle patterns having fractal properties are produced in the image plane as well as in the diffraction regions of a planar diffuser. Such a pattern has no definite speckle size and exhibits a statistical self-similar feature within a limited extent. The intensity correlation function is shown to obey a power-law, which is a typical property of fractal distributions.

Select this Article		Direct control of fractal pattern generation on optical fractal synthesizer Toru Sasaki, Jun Tanida, and Yoshiki Ichioka Proc. SPIE 3749, 324 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354768 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a new method for direct control of position, rotation, and scaling of fractal patterns generated on the optical fractal synthesizer. In this method, we introduce IFS mother function to generate control parameters for arbitrary fractal patterns. We implemented the method experimentally and verified effectiveness of the method.

Select this Article		Design, figuring, and measurement of a correction plate for a wafer stepper Denis A. Faas, Cees J. Van Der Laan, Joseph J. M. Braat, and Tark Wijchers Proc. SPIE 3749, 326 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354769 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A plate with constant thickness was designed to compensate for the residual distortion in the image projected by a high-quality projection lens for lithography. The two surfaces of the plate have an identical aspheric profile whose shape has been calculated using the measured distortion map of the lithographic objective. The figuring process applied to the plate uses the principle of polishing in the presence of an elastical deformation to achieve the desired aspheric shape on both sides. A description is given of the subsequent process steps and of the obtained surface accuracy.

Select this Article		Future of optical lithography Shinji Okazaki Proc. SPIE 3749, 328 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354770 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The history of optical lithography is reviewed as a basis for discussing its future. The key methods used so far to boost the resolution are: the use of a higher numerical aperture, reduction of the exposure wavelength, and the introduction of resolution enhancement technologies. For the continued use of optical lithography in the future, the exposure wavelength must be reduced. The two approaches to doing this--a gradual reduction and a sudden, large reduction--are compared.

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Nonlinear Optics I

Select this Article		Balanced-homodyne detection of surface second-harmonic generation Jun Chen, Susumu Machida, and Yoshihisa Yamamoto Proc. SPIE 3749, 332 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354771 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An ac optical balanced homodyne detection system was developed to simultaneously measure the intensity and phase in surface second-harmonic generation. Extremely high sensitivity of 3 aW (6 photon/sec) has been achieved by use of a lock-in amplifier, in which an interference signal of fundamental waves is used as a reference signal. Experimental results of simultaneous measurement of the intensity and phase in surface second-harmonic waves generated form native-oxidized Si(111) surfaces is presented.

Select this Article		Optical nonlinearities in mesoionic compounds Arandi G. Bezerra, Jr., Anderson S. L. Gomes, Glauco S. Maciel, Cid B. de Araujo, P. F. Athayde-Filho, G. B. da Rocha, J. Miller, and A. M. Simas Proc. SPIE 3749, 334 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354772 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Using the hyper-Rayleigh and the Z-scan techniques, we determined the first and the second hyperpolarizabilities of molecules containing mesoinic rings. We also present quantum chemical calculations for both hyperpolarizabilities that are in a good qualitative agreement with experimental results. Optical Kerr gate measurements indicate response times faster than 60 fs for these compounds which possess intrinsic push-pull characteristics and are promising substitutes for polyene bridges in photonic applications.

Select this Article		Photorefractive polymers with video-rate performance Nasser Peyghambarian, Kyle B. Ferrio, Jon A. Herlocker, Eric Hendrickx, Brett D. Guenther, Bernard Kippelen, and Stephane Mery Proc. SPIE 3749, 336 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354773 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A photorefractive polymer employing a fluorinated cyanotolane chromophore exhibits a stable response-time of approximately 2 ms and may support applications requiring video-rates. The achievable bandwidth is not limited by reorientational dynamics and might be increased further by improvements in photoconductivity.

Select this Article		Guiding light by incoherent light Zhigang Chen and Mordechai Segev Proc. SPIE 3749, 338 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354775 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We demonstrate, for the first time, optical guidance of light beams using incoherent light. Such guidance is made possible by generating self-trapped dark beams (dark spatial solitons) inside a bulk photorefractive material using spatially incoherent light. We show that, in the 1D case, planar or Y-splitting waveguides induced by self-trapped incoherence dark stripes can guide other coherent light of a different wavelength. In the 2D case, incoherent dark solitons generated from optical vortices induce refractive- index changes akin to circular channel waveguides. These experiments introduce the possibility of controlling high- power laser beams with low-power incoherent light sources such as Light Emitting Diodes.

Select this Article		Generation of tunable coherent VUV/XUV radiation in molecules Tao-Heng Sun and Pengqian Wang Proc. SPIE 3749, 340 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354776 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Quantum Optics I

Select this Article		Experimantal studies of quantum cryptography in optical fiber communication systems Nicolas Gisin Proc. SPIE 3749, 342 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354777 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Practical point-to-point free-space quantum key distribution over .5 km William T. Buttler, Richard J. Hughes, Paul G. Kwiat, Steve K. Lamoreaux, George L. Morgan, Jane E. Nordholt, and C. Glen Peterson Proc. SPIE 3749, 344 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354778 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have demonstrated point-to-point single-photon quantum key distribution over a free-space optical path of approximately 475 m under daylight conditions. This represents an increase of > 1,000 times farther than any reported point-to-point demonstration, and > 6 times farther than the previous folded path daylight demonstration. We expect to extend the daylight range to 2 km or more within the next few months. A brief description of the system is given here.

Select this Article		Limits of light concentration and energy yield of luminescence Christoph Zander and Karl-Heinz Drexhage Proc. SPIE 3749, 346 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354779 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Taking the quantum nature of photons as well as the first and second law of thermodynamics into account as universal upper limit for the concentration of incoherent light is found. Furthermore the limitation of light concentration by a 4-energy-level system is investigated. It turns out that both considerations lead to the same limits. Furthermore the conditions for luminescence energy yield exceeding unity are laid down.

Select this Article		Phase-space tomography of the truncated harmonic oscillator states Marta C. Gonzalez and Celso L. Ladera Proc. SPIE 3749, 348 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354780 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Phase-Space Tomography has been recently applied, in complete analogy to classical optics tomography, for the reconstruction of quantum states. The quantum systems thus far considered move in potentials for which only the coordinates of phase space are modified by simple affine transformations--shearing and rotation--, the state Wigner quasi-probability distribution remaining invariant. In this work we consider the case of the truncated harmonic oscillator, a more general, and potentially useful, potential, and show that state reconstruction is still feasible.

Select this Article		Recovery of classical images and nontomographic quantum state reconstruction Celso L. Ladera Proc. SPIE 3749, 350 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354781 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Quantum tomography, as being recently used in atomic optics and quantum optics for quantum state recovery, has been developed in analogue fashion to the standard method of classical computer tomography. Unfortunately, it is only possible to handle a limited number of cases with such methods. Advanced non-tomographic quantum state reconstruction is now being developed as an alternative to achieve reconstruction for arbitrary potential functions. It has now become feasible, in turn, to apply the new method, again in analogue fashion, for the reconstruction of classical images.

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Image Processing and Synthesis

Select this Article		Image reconstruction from its Fourier modulus Tohru Takahashi and Hiroaki Takajo Proc. SPIE 3749, 352 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354782 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An iterative algorithm to reconstruct an image from its Fourier modulus is proposed. Although this algorithm is a modification of the conventional iterative Fourier transform algorithm proposed by Fienup, stagnation which the conventional algorithm often suffers from does not occur in this algorithm.

Select this Article		Nonlinear optical element for incoherent image processing based on photoanisotropy Burkhard Fleck, Lutz Wenke, and P. S. Ramanujam Proc. SPIE 3749, 354 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354783 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Fourier transform profilometry applied to 3D object detection Jose J. Esteve-Taboada, Javier Garcia, and Carlos Ferreira Proc. SPIE 3749, 356 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354784 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose and experimentally verify an automatic method for 3D shape detection. We project a grating onto the object to be checked in order to obtain a distorted grating pattern. This distorted pattern carries information about the complete 3D shape, so that their comparison with a reference one provides a method for detecting 3D objects in real time.

Select this Article		Speckle photography through different multiaperture pupils Luciano Angel, Myrian C. Tebaldi, Nestor A. Bolognini, and Marcelo Trivi Proc. SPIE 3749, 358 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354786 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An image multiplexing method based on the internal modulation of speckle grains by employing different multiple aperture pupils for recording is proposed. The interferometric fringes profile and visibility in the Fourier plane, for uniform in-plane displacement double- exposed specklegrams through different pupils recording, are analyzed in terms of the geometric parameters of the pupils. Experimental evidences are presented.

Select this Article		Imaging interferometric lithography: extending optics to fundamental limits and beyond Steven R. J. Brueck Proc. SPIE 3749, 360 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354787 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Nonlinear Optics II

Select this Article		Nonlinear absorption and amplification of light in Er3+-doped fluoroindate glass Glauco S. Maciel, N. Rakov, Cid B. de Araujo, and Younes Messaddeq Proc. SPIE 3749, 364 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354788 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Nonlinear absorption and amplification of a probe laser beam can be controlled by adjusting the intensity modulation frequency and wavelength of a pump laser beam. The demonstration of this effect in Er³⁺-doped fluoroindate glass is presented.

Select this Article		Resonator-configuration-dependent nonlinear dynamics with application to Kerr-lens mode-locked lasers Wen-Feng Hsieh, Ming-Dar Wei, and Hsiao-Hua Wu Proc. SPIE 3749, 366 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354789 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The nonlinear dynamics of the Gaussian beam propagation in resonator was studied by constructing the iterative map of q-parameter. From the Greene's residue theorem, there are specific configurations sensitive to nonlinear effect existing in the geometrically stable region. By applying to Kerr-lens mode-locking (KLM) resonators, we found that multiple solution, period doubling, period tripling and period quadrupling can occur at the configurations with product of cavity G-parameters equal to 0, 1/2, 1/4 (or 3/4) and (2 +/- yields2)/4, respectively. Moreover, the systems will result in classical chaos if further increasing the nonlinear effect. We will also report appearance of unexpected transverse beam profiles and shrinkage of beam waist causes to lower laser threshold in an end-pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser and chaotic behavior in the KLM laser around these critical resonator configurations.

Select this Article		Self-modulation of pulses in Kerr medium and limits of the single-mode approximation Dmitri Kouznetsov and Eduardo Gomez Proc. SPIE 3749, 368 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354790 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Self-phase modulation of incoherent nonstationary pulses Solange B. Cavalcanti, M. Yu, and Govind P. Agrawal Proc. SPIE 3749, 370 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354791 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Propagation of partially coherent pulse trains in single- mode optical fibers is considered within the framework of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Statistical properties of chaotic modulated pulses are evaluated by modelling them after cyclostationary processes. Interesting spectra are obtained exhibiting the influence of self phase modulation on these random signals.

Select this Article		Thermal-lens measurements of thermal diffusivity temperature dependence up to the glass transition in a fluoride glass S. M. Lima, Tomaz Catunda, R. Lebullenger, Antonio C. Hernandes, Mauro L. Baesso, and A. C. Bento Proc. SPIE 3749, 372 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354792 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The time-resolved mode-mismatched thermal lens technique has been used to determine the thermal diffusivity, D, temperature behavior of a fluoride glass (ZBLAN) from 25 to 315 degree(s)C. We observed an abrupt decrease on D with minimum at 298 degree(s)C which coincides with the glass transition temperature T_g value measured by DSC. These measurements indicate that the thermal conductivity, K, decrease by factor approximately 8.

Select this Article		CW optically pumped FIR waveguide lasers and harmonic mixing with Schottky diodes Er Jun Zang, Kun Zhao, Xizhi Li, Yuqing Zhou, Baoqing Zhou, Xuchang Gu, Hongjun Cao, and Nai-Cheng Shen Proc. SPIE 3749, 374 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354793 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A CW optically pumped FIR waveguide laser is demonstrated. An output power of 75 mW at wavelength of 96.5 micrometers has been obtained and harmonic mixing between microwaves and FIR radiation has been shown.

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Diffractive Optics

Select this Article		Achromatization of the diffraction efficiency of diffractive optical elements Kenneth J. Weible, Andreas Schilling, Hans Peter Herzig, and Daniel R. Lobb Proc. SPIE 3749, 378 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354794 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Waveguiding enhances the diffraction efficiency of blazed-binary diffractive elements Philippe Lalanne, Pierre H. Chavel, Edmond Cambril, and Huguette Launois Proc. SPIE 3749, 380 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354796 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Recent experimental and numerical results clearly evidence that blazed-binary diffractive elements outperform their standard blazed-echelette counterparts in the resonance domain. A theoretical study of 1D blazed-binary gratings shows that the reason for this high efficiency is a waveguiding effect in the subwavelength features. The outcome is a reduction of the shadowing zone.

Select this Article		Computer-generated diffractive laser beam splitter Dan Cojoc and Octavian Dontu Proc. SPIE 3749, 382 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354797 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A technique to obtain a diffractive laser beam splitter is presented in this paper. The technique is based on the approach of Fresnel holography, computer generated. Starting from the coding techniques used to obtain binary Fresnel encoded lens and Fresnel holograms, the synthesis of a diffractive optical element able to realize the split of a laser beam into N beams, is presented. Experimental results are provided for N equals 2, 3, 4, 5. The performance of this beam splitter is discussed in terms of light transmission efficiency and reconfigurability.

Select this Article		Diffractive optics in physical-optics system design Frank Wyrowski and Jari P. Turunen Proc. SPIE 3749, 384 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354798 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The use of microstructured interfaces to realize optical functions is the subject of diffractive optics. In this talk we discuss the role of diffractive optics in optical engineering. To this end optical design is based on a physical-optics model. It is established that microstructures can present alternative ways to realize optical functions and that they can be the ultimate choice to obtain a desired optical effect.

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Biomedical Optics

Select this Article		Biomedical applications of laser spectroscopy Sune Svanberg Proc. SPIE 3749, 388 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354803 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Very soon after the invention of the laser, the use of the thermal effects of the radiation was introduced. Such techniques have been refined and the laser is now routinely used for treatment in many specialities. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-thermal modality employing the combination of a tumor-seeking agent and activating laser light. During the last 15 years laser spectroscopic techniques have also been developed providing powerful means for non-intrusive medical diagnostics of tissue in real time. At the beginning only few groups were involved in exploratory work, but successively the field has developed now to occupy a large number of research teams, which meet at large specialized conferences. We will here consider three aspects of laser diagnostics: fluorescence, Raman and near-IR, and elastic scattering spectroscopy, and we will also briefly discuss PDT. The activity in the field is very extensive, and rather than trying to give a full overview, illustrations from work performed at the Lund University Medical Laser Center will be given.

Select this Article		Intracellular nanosurgery with compact femtosecond laser Karsten Koenig, Iris Riemann, Peter Fischer, and Karl-Juergen Halbhuber Proc. SPIE 3749, 390 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354799 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We developed a nanotechnology for highly localized and ultraprecise non-contact laser surgery within living cells, in particular for nanoprocessing of intranuclear structure.

Select this Article		Detection and identification of single molecules in microcapillaries Christoph Zander and Karl-Heinz Drexhage Proc. SPIE 3749, 391 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354800 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A set-up permitting optical detection and identification of individual analyte molecules (dye labeled mononucleotides) in microcapillaries is described. It consists essentially of a confocal fluorescence microscope for time-correlated single-photon counting. Excitation of the analyte molecules takes place in the red spectral region with a short-pulsed diode laser at about 640 nm. A cone shaped capillary with an inner diameter at the very end of about 0.5 micrometers was used. The flow of the labeled nucleotides was established by electrokinetic forces. A maximum likelihood estimator was applied to analyze the measured fluorescence decays of the analyte molecules. This way two species of labeled mononucleotides can be distinguished by their characteristic fluorescence decay time on the single-molecule level.

Select this Article		New dynamic endoscopic holographic interferometer for in-vivo medical imaging metrology Gert von Bally, Bjorn Kemper, Andre Merker, and S. Lai Proc. SPIE 3749, 393 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354801 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel Electronic-Speckle-Pattern-Interferometer which is based on an endoscope camera system can be applied to handheld examinations for in-vivo minimal-invasive diagnostics. Optical fibers, endoscopic optics and an amplitude modulated cw-laser are used for illumination. A CCD-camera in combination with a fast frame grabber-system allows dynamic `on line'-image subtractions up to a frequency of 25 Hz with high fringe contrast. The influence of rigid body motions on the interference fringe pattern is compensated by a new digital processing method based on Fourier algorithms.

Select this Article		Pathogen detection using evanescent-wave fiber optic biosensor Aldo P. Ferreira, Marcelo M. Werneck, R. M. Ribeiro, and U. G. Lins Proc. SPIE 3749, 395 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354802 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes a real time optical biosensor that utilizes the evanescent field technique for monitoring microorganisms in hospital environment. The biosensor monitors interactions between the analytic (bacteria) and the evanescent field of an optical fiber passing through the culture media where the bacteria grows. The objective is to monitor atmospheres in hospital areas for the Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia. The results lead us the conclusion that this kind of sensor presents quick response, good performance, easy of construction and low cost. We expect that the sensor will be of great help in controlling the hospital environment.

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Tomographic Imaging, Laser Doppler Velocimetry

Select this Article		Spatio-spectral tomography of luminescent objects with volume holograms George Barbastathis and David J. Brady Proc. SPIE 3749, 398 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354804 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Volume holograms as optical imaging elements provide maximum flexibility in the design of the optical response. For example, when a polychromatic incoherent object illuminates a spherical-reference volume hologram, the shift selectivity effect extracts only a color-dependent slice of the object, which is reconstructed on a planar detector. In this presentation we characterize the performance (resolution and dynamic range) of a tomographic imaging system based on this effect.

Select this Article		Optical coherence tomographic imaging system for investigating cortical functional organization of brain: a simulation study Rajagopalan U. Maheswari, Hirofumi Kadono, and Manabu Tanifuji Proc. SPIE 3749, 400 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354805 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a optical coherence tomographic (OCT) system for imaging functional organization of brain. To enhance the reflectivity of OCT signal, simulation studies have been done with iron particles as the tracer elements. It has been found that by proper choice of the size of the particles, the OCT signal can be greatly enhanced.

Select this Article		Biomedical imaging using optical coherence tomography James G. Fujimoto Proc. SPIE 3749, 402 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354807 \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Imaging of the static and dynamic objects by pulse super-scanning locator (SSL) (tomograph) with resolution higher than by the Rayleigh criterion Vera M. Ginzburg Proc. SPIE 3749, 404 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354808 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Multiple-component laser Doppler velocimeter using a chirp-frequency-modulated Nd:YAG ring laser and fiber delay lines Juergen W. Czarske, O. Doelle, Ingo Freitag, and Carsten Fallnich Proc. SPIE 3749, 406 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354809 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A 2D directional laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV), which is based on the generation of heterodyne signals of different carrier frequencies, so that different velocity components can be detected simultaneously will be presented. The carrier frequencies are generated by a chirp frequency modulation of a diode-pumped monolithic Nd:YAG miniature ring laser in combination with fiber delay lines of a few 100 m lengths. Since this heterodyne technique is based on a complete spliced fiber optic unit without additional frequency shift elements, a simple alignment-insensitive heterodyne LDV system can be realized. Together with the Nd:YAG laser, emitting about 1 W single-frequency power, a portable powerful LDV was realized. The generated LDV signals are evaluated by the quadrature demodulation signal processing technique, which allows the measurement of the Doppler frequency with a high time resolution. As a result, frequency modulated LDV signals, e.g. from sound waves or turbulent flows, can be evaluated.

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Optical Storage

Select this Article		Application of solid-immersion lens technology to optical storage (Abstract Only) Gordon R. Knight Proc. SPIE 3749, 410 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354810 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Integrated optical pickup for optical disks Theo T. Tschudi, Lingli Wang, Svetomir Stankovic, Mathias Hain, Shanti Bhattacharia, Daniel Diaz, Lhoucine Benmohammadi, Chialou Karaboue, Edgar Pawlowski, and Margit Ferstl Proc. SPIE 3749, 411 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354811 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report on a new integrated optical pickup for double layer DVD's. The optics is almost integrated by means of diffractive optical elements. Dual focus as well as focal control is done by a liquid crystal cell.

Select this Article		Design and manufacturing of far-field high-NA objective lenses for optical recording Benno H. W. Hendriks and Peter G. J. M. Nuyens Proc. SPIE 3749, 413 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354812 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical recording tends towards higher data densities. A way to achieve higher density is by increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens in the optical pickup unit. The design and manufacturing of such high-NA two-element objective lenses is discussed.

Select this Article		Some consideration of organic materials for high-density optical data storage Fuxi Gan Proc. SPIE 3749, 415 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354813 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper the application possibilities of organic materials for high density optical data storage are discussed. Several points, such as physical and chemical stability, wavelength match and reversible properties change, which should be taken into consideration, are presented.

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Quantum Optics II

Select this Article		Quantum state reconstruction and optimal manipulations with quantum information (1996 IOC Prize Winner) Vladimir Buzek Proc. SPIE 3749, 418 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354814 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Superradiant effects in the active microcavity E. De Angelis, Francesco De Martini, and Paolo Mataloni Proc. SPIE 3749, 420 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354815 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The process of two-dipole superradiance has been investigated by femtosecond excitation of two ensembles of dye molecules, located at a mutual distance R on the symmetry plane of a microcavity. In these conditions, superradiant coupling between the two objects can be established, giving rise to emission correlation effects, which have been investigated in the space-time domain.

Select this Article		Absolute measurement of quantum efficiency of photon-counting photomultiplier using quantum two-photon field and a ratio between single- and double-electron peaks Aladar Czitrovszky, Alexander V. Sergienko, Peter Jani, and Attila Nagy Proc. SPIE 3749, 422 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354817 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An existence of pairs of rigorously correlated photons (biphotons) from nonlinear parametric down conversion has made it possible to develop a technique for measuring the absolute value of quantum efficiency of the optical detectors, both in photon-counting and in analog regimes, without using any standard light sources. A new technique for the measurement of quantum efficiency using single photomultiplier was evaluated. It is based on the measurement of the ratio between the single- and double- electron peaks in its pulse-height distribution.

Select this Article		Suppression of closed-loop photocurrent fluctuation below amplifier dark noise Jianping Yin, Weijian Gao, Yifu Zhu, and Yuzhu Wang Proc. SPIE 3749, 424 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354818 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Suppression of the closed-loop photocurrent fluctuation below the amplifier dark noise was observed in both a negative-feedback light-emitting diode and a laser diode. We apply the concept of an anticorrelation light state proposed by Masalov et al to analyze the anticorrelation effect between the measured photocurrent fluctuation and the amplifier dark noise, which successfully explains our experimental observations. Our theoretical analysis also yields the squeezed spectrum of the light intensity fluctuation in the loop and the correlation coefficient between the photocurrent and the amplifier noise.

Select this Article		Continuous measurement of photon number with double registration of counts Antonin Luks and Vlasta Perinova Proc. SPIE 3749, 426 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354819 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We investigate the role of stable atomic states in the microscopic theory of continuous quantum-nondemolition measurement of photon number. Conventionally, their energies are equal. When the stable states correspond to different energy levels, the measured mode is effectively incoherently coupled to another mode.

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Interferometry and Profilometry

Select this Article		Two-wavelength interferometry based on a Fourier-transform technique Ribun Onodera and Yukihiro Ishii Proc. SPIE 3749, 430 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354820 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Two-wavelength interferometry that is based on a Fourier- transform technique has been investigated. A phase profile at a synthetic wavelength has been obtained by the inverse Fourier transformation of a first-order frequency spectrum for (lambda) ₁ wavelength and a minus first-order frequency spectrum for (lambda) ₂ wavelength. A power- spectrum of the two-wavelength interferogram can be controlled to eliminate a phase error caused by the difference between modulation intensities at two wavelengths.

Select this Article		Birefringent scatterplate phase-shifting interferometer Michael B. North Morris, Jay Van Delden, and James C. Wyant Proc. SPIE 3749, 432 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354821 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new phase shifting scatterplate interferometer is realized by exploiting the polarization characteristics of a birefringent scatterplate. The advantages of this design are that it does not require any optical components to be placed near the surface under test and, the hot spot and background intensity, which are inherent to scatterplate interferometers, are eliminated. The theory of the interferometer is presented.

Select this Article		Phase-shifting digital holography with applications to microscopy and interferometry Ichirou Yamaguchi Proc. SPIE 3749, 434 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354822 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Phase-shifting interferometer for distance measurement using a tunable external-cavity laser diode Yukihiro Ishii, Ribun Onodera, and Takeshi Takahashi Proc. SPIE 3749, 436 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354823 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A phase-shifting interferometer with a tunable external- cavity laser diode for distance measurement has been constructed. The interference phase is shifted equally in four steps by varying the source wavelength. The distance is obtained by measuring the phase shift with Carre technique from four intensities. The experimental results shows a measurement range from 40 micrometers to 13 mm.

Select this Article		New Fourier transform profilometry based on modulation measurement Xianyu Su, Likun Su, and Wansong Li Proc. SPIE 3749, 438 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354824 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This article propose a new Fourier transform profilometry based on modulation measurement. We briefly call it FTP based on MM. Its main advantage is that it can measure the surface of a complex object in the same direction of projecting light, so it has no the difficulties due to shadow and spatial discontinuity that exist in conventional FTP and also PMP methods. In the paper, we give the principle of the method, the set-up of measurement system, and some primary experimental results. The results proved that this method is a promising method for acquiring 3D data of complex object.

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Holographic and Two-Photon Storage

Select this Article		Three-dimensional optics for optical data storage and optical MEMs using two-photon technology Satoshi Kawata Proc. SPIE 3749, 442 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354825 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Two-photon multilayer bit data storage by use of continuous-wave illumination Min Gu and Daniel Day Proc. SPIE 3749, 444 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354826 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A continuous wave laser beam of an infrared wavelength at 800 nm is used for two-photon excitation in a photobleaching polymer for 3D bits data storage. We successfully demonstrate the recording and reading of multiple layers of data bits up to a depth of 100 micrometers within a thick photobleaching polymer. The achievable 3D bit density may be up to 3.5 Tbits/cm³ if a variable tube length can be implemented into the recording and reading processes.

Select this Article		Self-developing photopolymer system: an experimental investigation Rene M. Beaulieu, Roger A. Lessard, and Michel Bolte Proc. SPIE 3749, 446 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354829 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Dichromated poly(acrylic acid) (DCPAA) films have been investigated as photopolymer recording material. Thin DCPAA films with dimethylformamide have been used to photofabricate surface relief groups. The formation of these gratings depends on the self-development time in darkness subsequent to the illumination at the wavelength of 442 nm and is obtained without any chemical treatment or wet processing. In this experimental investigation, the effect of light exposure, heat treatment, and pH solution on the holographic characteristics of these gratings is studied.

Select this Article		Physical properties of photopolymer recording for nonvolatile volume holographic storage Loukas Paraschis, Yasuyuki Sugiyama, and Lambertus Hesselink Proc. SPIE 3749, 448 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354830 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We evaluate the physical properties of volume holographic recording in photopolymer that allow for high performance nonvolatile digital data storage. We identified efficient volume grating formation for photoinitiated cationic-ring- opening polymerization that utilizes unrestricted monomer diffusive transport contributions in the grating development process during and after exposure.

Select this Article		Information storage with a barium-calcium titanate crystal Matthias Esselbach, Armin Kiessling, and Richard M. Kowarschik Proc. SPIE 3749, 450 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354831 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Microscopy and Particle Analysis

Select this Article		Visibility factor for low-particle-size polydispersity Jose M. Saiz, J. L. de la Pena, Pedro J. Valle, Francisco Gonzalez, Fernando G. Moreno, and Gorden W. Videen Proc. SPIE 3749, 454 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354832 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have developed an experimental light-scattering method to obtain information about particles with low polydispersities in size on flat substrates. It is based on the analysis of the visibility factor of the lobes in the light scattering patterns obtained from flat metallic substrates seeded with the particles. The visibility factor of a pattern is obtained for different minima. The solution of the scattering problem may be provided by a theoretical model, and analytical expressions for the visibility are derived. This relation between visibility and polydispersity is experimentally tested, and it is shown how the origin of the loss of visibility may be exploited to characterize the polydispersity.

Select this Article		Holographing of transparent and semitransparent microparticles Victor V. Dyomin and Stanislav G. Stepanov Proc. SPIE 3749, 456 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354833 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Peculiarities of holographic images of transparent and semitransparent microparticles are discussed. Several methods are proposed for evaluation of the particle optical features, in addition to its geometrical parameters.

Select this Article		Nanoparticle size distribution measurement in photon correlation experiments Peter Jani, Attila Nagy, and Aladar Czitrovszky Proc. SPIE 3749, 458 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354834 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose the measurement of particle size, which is based on the visibility measurement of the pre-detection signal corresponding to particle transit of the sensing volume in a photon correlation LDA arrangement. It is shown that a good estimate of the visibility is the ratio of the contents of two specific channels of the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function. We show that in a wide range of experimental conditions this ratio is a monotonous function of particle size. This circumstance leads to the possibility of defining calibration curves for practical devices.

Select this Article		Polarized phase detection of optical beat signals for particle analysis Naomichi Yokoi, Yoshihisa Aizu, and Hiromichi Mishina Proc. SPIE 3749, 460 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354835 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new technique based on the polarized phase detection of optical beat signals is proposed for size analysis of moving spherical particles. Light scattered by a particle in the two-beam intersection is divided into two rays and detected with different polarization angles. The phase difference between two beat signals can be used for particle size analysis. Numerical computations of the Mie theory and experiments were performed to verify the usefulness of the proposed technique.

Select this Article		Geometric phase coherence probe microscope for surface profiling Maitreyee Roy, L. Cherel, and Colin J. R. Sheppard Proc. SPIE 3749, 462 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354836 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have developed a computer-controlled coherence probe microscope which can rapidly and accurately map the shape of micro-machined surfaces exhibiting steps and discontinuities. The instrument uses white-light and scans the object in height. The novel feature of the instrument is the use of an achromatic phase-shifter operating on the principle of geometric phase to evaluate the fringe visibility directly for each point on the object. This allows location of the position of the visibility peak along the scanning axis, yielding the height of the surface at the corresponding points.

Select this Article		Phase jump under surface plasmon resonance and its use for biosensing and microscopy Petr I. Nikitin Proc. SPIE 3749, 464 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354837 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Interferometry that detects phase jumps of a beam reflected under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been developed for bio- and chemical sensing and microscopy. In our approach the near-field of surface plasmon is used to detect monolayer reactions on a metal surface or to visualize ultra-thin films. Comprehensive theoretical model and its experimental verification are presented. A number of prospective device schemes has been developed that provide sensitivity much higher as compared to the traditional SPR sensors and equally wide dynamic range. The proposed technique has been used for a `phase jump' SPR microscopy. It can also be used for Gene Chips and High Throughput Screening analyses.

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Optical MEMs

Select this Article		Stroboscopic phase-shifting interferometry for dynamic characterization of optical MEMS Matthew R. Hart, Robert A. Conant, Kam Y. Lau, and Richard S. Muller Proc. SPIE 3749, 468 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354838 \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Macro-scale optical components with surface flatness better than 25 nm over large areas (more than 1 X 1 mm) are widely available. However, the flatness of optical MEMS devices (for example micro-mirrors and -diffraction gratings) is often considerably worse. In addition to static deformation caused by film stresses and stress gradients, dynamic mechanical effects, such as air drag and excitation of higher-order resonant modes, cause surface deformations that are difficult to predict using theoretical or finite- element models. These deformations can cause significant degradation to optical performance. Dynamic measurements of nanometer-scale displacements across the entire surface of a micro-mirror are difficult or impossible to perform with conventional MEMS metrology techniques such as SEM, AFM, and optical microscopy. Stroboscopic interferometry, however, can be used to measure time-slice images that show 3D motion of fast-moving MEMS devices, with vertical resolution better than 1 nm. In this paper, we report the application of this technique to dynamic characterization of fold-up surface- micromachined structures and show how the method can be used to provide new insights into the optical and mechanical behavior of scanning micro-mirror devices.

Select this Article		Multiwavelength three-dimensional 2x2 fiber optic switch structure using small-tilt micromirrors Nabeel A. Riza and Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn Proc. SPIE 3749, 470 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354840 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Multiwavelength 2 X 2 fiber-optic switch array retroreflective structure is proposed using a 2D array of small +/- 10 degree(s) tilt micromirrors. Experimental results at the 1550 nm band indicate a best -23 dB optical crosstalk level.

Select this Article		Integrated micromachined scanning display systems Paul M. Hagelin, Uma Krishnamoorthy, Robert A. Conant, Richard S. Muller, Kam Y. Lau, and Olav Solgaard Proc. SPIE 3749, 472 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354841 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe a raster-scanning display system comprised of two tilt-up micromachined polysilicon mirrors that rotate about orthogonal axes. We have demonstrated a resolution of 102 X 119 pixels. The optical efficiency of our two- mirror micro-optical raster-scanning system is comparable to that of micromachined display systems developed by Texas Instruments and Silicon Light Machines. Ease of integration with on-chip light sources and lenses has the potential to reduce packaging size, complexity and cost of the display system and makes it well suited for head-mounted display applications.

Select this Article		Miniaturized time-scanning Fourier transform spectrometer using an electrostatic actuator Omar Manzardo, Cornel Marxer, and Hans Peter Herzig Proc. SPIE 3749, 474 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354842 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper we present a miniaturized Fourier Transform spectrometer based on a Michelson interferometer with a scanning mirror. The motion of the mirror is carried out by a new type of electrostatic comb drive actuator. The displacement of the mirror is linear with the applied voltage. Experimental results are presented.

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Nanostructures, Diffractive Optics

Select this Article		Near-field nano-optics toward nano/atom deposition Motoichi Ohtsu Proc. SPIE 3749, 478 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354843 \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Chemical vapor deposition by UV-optical near field realized a 20 nm Zn stripes, two closely spaced Zn dots, and a ZnO dot with light emitting capability. Optical switching capability of a single InGaAs quantum dot was confirmed by near-field nonlinear absorption spectroscopy. Recent progress of atom manipulation for deposition is also reviewed.

Select this Article		Fresnel diffraction experiments using coherent x rays Jose Baruchel, Peter Cloetens, Jean-Pierre Guigay, and Michel Schlenker Proc. SPIE 3749, 480 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354844 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Optimal phase mask for writing fiber Bragg gratings Yue Qiu, Yunlong Sheng, and Peter Kung Proc. SPIE 3749, 482 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354845 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The rigorous coupled-wave analysis and our experimental measurements show optimal values of the phase retardation and duty cycle of the phase mask to minimize zero and even diffracted orders, that are more precise than that usually used according to the scalar theory of diffraction. Under an oblique incidence, we optimize the phase mask with three parameters: phase retardation, duty cycle, and refractive index, that results in a perfect sinusoidal interference field with high diffraction efficiency for writing the fiber Bragg grating.

Select this Article		Combination of polarization-sensitive single-order and zero-order gratings Tilman Glaser, Ruediger Poehlmann, Siegmund Schroeter, and Hartmut Bartelt Proc. SPIE 3749, 484 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354846 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report on the simulation and experimental realization of two consecutive binary high spatial frequency gratings with high aspect ratios on the front and back faces of one fused silica substrate as polarization elements for visible laser light. The combination of rigorous coupled wave analysis and scalar decomposition of the incident Gaussian beam into a spectrum of plane waves results in good agreement between calculations and measured polarization properties.

Select this Article		Multiple-line generation over high angle using hybrid parabolic profile and binary surface-relief phase element Luiz G. Neto, Luciana Brassolatti Roberto, Patrick Verdonck, Ronaldo D. Mansano, Giuseppe A. Cirino, and Mario A. Stefani Proc. SPIE 3749, 487 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354847 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A hybrid diffractive optical element capable of splitting a monochromatic laser beam into an arbitrary number of lines over high angle is presented. The element is formed by a continuous parabolic surface-relief phase grating and a binary surface-relief computer generated phase hologram. The parabolic profile was generated into a thick photo resist and the binary surface-relief was generated into a quartz substrate.

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Microscopy

Select this Article		Limitations of the confocal imaging algorithm in surface profiling J. F. Aguilar and Colin J. R. Sheppard Proc. SPIE 3749, 490 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354848 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Based on the capability of confocal microscopy to profile rough surfaces, Quartel and Sheppard have proposed an algorithm to reconstruct surface profiles from scattering data. We determine the range of applicability of the algorithm by investigating the effects of the roughness and correlation length of a random surface on the reconstruction.

Select this Article		Local study of a double hetero-junction laser diode by apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy Gregory Wurtz, Renaud Bachelot, and Pascal Royer Proc. SPIE 3749, 492 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354850 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We studied locally a double hetero-junction GaAs/GaAlAs laser diode by apertureless Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy. The optical probe used is a tungsten tip vibrating (at frequency f) perpendicularly to the emitting surface. Suitable experimental parameters permitting us to accede to near-field information have been defined. Their respective importance in the extraction of near-field information is shown and discussed.

Select this Article		Scanning near-field optical microscopy: local probes and enhanced electromagnetic fields L. Aigouy, Albert C. Boccara, S. Ducourtieux, S. Gresillon, Jean-Claude Rivoal, Haim Cory, Patrice Gadenne, and Vladimir M. Shalaev Proc. SPIE 3749, 494 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354851 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Enhanced electromagnetic fields are investigated, both theoretically and experimentally, on two model systems using high spatial resolution. Strong field enhancements at the apex of a tungsten tip illuminated by an external light source are studied as a function of the incident polarization. The surface of percolating random metal- dielectric films consist of several spectral resonances, which have been calculated and are observed here in near field with 10 nm lateral resolution.

Select this Article		Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscope Mamoru Hashimoto and Tsutomu Araki Proc. SPIE 3749, 496 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354852 \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a new laser scanning microscope using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. As the proposed method is a kind of Raman spectroscopy, molecular structural information are obtained without any staining. The imaging property is theoretically estimated by using the 3D optical transfer function. It is shown that the proposed microscope has 3D resolution in any case of measuring for the weak or the high contrast object with or without a pinhole before a detector. Spatial resolution of micrometer order along the optical axis is demonstrated.

Select this Article		Dynamic wavefront control in confocal microscopy Tony Wilson, Mark A. A. Neil, and Martin J. Booth Proc. SPIE 3749, 498 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354853 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We describe a simple method to impress an arbitrary amplitude and phase distribution onto an optical wave. The approach uses a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator. Aberrations present in the optical system are measured and compensated before the system is used to tune the pupil function of a confocal microscope in a variety of ways.

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Color and Vision

Select this Article		About the delay in the visual pathway Jose F. Barraza and Andrew M. Derrington Proc. SPIE 3749, 502 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354854 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Human observers were required to report whether a briefly- presented static grating appeared ahead of or behind a moving grating, while they fixated on a small marker in between the two gratings. A forced choice paradigm using the method of constant stimuli was adopted to measure the angle of phase corresponding to a perceptual alignment between the two gratings. The angle does not depend on spatial frequency and varies linearly with the temporal frequency. When the experiment was carried out tracking the moving grating, no misalignment between two gratings was found.

Select this Article		Evaluation of transient glare in the scotopic-mesopic range Elisa M. Colombo, Jose F. Barraza, and Luis Issolio Proc. SPIE 3749, 504 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354855 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper proposes a quantitative method for evaluation of disability glare, considering a scotopic-mesopic range and transient glare. Subjects had to compare brightness of two uniform luminance fields sequentially displayed, one of which was presented under glare conditions. The observer reported which field was brighter with respect to one another. A forced choice paradigm using the method of constant stimuli was adopted to determine the luminance corresponding to the perceptual matching luminance. The results show a non linear effect of the glare illuminance on the matching luminance and a non significant dependence with the luminance reference. We propose an empirical equation to calculate the glare effect. Scattered light can explain the results considering simultaneous contrast.

Select this Article		Performance of the human eye as a wide-angle optical system Rafael Fonolla Navarro Proc. SPIE 3749, 506 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354856 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This communication reviews some classic and recent studies of the optical performance of the human eye across visual field. Although the retinal image can not be recorded directly, different objective methods have been developed, which permit to determine optical quality parameters, such as the Point Spread Function, the Modulation Transfer Function, the geometrical ray aberrations or the wavefront distortions, in the living human eye. Experimental data obtained with these methods, along with a more exact knowledge of the anatomy (asphericities) of the optical surfaces of the eye, permit us to build more accurate models of the optical system of the eye, learn about its wide-angle optical design, and develop applications.

Select this Article		Improved accuracy tristimulus colorimeters calibrated with standard detectors George P. Eppeldauer Proc. SPIE 3749, 509 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354857 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new method has been developed to calibrate tristimulus colorimeters for high accuracy color measurements. Instead of traditional lamp standards, modern, high accuracy detector standards are suggested for calibration. After high accuracy absolute spectral response determination of the tristimulus receivers, color (spectral) correction and peak (amplitude) normalization can minimize uncertainties caused by imperfect realizations of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color matching functions. As a result of the corrections, stable light sources of different spectral power distributions can be measured with an accuracy dominated by the sub 0.1% uncertainty of novel spectral response determinations.

Select this Article		Autofluorescence of ocular tissues: a promising diagnostic technique in ophthalmology Franco Docchio and Luigi Rovati Proc. SPIE 3749, 511 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354858 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In the past, ocular diagnosis through fluorometric systems has been mainly based onto exogenous agents. Recently, a number of diagnostic techniques has been proposed for diagnosis of ocular pathologies, which are based upon the naturally occurring fluorescent emission of ocular tissues. In this paper, we discuss major advantages and drawbacks of these techniques, focusing in particular our attention on a novel diagnostic technique based onto autofluorescence of corneal tissue.

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Poster Session I

Select this Article		Phenomenological analysis of analogue associative processors based on thin holograms Lyudmila M. Serebryakova and Alexander S. Rubanov Proc. SPIE 3749, 514 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354859 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Phenomenological analysis is made of analogue associative processors based on thin holograms with superimposed registration. Possibilities of realization of functions of associative memory, associative highlighting of common fragments of object scenes, novelty filter and static phase- conjugate mirror are investigated on the basis of utilization of informative properties of a quadratic off- axis hologram, a hologram of mutually conjugated waves and a system, composed of a linear off-axis hologram and a phase- conjugate mirror.

Select this Article		Gain spectra in photorefractive CdTe:Ge with bipolar conductivity Konstantin Shcherbin Proc. SPIE 3749, 516 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354861 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Two-beam coupling gain spectra with the deep at zero detuning frequency are observed in germanium doped cadmium telluride crystal. Experimental data manifest the strong electron-hole competition in grating recording process. Two out-of-phase gratings are induced by photoexcited and thermally excited carriers.

Select this Article		Room-temperature laser oscillation by F²⁺color centers in LiF crystal Taiju Tsuboi Proc. SPIE 3749, 518 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354862 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Photothermoplastic-based diffraction gratings: fabrication and replication processes Igor V. Ciapurin Proc. SPIE 3749, 520 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354863 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Detection and measurement of invisible static and dynamic objects Vera M. Ginzburg Proc. SPIE 3749, 522 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354864 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Self-focusing in microemulsions Luciano R. M. Vicari Proc. SPIE 3749, 524 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354865 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We study the self-focusing of the gaussian beam given by the Te₀₀ mode of an Ar+ laser by a thin film of a water in oil microemulsions. As microemulsion we use WAD (AOT/water/decane). First experimental results are presented here for beam self-focusing in a WAD film above and under the percolation line.

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Ultrafast Optics, Optical Trapping

Select this Article		2D modeling of electrodynamical and thermal processes of laser-matter interactions for femtosecond laser pulses Anastasia S. Gruzdeva and Vitali E. Gruzdev Proc. SPIE 3749, 526 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354866 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract There is presented new approach to numerical investigation of laser-matter interaction which is similar to finite- difference time-domain technique. Main advantage of the approach is possibility to include feedbacks between nonlinear electrodynamical and thermal processes through temperature-induced variations of refraction and absorption. Applications of the developed model to investigate of laser- matter interaction are considered.

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Poster Session I

Select this Article		Photorefractive effects in long narrow BSO-crystals with applied electric field Gregor Cedilnik, Matthias Esselbach, Armin Kiessling, Richard M. Kowarschik, Ervin Nippolainen, Alexei A. Kamshilin, and Victor V. Prokofiev Proc. SPIE 3749, 528 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354867 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In a photorefractive Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal with high applied electric AC field of square-wave shape a fast two- wave coupling response (less than 1 second) and a slow hologram readout decay (minutes) was found for a wavelength of 633 nm. This can be explained by electron-hole transport with two trap-levels. An intensity dependence of the slower complementary grating was found. Illuminating with the readout wave without applied electric field leads to a very slow grating decay (many hours).

Select this Article		Model of VCSEL with two transverse modes with transport M. S. Torre and Hector F. Ranea-Sandoval Proc. SPIE 3749, 530 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354868 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present numerical results from a model of a VCSEL operating in two modes, including the diffusion of carriers. The main conclusion is that the small-signal Modulation Response Function presents peaks corresponding to the resonances of the modes. This function display a more or less pronounced interference if the modes are competing for the same carrier reservoir for which the size of the device is fundamental to determine the overlap between the modal distribution of the field and the carrier distribution into the active region. Results including also transport and capture are similar. Typical evolution of the photon output of both modes displays typical competence traces.

Select this Article		Optical performance of infrared detector with microlens array Chunlei Du, Xiangdi Lin, Lishu Zhou, Linbo Bai, and Chuankai Qiu Proc. SPIE 3749, 532 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354870 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new type of diffractive microlens array concentrator has been designed and fabricated for improving the performance of infrared detector array. An experiment was made by coupling the concentrator into a focal plane detector array, the detectivity of the coupled device was increased to nearly 2.8 fold.

Select this Article		Interatomic force constant of A^II B^IV C₂^V and A^I B^III C₂^VI optoelectronic materials Virendra Kumar and Dinesh Chandra Proc. SPIE 3749, 534 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354871 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Interatomic force constant ((alpha) ) of the A-C and B-C bonds in A^IIB^IVC₂^V and A^IB^IIIC₂^VI groups of optoelectronic materials has been calculated using plasma oscillations theory of solids. A new relation between force constant and plasmon energy has been obtained. The effect of delocalization of noble metal d- electrons has been taken into account while calculating the force constant of the A-C bond in A^IB^IIIC₂^VI semiconductors. On the basis of the best-fit data, another simple equation has been proposed for the calculation of the force constant from their plasmon energy. The calculated values of force constant from these equations have been compared with the values reported by different workers. An excellent agreement has been obtained between them.

Select this Article		Photonics for nuclear industry: issues, problems, and potential solutions Francis Berghmans, Andrei I. Gusarov, Benoit Brichard, Marc C. Decreton, Olivier Deparis, Patrice Megret, Michel Blondel, Irina P. Veretennicoff, and Hugo Thienpont Proc. SPIE 3749, 536 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354872 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Nuclear industry shows an increasing interest in the possibilities offered by optical fiber technology. The radiation hardness of many fiber-optic devices still needs to be assessed if optical fiber telecommunication and sensing systems have to be deployed in nuclear facilities. In this paper, we report on recent gamma irradiation experiments on modern fiber optic devices such as special optical fibers, fiber temperature sensors, Bragg gratings and VCSELs. The results indicate that these components can be applied in ionizing radiation environments, even at very high levels of exposure.

Select this Article		Nonclassical effects in nondegenerate optical parametric symmetric coupler Mohamed S. Abdalla, Faisal A. A. El-Orany, and Jan Perina, Jr. Proc. SPIE 3749, 538 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354873 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In the framework of Hamiltonian formalism nonclassical effects of an optical field propagating inside a directional coupler containing nondegenerate parametric amplification have been studied. We investigate the effect of switching between the input modes and the out going fields from the coupler. Particular attention has been paid to two mode squeezing, second-order correlation function, quasiprobability distribution functions, and photon-number distribution. Incident number and coherent states are considered. It has been shown that when one of the modes enters the coupler in the Fock state and the other modes are in vacuum states, the coupler can serve as a generator for coherent state. Furthermore, regimes for generation and transmission of squeezed and/or sub-Poissonian light are found.

Select this Article		Pulse width tuning by deflector system Gangyao Xiao, Shaohe Chen, Shi Z. Xu, Fengqiao Liu, Lanrong Chen, Xiaping Ge, Dianyuan Fan, Shiji Wang, Edward S. Fry, and Thomas Walther Proc. SPIE 3749, 540 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354874 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electro-optic deflector system is developed to re-shape the optical pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YLF oscillator. The shaped optical pulses are tunable in pulse width by scanning the slit and optical pulses of sub 500 ps are obtained. Except the slit width, its position on the scanning plane also determines the shaped pulse width and even causes pulse distortion if the slit is located close to the edge of the scanned beam. The shortest pulse width can be achieved by this system is determined by the transform limitation. This electro-optic deflector system is successfully used in the SG-II high power laser facility.

Select this Article		Spectral properties of hybrid Fabry-Perot resonators with zero-optical path Yuri P. Udoev Proc. SPIE 3749, 542 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354875 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Spectral dependence of diffraction efficiency is discussed for volume phase reflection gratings with reflective rare boundary. Increasing reflectance at this boundary is shown can result in decreasing Bragg spectral selectivity as well as in arising more sharp resonant effect within central Bragg peak. Effects revealed are interpreted on the base of model of hybrid Fabry-Perot resonator in which internal optical path is equal to zero.

Select this Article		Simultaneous calibration algorithm of phase-shifting based on FFT Wansong Li, Likun Su, Xianyu Su, and Liqun Xiang Proc. SPIE 3749, 544 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354876 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In phase-measuring profilometry, the accuracy of the phase- shifting is very important. In this paper, a new simultaneous calibration algorithm of phase-shifting based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) is presented. The current phase shifting is calculated with the help of the information of an additional fringe pattern and a FFT modulation mask. With this algorithm, we can accurately control the moving of the project grating simultaneous, the accuracy and the automation of the measuring system are improved greatly.

Select this Article		Phase-shift error calibration in modulation measurement profilometry Likun Su, Wansong Li, Xianyu Su, and Liqun Xiang Proc. SPIE 3749, 546 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354877 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Modulation value play a significant role in Modulation Measurement Profilometry. By projection sinusoidal fringe on an object, then shift the sinusoidal grating in one period L(L >= 3) times with equal interval, we can calculate the modulation distribution on the object with these L frames of the fringe pattern. Incorrect modulation can arise when phase-shift error exist. In this paper we give out the general expression of modulation calculation for any phase- shift interval with least-square method when L equals 5. The result proved that the calibration is necessary and useful when phase-shift error exist.

Select this Article		Novel dispersion slope compensator for the WDM transmission system Sien Chi, Shy C. Lin, and Jeng-Cherng Dung Proc. SPIE 3749, 548 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354878 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new dispersion slope compensator by writing the Bragg gratings at different positions in a dispersion compensation fiber is proposed for the WDM transmission system to compensate for the accumulated dispersion of each channel.

Select this Article		Distortion-invariant target recognition using optical eigenimage filters Haisong Liu, Minxian Wu, Guofan Jin, Qingsheng He, and Yingbai Yan Proc. SPIE 3749, 550 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354880 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A method of optical correlation based feature extraction using eigenimage filters, followed by a statistical classifier based on the multivariate discriminate analysis is presented in this paper for the distortion-invariant target recognition.

Select this Article		Photorefractive holographic polarization fringe discrimination Paulo A. M. dos Santos and L. C. da Silva Nunes Proc. SPIE 3749, 552 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354881 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this work we show a real time holographic polarization fringes discrimination. It is based on the dynamic anisotropic diffraction properties that happen in cubic photorefractive crystals of the sillenite family.

Select this Article		Optical plastic refractive index measurements for NIR region Ivan D. Nikolov and Christo D. Ivanov Proc. SPIE 3749, 554 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354882 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical plastic materials are widely used in VIS and NIR spectral regions. Plastic components are applied in different devices and especially for NV goggles. A number of plastics have been analyzed as PMMA, PS, PC, and CTE. The refractive indices are computed and measured for these optical plastics. The results obtained are presented and discussed.

Select this Article		Partially coherent effects in Young-Michelson's interferograms Roman Castaneda, Francisco F. Medina-Estrada, Mario Garavaglia, and Lia M. Zerbino Proc. SPIE 3749, 556 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354883 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Young's interferograms with high visibility reveals a high degree of spatial coherence. However, effects due spatially partial coherence can be observed when a Young's interference pattern interferes itself through a compensated Michelson's interferometer, which is attached at the exit of the Young's slit pair, as we show in this paper.

Select this Article		New method for analysis of optical planar gradient waveguides Nikolai D. Espinosa Ortiz Proc. SPIE 3749, 558 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354884 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This method is designed to analyze the propagation constants, critical frequencies and the electromagnetic field on the planar optical waveguide with arbitrary distribution of dielectric constant profile (epsilon) (y). Also, this method allow us the recuperation of the distribution of profile (epsilon) (y) with the propagation's constants obtained from experimental data.

Select this Article		Fresnel diffraction from a step in reflection and transmission modes Mohammad T. Tavassoly, M. Sahlol-Bai, M. Salehi, and Hamid R. Khalesifard Proc. SPIE 3749, 560 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354885 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Fresnel diffraction from a step, in reflection and transmission modes is studied. The study shows that the resulting diffraction pattern is similar to that of a semi- infinite obstacle, but the intensity distribution near the step edge is very sensitive to the step height and is a periodic function of the height. Therefore the effect can be exploited for measuring the heights and optical path differences of the coated films, strips, and small displacements.

Select this Article		Wavelength-compensated broadband Fourier transformer G. Minguez-Vega, Jesus S. Lancis, Enrique Tajahuerce, Mercedes Fernandez-Alonso, Vicent Climent, and Pedro Andres Proc. SPIE 3749, 562 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354886 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report herein an hybrid (diffractive-refractive) lens triplet showing quasi-wavelength-independent optical Fourier transform capabilities. The wavelength compensation carried out by our novel optical design is exact for the axial position of the Fourier transform of the input. Nevertheless, a very low residual transversal chromatic aberration remains. Results of laboratory experiments will be shown.

Select this Article		Diffractive near-field array generators Werner Klaus, Ayako Okazaki, Haruka Suzuki, Tomoko Nakayama, and Kashiko Kodate Proc. SPIE 3749, 564 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354887 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper, we compare and summarize the features of two types of 2D array illuminators--the binary zone plate array and the Talbot array illuminator--both producing a spot array in the near field without the addition of any optical component. Numerical evaluations of the illumination efficiency are based on the scalar theory. We present and discuss furthermore the experimental results obtained by such array illuminators when fabricated under the same conditions, i.e., by optical lithography and two masks (four-level binary optics).

Select this Article		Thermal contrast detected with thermal and quantum detectors for crop monitoring Marija Strojnik and Gonzalo Paez Proc. SPIE 3749, 566 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354888 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract For remote crop monitoring the quantum detector is more sensitive to the changes in contrast than the thermal detector, even when the contrast arises solely due to the emissivity changes.

Select this Article		Phase reconstruction from noisy intensity patterns with synthetic interferograms Gonzalo Paez and Marija Strojnik Proc. SPIE 3749, 568 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354889 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The unknown phase may be retrieved exactly from the noisy modulated intensity patterns employing the algorithm of synthetic interferograms. The error function is constructed from the measured intensity data.

Select this Article		Nonlinear thin-layer theory and approximative techniques Timo A. Laine and Ari T. Friberg Proc. SPIE 3749, 570 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354891 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We derive a thin-layer theory for stratified nonlinear structures. By using a superposition of plane waves we solve the Kerr-Maxwell equation rigorously within a thin slab. We construct the characteristic matrix of the medium and show that the wave vectors become field dependent. We also consider alternative methods that can be employed in layered nonlinear structures. Especially we make use of the calculus of variations and Hamilton's canonical perturbation theory.

Select this Article		Real-time interferometric measurement of differential refractive index in low-concentration solutions Jose E. Calatroni, Carmen Sainz, Antonio L. Guerrero, and Rafael A. Escalona Z. Proc. SPIE 3749, 572 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354892 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Spectrally Resolved White Light Interferometry is used for real-time high-precision measurement of differential refractive index of low concentration solutions. Dispersion behavior of low concentration solutions is similar to that of their solvents, so that the differential refractive index is non-dispersive. White light provides redundant information which yields high precision results. Moreover, white light provides information about the absolute fringes' order, which allows to improve precision.

Select this Article		Development of a new particle counter for simultaneous measurement of the size distribution, concentration, and estimation of the shape factor of liquidborne particles Aladar Czitrovszky, Attila Nagy, and Peter Jani Proc. SPIE 3749, 574 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354893 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new liquid-borne particle counter is described that utilizes an optimized optical setup to determine the size distribution and concentration by two different methods and to estimate the shape-factor of the suspended particles. The aim of this optimization was to achieve the appropriate optical conditions for such type of measurement, viz. determining the geometry of the illumination and detection, and calculating the testing volume and dependence of the parameters of detected signal on the particle size for pulse height and pulse duration methods performed at the same illumination and detection conditions. The main benefit of the developed device is the high dynamic range of the size determination of the micron-size liquid-borne particles and the possibility of estimating their shape-factor. The proposed measurement method was incorporated in a PC- controlled LQB-1-200-L-T liquid-borne laser particle counter developed on the basis of our previous APC-03-2 and APC-03- 2A air-borne particle counters and a LQB-1-200 liquid-borne particle counter.

Select this Article		Novel approach for exceeding the resolving power of optical systems Zeev Zalevsky, David Mendlovic, Adolf W. Lohmann, and Gal Shabtay Proc. SPIE 3749, 576 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354894 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This project deals with a novel approach for exceeding the resolving power of optical systems. The concept is based on a moving pre-designed, pseudo random, quasi-periodic grating that is located close to the object. The scanning property of the observing CCD camera is used for performing the final high-resolution restoration of the object.

Select this Article		Diffrent spectra in near and far field of dipole Mufei Xiao Proc. SPIE 3749, 578 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354895 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We demonstrate theoretically that for polychromatic incident light of Gaussian spectrum, a dipole radiates with a redshifted spectrum. The degree of the shift depends on the radiation distance. The shift disappears in far field limit. These spectral changes are not caused by dispersive optical response of the source, nor stemming from correlations in distributions of source or scattering medium. Therefore, the demonstrated spectral changes are due to the nearness of the observation point. In other words, one states that the near field spectra, in general, bear a redshift with respect to the far field spectra.

Select this Article		Interference anticounterfeiting using computer-generated hologram Qizhong Huang, Jinglei Du, Yixiao Zhang, and Yongkang Guo Proc. SPIE 3749, 580 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354747 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An anti-counterfeiting method using CGH phase coding is presented in this paper. The phase of a wave-front is coded by means of detour phase coding and then interfere with a reference wave, which is also generated by CGH. The object recorded in the hologram can be read out from the interference patterns. The object can be easily generated by computer, caught by CCD camera or scanner, both black-white and grayscale object can be used in our method. The features of this method lies in that it is flexible in designing, easy to observation and reconstructed by common expanding white light source. The reference wave can be a plane wave or another phase coding wave, then it's difficult to duplicate an identical CGH based on the decoding information, this made it enjoy a high anti-counterfeiting ability.

Select this Article		Use of optical methods for studying the influence of laser radiation on human organism Alexander N. Korolevich and Natali P. Prigun Proc. SPIE 3749, 582 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354897 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract While low-intensity laser radiation is widely used for the medical treatment of various illnesses, its effective mechanism on human organism are far from being completely investigated. He-Ne laser effects on aggregation characteristics of donor's whole blood were studied for heart ischemia sicks. We monitored biochemical characteristics by standard clinical methods. The oxygenation degree of blood and changes in erythrocytes aggregation sizes under normal and pathological states have been monitored independently by optical means. One of possible mechanism of laser influence under laser therapy was found.

Select this Article		Intramolecular coupling effects on the four-wave mixing signal Teresa Cusati, J. L. Paz, M. C. Salazar, and A. J. Hernandez Proc. SPIE 3749, 584 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354898 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this work we have studied the effect of the intramolecular coupling on the spectral properties of an ensemble of two-level systems carrying homogeneously distributed resonance frequencies, considering permanent dipole moments non zero for a Malachite Green solution.

Select this Article		Color correlation for the recognition of Vibrio cholerae O1 in seawater Rosa R. Mourino-Perez and Josue Alvarez-Borrego Proc. SPIE 3749, 586 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354900 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Application of color correlation optical systems for the recognition of Vibrio cholerae 01 in seawater samples with matched filters and phase only filters recorded in holographic plates in three channels (RGB).

Select this Article		Polarization singularities of the vectoral field and wavefront dislocations at its components Oleg V. Angelsky, R. N. Besaha, Alexey I. Mokhun, Igor I. Mokhun, M. O. Sopin, Marat S. Soskin, and Mikhail V. Vasnetsov Proc. SPIE 3749, 588 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354901 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Polarization structure of vectoral optical fields is investigated. Interconnection among polarization structure of the field and the vortex networks at its orthogonal components is established.

Select this Article		Straightness measurements using a reflection confocal optical system Kiyofumi Matsuda, Tomoaki Eiju, Maitreyee Roy, John W. O'Byrne, Pal W. Fekete, and Colin J. R. Sheppard Proc. SPIE 3749, 589 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354902 \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Straightness measurement is a very important technique in the field of mechanical engineering. A particular application would be very high accuracy machining on a diamond turning lathe. In this paper a novel optical method for measuring straightness of motion using reflection confocal optics is proposed. The advantage of this method in comparison with the transmission optical systems used by Burch and Williams is that the lateral displacements in the direction of the two axes perpendicular to the optical axis, and the rotation angles around all three axes, can be measured simultaneously. This can be very useful for straightness measurement. Also, reflection optical systems are more compact in length.

Select this Article		Scattering of light by identical cavities ruled on a highly conducting surface Diana C. Skigin and Ricardo A. Depine Proc. SPIE 3749, 591 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354903 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We study the scattering of light from almost closed cylindrical cavities ruled on a highly conducting flat surface. We consider the case where the shape of each cavity can be described by an arbitrary multivalued function of the coordinates. By using the multilayer modal method, which combines the multilayer approximation with the R-matrix propagation algorithm, we investigate the electromagnetic response of this kind of scatterer when it is illuminated by s or p polarized plane waves. Our results show that for both polarizations this system exhibits a resonant behavior manifested by sharp variations in the curves of scattered intensity versus wavelength which are associated with strong intensifications of the near field. The wavelengths at which the resonance occur are intimately connected with the eigenmodes of a single cavity.

Select this Article		Birefringent properties of (MgGeF6) ₆H₂O Crystals Sergiy Sveleba, Volodymyr S. Zhmurko, Volodymyr Kapustianik, Yuriy Pankivskyi, and Ryszard Hrabanski Proc. SPIE 3749, 593 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354904 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The temperature dependences of the optical birefringence (delta) ((Delta) n) in (MgGeF₆)(DOT)6H₂O crystals have been investigated. Observed specific properties such as global hysteresis, kinetic effect, thermooptic memory effect, localization of the incommensurability wave vector on the commensurate values of higher order, sensibility to the external mechanical stress confirm existence of the incommensurate phase in (MgGeF₆)(DOT)6H₂O crystals.

Select this Article		Magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation imaging of buried magnetic interfaces Gilles Tessier, Patrick M. Georges, Alain Brun, Peter Meyer, Jacques Ferre, P. Beauvillain, and V. Mathet Proc. SPIE 3749, 595 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354905 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Magnetization-induced second harmonic generation is selectively sensitive to the magnetization of surfaces or buried interfaces. We have used it to obtain images covering areas up to 100 micrometers wide of the magnetic domain structures of Fe/Pd and Co/Pt buried interfaces with a micrometer resolution.

Select this Article		Retrace error for the measurement of a long-radius optic Sen Han and Erik Novak Proc. SPIE 3749, 597 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354906 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The error caused by nonzero fringe pattern in a phase shifting interferometer is `harmful' to testing a long radius optic. In this paper, with the help of a concept of retrace error the error is analyzed through the combination of experiments with simulated calculations, and more sensitive elements are found in system alignment, so that the effect of the misalignment of optical elements on the retrace error is reduced to minimum.

Select this Article		Investigations on the frequency measuring error of laser Doppler velocimeters using the quadrature demodulation technique Juergen W. Czarske and O. Doelle Proc. SPIE 3749, 599 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354907 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present the application of the quadrature demodulation technique (QDT) for time-resolved frequency measurements in laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). In contrast to conventional frequency estimators like FFT, the QDT allows the determination of the Doppler frequency nearly independent of the number of the occurring signal periods, so that a high time resolution can be achieved. The resulting frequency error of the QDT is investigated in dependence on relevant LDV signal parameters like SNR and time duration. Furthermore, the optimum averaging time for the processing of gaussian burst signals was determined. The minimum frequency uncertainty of the QDT occurs for an averaging time of the approximately equals 1/e burst duration at the thermal noise, and the approximately equals 1/e² burst duration at shot noise, respectively.

Select this Article		Anomalous scaling properties of optical excitations in random media Alexander L. Burin and Mark A. Ratner Proc. SPIE 3749, 601 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354908 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The eigenstates of small radius molecular excitations, coupled by the resonant dipole-dipole interaction, are examined for a system of random resonant centers. Anomalous scaling properties are seen even in the absence of external disordering, i.e. their properties are intermediate between localized and `true' delocalized states. The effective transport properties of excitations can be described in terms of anomalous diffusion, with a distance dependent diffusion coefficient scaling as D approximately 1/R. This anomalous behavior agrees with our simulation of boundary quenching of excitons and with the related experiment on organic light emitting diodes.

Select this Article		Thermal-lens measurements of fluorescence quantum efficiency in Nd+3-doped fluoride glasses S. M. Lima, Tomaz Catunda, R. Lebullenger, Antonio C. Hernandes, Mauro L. Baesso, and A. C. Bento Proc. SPIE 3749, 603 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354909 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We measured the quantum efficiency ((eta) ) in the concentration range 0.5 - 3.6% Nd⁺³ doped ZBLAN using a Thermal Lens method. At room temperature and 1 mol% Nd⁺³ we obtained (eta) equals 0.88 in good agreement with previous Judd-Ofelt calculations.

Select this Article		Z-scan measurements in saturable nonlinear refraction media E. Tenorio and Tomaz Catunda Proc. SPIE 3749, 605 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354911 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Apodizing filters for imaging through highly scattering media Manjula D. Sharma and Colin J. R. Sheppard Proc. SPIE 3749, 607 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354912 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Confocal microscopy can be used to image through a highly scattering medium, the optical sectioning property rejecting light scattered from regions other than the focal plane. Apodizing filters designed to improve this rejection at the expense of some degradation in axial resolution are considered.

Select this Article		Testing of cylindrical lenses by grazing incidence interferometry Hans Nuerge and Johannes Schwider Proc. SPIE 3749, 609 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354913 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In order to measure geometrical errors of the fabrication process of cylindrical lenses, a grazing incidence interferometer is used to test 4 surfaces of the lenses. Two specially designed diffractive optical elements are working as beam splitter, recombiner as well as reference for the ideal lens shape and ideal centration of the surfaces relative to each other.

Select this Article		Enlarging viewing angle of computer-generated holograms Hiroshi Yoshikawa and Mikio Yamagishi Proc. SPIE 3749, 611 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354914 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We investigate the use of lens-less Fourier hologram to enlarge viewing angle of the computer-generated holograms (CGH) whose resolution is relatively low such as a photographic reduction. For image reconstruction, this hologram requires the point illumination source near the hologram. To avoid the use of such special illumination, we made secondary hologram with collimated reference beam and the reconstructed beam of the CGH. The second hologram has wide viewing angle and can be reconstructed with collimated white-light illumination.

Select this Article		Squeezing in detuned second-harmonic generation M. K. Olsen, S. C. Granja, and R. J. Horowicz Proc. SPIE 3749, 613 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354915 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We investigate the effects of cavity detuning on the rotation and displacement of the uncertainty ellipse in cavity second harmonic generation. This is of topical interest due to recent work on quantum tomography, which allows experimental measurement of the Wigner function for light fields. We also investigate to what extent the decrease in quadrature squeezing with detuning can be attributed solely to the resulting depletion of the intra- cavity fields.

Select this Article		Correlation between anisotropy of optical and magnetic properties of Y₃Fe₅O₁₂ single crystals I. D. Lomako and V. F. Stelmakh Proc. SPIE 3749, 615 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354916 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The correlation have been obtained on the basis of studies of the index of absorption in IR-range YIG single crystals and linewidth FMR. The said correlation was discussed in the relation to crystallographic orientations (110) and (111) and technological impurities (defects) concentration.

Select this Article		Hidden phase effects in estimating the minimum-variance pupil plane field of a coherently illuminated far-field object William W. Arrasmith Proc. SPIE 3749, 617 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354917 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Recently, it has been shown that least squares phase estimators require the determination of a hidden phase to properly reconstruct a field that contains branch points. The branch points, resulting from zeros in the complex field, occur at random locations. These branch points introduce discontinuities in the 2D phase function that have a magnitude of 2(pi) . Conventional least squares and minimum variance phase reconstructors do not properly sense these discontinuities and therefore have difficulty in reconstructing the field resulting from a coherently illuminated object. Preliminary investigations are made in determining the utility of the hidden phase to the minimum variance based phase reconstructors. A simple 2D image model is reconstructed using the hidden phase adjustments.

Select this Article		Anthropomorphic OPR method Vera M. Ginzburg Proc. SPIE 3749, 619 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354918 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Radon-Wigner transform applied to optical wave propagation and to parallel fractional correlation Walter D. Furlan, Genaro Saavedra, Sergio Granieri, Osvaldo J. Trabocchi, and Myrian C. Tebaldi Proc. SPIE 3749, 621 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354839 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The optical implementation of the Radon-Wigner display for 1D objects is used in two different applications. First, it is used in the study of some properties of the wave field diffracted by unidimensional fractal gratings in the Fresnel region. Second, this optical representation is profited to perform a parallel space-variant optical correlation. Computer simulations and experimental results are presented.

Select this Article		Thermo-optical coefficients of some crystals containing Li and B ions Ivetta T. Bodnar Proc. SPIE 3749, 623 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354919 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Refractive indices of some transparent crystals containing Li and B ions were measured in wide temperature range. They are ferroelectrics LiNbO₃ and LiTaO₃, laser crystals BaB₂O₄ and LiB₃O₅, and lithium tetraborate. The refractive indices were measured by the least deviation method on goniometer-spectrometer with 1.5 (DOT) 10^-4 precision. Thermooptical coefficients were calculated on the basis of experimentally obtained temperature values of the refractive indices. A comparative analysis of temperature behavior of the refractive indices and the thermooptical coefficients for relative crystals of lithium niobate and lithium tantalate and also barium (beta) -borate and lithium triborate was carried out.

Select this Article		Suitability of fractional moments for data from low-dynamics acquisition systems Claudia Innocenti and Anna Consortini Proc. SPIE 3749, 625 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354921 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Optical simulations of skin diagnosis with account of multiple surface scattering events Ervin Goldfain Proc. SPIE 3749, 627 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354922 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract To fully exploit current optical methods of skin diagnosis, it is desirable to understand the physics underlying photon migration in epithelial tissue. A number of approaches have been developed to meet this challenge. Most simulations are based upon the radiative transport theory which describes the sequential transfer of diffuse light through the stack of skin layers. These models are computationally intensive and typically rely upon the following assumptions: (1) volume scattering of photons inside the collagen fiber layer is predominant, (2) photons undergo Fresnel reflections on each boundary, (3) scattering can be modeled along each path using prescribed phase functions such as Henyey-Greenstein or Mie. Our work simulates photon migration in skin from a different standpoint: using a commercially available optics code, we randomly trace a large number of photons and assign generic absorption and scattering properties to all boundaries, including the ones separating sublayers of collagen fibers. As a result, single and multiple surface scattering events are account for. Absorbing inhomogeneities may be included as light obstructions and fluorophores as secondary sources, respectively. This preliminary work is targeted for clinical applications involving skin imaging and spectroscopy.

Select this Article		High-intensity effects in liquid crystals driven by 532-nm nanosecond laser pulses Svetlana G. Lukishova Proc. SPIE 3749, 629 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354923 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We observed unusual high-contrast, far-field, elliptical diffraction rings in a green, linear polarized nanosecond laser beam, a phenomenon strongly dependent on the orientation of the nematic liquid crystal molecules, under the experimental conditions excluding ordinary orientational or thermal self-focusing. The threshold of the nonlinearity is modified either by changing the laser repetition rate (cumulative nature) or by adding a two-photon absorbing chromophore.

Select this Article		Position and shape dependence of the eye's entrance pupil on eccentricity angle Jose B. Almeida and Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan Proc. SPIE 3749, 631 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354924 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We use seventh-order matrices to construct a mathematical model of the eye based on Gullstrand's #1 model. Using this mathematical we can solve equations that determine the position and shape of the entrance pupil when the eccentricity angle is varied.

Select this Article		Design and replication of diffractive optics for smart pixel applications Richard V. Stone, Jack Ko, Peter S. Guilfoyle, and John M. Hessenbruch Proc. SPIE 3749, 633 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354925 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract High quality diffractive optical interconnect elements (DOIEs) were designed and fabricated for integration into a smart pixel, high performance optoelectronic computing module system. A cost effective DOIE replication method was developed in which the fine features of a candidate set of DOIEs were successfully reproduced. Accurate multiple phase levels were replicated utilizing an injection molding technique. This process was developed using two different types of materials: a copolymer and an acrylic. One hundred units were successfully reproduced (50 units of the copolymer and 50 units of the acrylic) from a single master DOIE that contained 2 micrometers X 2 micrometers pixels with up to 64 phase levels per pixel.

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Coherence, Elecromagnetics

Select this Article		Light scattering of finite beams in stochastic media Jostein Herredsvela, Jakob J. Stamnes, and Knut H. Stamnes Proc. SPIE 3749, 635 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354926 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract By using a new method of solving the radiative transfer equation, we calculate the diffuse (i.e. scattered) radiance due to a Gaussian beam incident on a slab of finite thickness filled with scattering particles. The radiance is calculated for several observation angles and at any point inside or at the boundaries of the slab, both for isotropically and weakly anisotropically scattering media.

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Poster Session I

Select this Article		Intensity fluctuation in ring lasers due to the back scattering from outside mirrors Jung-Young Son, Yong-Jin Choi, and I. A. Strilets Proc. SPIE 3749, 637 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354927 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The intensity difference between counter propagating waves in ring lasers when back scattering is provides by the outside mirrors is analyzed. The difference can be expressed as a function of the distances between two ring laser mirrors and their corresponding mirrors when the ring laser is operating in locking zone regime. This difference can be applied to measure a displacement with sub-nanometer accuracy.

Select this Article		Characterization of atmospheric turbulence by means of thin beams Anna Consortini, G. Paoli, Florence Rigal, Claudia Innocenti, and Yi Yi Sun Proc. SPIE 3749, 639 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354928 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Fiber optics chemical sensor FOCA 2000 Robert J. Brunner, Juraj Doupovec, and Frank Kvasnik Proc. SPIE 3749, 641 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354929 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A modular fiberoptic sensorial instrument for (bio-)chemical analyses will be presented. The sensing mechanism is based on Capillary Optical Fiber (COF). A measurand of liquids or gaseous form present in the COF cavity influences the chemical transducer covering the inner wall of fiber, and by this way changes the intensity of guided radiation. The wavelength scanning through the characteristic region enables the identification and quantitative analysis of the measurand. Every COF modulus is sesibilized for specific chemicals. The application of new immobilized chemical transducer and theoretical description of the sensing effects will be presented, too.

Select this Article		Precision length change followed by dynamic detection of the laser frequency locked to interference fringe Seiichi Kakuma, Jun Hoshii, Norihiko Takahashi, and Ryoji Ohba Proc. SPIE 3749, 643 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354930 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper describes a new interferometric method to measure length changes precisely. Frequency of a laser which is locked to one of interference fringe intensity peaks of an interferometer so that it may change linearly proportional to displacement given to one of the interferometer mirrors. The frequency shift is determined by direct beam frequency counting referring another frequency stabilized laser. Resolution of nm is achieved.

Select this Article		Thermal transmission characteristics of a set of fiber Fabry-Perot etalons designed for an optical FDM system integrated for broadcasting and communication Mitsuhiro Tateda, Minoru Hirakawa, Takashige Omatsu, and Akira Hasegawa Proc. SPIE 3749, 645 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354933 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A passive branched optical network integrated for broadcasting and communication utilizing a set of Fabry- Perot etalons with different cavity lengths is proposed and its basic operation including thermal behavior of broadcasting channel is demonstrated.

Select this Article		Inverse focal shift in truncated cylindrical waves Carlos J. Zapata-Rodriguez, Manuel Martinez-Corral, Pedro Andres, and Amparo Pons Marti Proc. SPIE 3749, 647 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354952 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report on a general analytical procedure to analyze the axial focusing properties of uniform cylindrical waves truncated by a rectangular window. The resulting on axis diffraction pattern explicitly depends on the square of the window height-to-width ratio. Depending on the value of this parameter, different kinds of axial behavior are observed. In particular, it is found that for low values of this parameter and low Fresnel number, an inverse focal-shift phenomenon can appear.

Select this Article		Interferometric spectroscopy as NDT technique for chemical analysis of different materials Khaled J. Habib Proc. SPIE 3749, 649 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354935 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Imaging properties of the Gabor super-lens Christian Hembd-Soellner, Richard F. Stevens, and Michael C. Hutley Proc. SPIE 3749, 651 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354936 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In 1940 Gabor described an optical system consisting of a pair of arrays of microlenses. The arrays were separated by the sum of their focal lengths and there was a small difference between the periods of the two arrays. The overall effect was to perform a function similar to that of a lens with dimensions much larger than the microlenses in the arrays. Images formed by this system exhibit unusual properties and appear not to obey the normal rules of optics, for example, the magnification is not necessarily equal to the ratio of image to object distances. Gabor assigned the term `superlens' to the system.

Select this Article		Light scattering from a bilayer system Raul Garcia-Llamas, Luis E. Regalado, and Claude Amra Proc. SPIE 3749, 653 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354937 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The scattered light from a bi-layer system with a shallow random rough surface bounded by semi-infinite dissimilar optical media is calculated. Results are obtained by assuming a gaussian roughness spectrum for the random rough surface and the formalism is applied to simulate the scattering in the ATR-Kretschmann configuration, allowing the excitation of guided waves.

Select this Article		Detection of virus in shrimp using digital color correlation Josue Alvarez-Borrego, Cristina Chavez-Sanchez, and Mario A. Bueno-Ibarra Proc. SPIE 3749, 655 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354938 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Detection of virus in shrimp tissue using digital color correlation is presented. Phase filters in three channels (red, green and blue) were used in order to detect HPV virus like target. These first results obtained showed that is possible to detect virus in shrimp tissue. More research must be made with color correlation in order to consider natural morphology of the virus, color, scale and rotation and noise in the samples.

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Poster Session II

Select this Article		Application of a double interaction model to the backscattering peak observed for polydisperse particulate samples J. L. de la Pena, Jose M. Saiz, Francisco Gonzalez, Pedro J. Valle, and Fernando G. Moreno Proc. SPIE 3749, 658 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354939 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Spherical particles on flat surfaces produce light scattering patterns with a characteristic peak in the backscattering direction, provided that the size polydispersity is sufficiently high. This is shown for metallic particles on conducting substrates by means of a double interaction model, i.e. an approximate solution of the scattering problem. The results contain useful information about the dependence of this peak with the degree of polydispersity, the mean size of the particles, or the angle of incidence.

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Optical Materials

Select this Article		Spectroscopic study of Dy³⁺- and Yb³⁺-doped double chloride and double fluoride crystals for telecommunication amplifiers and IR lasers Alexandra M. Tkachuk, Svetlana V. Ivanova, Ludmila I. Isaenko, Alexander P. Yelisseyev, William F. Krupke, Stephen A. Payne, Richard W. Solarz, Mike C. Nostrand, and Ralph H. Page Proc. SPIE 3749, 660 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354940 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this work we studied the optical spectra of dysprosium and ytterbium doped double chloride MePb₂Cl₅:RE³⁺ (Me equals K, Rb), and double fluoride LiYF₄:RE³⁺ (RE³⁺ equals Dy, Yb) crystals. RE³⁺ doped double chloride and double fluoride crystals have been grown, by using Bridgeman technique. Optical spectra were studied, intensity parameters are determined using Judd-Ofelt method and radiative probabilities and branching ratio were calculated. Yb³⁺ -Dy³⁺ energy transfer processes in KPb₂Cl₅:Dy³⁺,Yb³⁺ and LiYF₄:Dy³⁺,Yb³⁺ were considered.

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Poster Session II

Select this Article		Dual-conjugate wavefront generation with liquid crystal spatial light modulators Thu-Lan Kelly, Gordon D. Love, David F. Buscher, Richard M. Myers, Colin N. Dunlop, Andrew Zadrozny, and Ray M. Sharples Proc. SPIE 3749, 662 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354941 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Liquid crystal spatial light modulators have recently been used to generate aberrated wavefronts. We have used two ferroelectric liquid crystal devices to simulate turbulence from two layers of the atmosphere, which will be used in future work to test multi-conjugate adaptive optics systems.

Select this Article		SRS line narrowing and optical induced birefringence in dye-doped CS₂ Ricardo R. B. Correia, Petrus A. Alcantara, Jr., and Silvio L. S. Cunha Proc. SPIE 3749, 664 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354943 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract It has been observed the effect of the addition of small concentrations of an absorbing dye (approximately 10 ppm of Coumarin 337) on the super-broadening process of CS₂ stimulated scattering lines in a capillary fiber. This effect is attributed to the selective absorption of dye molecules, which creates an anisotropic distribution of these molecules in the excited- and ground states, which possess different static dipole moments. This asymmetry affects the orientation of the CS₂ molecules through the modification of the local field, as measured by changing the spectral distribution of stimulated scattering and the optical induced birefringence of the liquid.

Select this Article		Light scattering by rough dielectric surface: antireflection effect and nonlinear-optical characterization of the roughness Anastasia S. Gruzdeva and Vitali E. Gruzdev Proc. SPIE 3749, 666 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354944 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Computational modeling of light scattering at dielectric surface with sine and random roughness has allowed to calculate space distribution of both transmitted and reflected scattered waves, dependence of their amplitudes on roughness amplitude and period in case of sine roughness. Obtained results show possibility of antireflection effect. On the other hand, possibility to use nonlinear laser- induced variations of refraction index for roughness characterization is shown too.

Select this Article		Moire in interference with spatial coherence beams Roman Castaneda and Francisco F. Medina-Estrada Proc. SPIE 3749, 668 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354945 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper we study the propagation of coherence beams from a non-regular 1D grating to an observation plane in the Fraunhofer domain. The cross-spectral densities at both the grating and the observation plane are analyzed. The concept of spatial coherence Moire was introduced to analyze the cross-spectral density at the observation plane of the corresponding interference field.

Select this Article		Optical measurements of the structure parameters of random and fractal objects Oleg V. Angelsky, Alexander V. Kovalchuk, and Peter P. Maksimyak Proc. SPIE 3749, 670 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354946 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical correlation diagnostics of random and fractal objects is considered. A promising fractal approach for the object structure diagnostics is discussed. The possibility for measurement of a correlation dimension of complexity, and Cantor fractal's asymmetry are shown.

Select this Article		Use of entangled-photon imaging in optical biopsy: a feasibility study Ervin Goldfain Proc. SPIE 3749, 671 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354947 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We examine a novel diagnostic method suitable for optical biopsy, i.e., the noninvasive in vivo detection of malignant lesions in human tissue. Entangled-photon imaging is an emerging technology based upon the use of non-classical sources of light such as optical parametric oscillators (OPO). These sources generate above-threshold signal and idler beams that have intensity fluctuations highly correlated in space and time (twin beams). It has been shown that low-intensity OPO's make possible high sensitivity absorption measurements of weak targets, below the shot- noise limit. The direct use of this technology for optical biopsy is severely restricted by the large amount of scattering noise associated with light-tissue interaction. We report what is, to our knowledge, the first feasibility study on a differential wavelength, OPO-based setup targeted for mammography. Constraints related to the entanglement time, OPO selection and background suppression are analyzed. The paper concludes with a review of future developments and challenges.

Select this Article		Reflective nonlinearities in high-power chiral liquid crystal laser optics Svetlana G. Lukishova, Konstantin S. Lebedev, Ekaterina A. Magulariya, Sergey V. Belyaev, Nicolay V. Malimonenko, and Ansgar W. Schmid Proc. SPIE 3749, 673 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354948 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract High-intensity circular polarized light beams tuned to selective-reflection condition in ultra-pure cholesteric liquid-crystal layer made possible observation of athermal light-induced drop in the chiral reflection coefficient of liquid-crystal layer. The dependence of the effect on intensity (not on average power) permits one to connect it mechanistically with the chiral CLC helix pitch dilation up to spiral untwisting. Under the current, specifically chosen experimental irradiation conditions, nonlinear bleaching of the medium's reflectivity could be observed over time intervals that allow a distinction in the driving mechanism of nonlinear bleaching between optical-field-induced and thermal effects. The effect was observed both in free space and inside laser resonator, where CLC layer was used as end mirror.

Select this Article		Phase determination of a single fringe pattern by regional Fourier transform method for transient event analysis Fang Chen, Mitchell M. Marchi, and Christopher T. Griffen Proc. SPIE 3749, 675 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354949 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper proposes a regional Fourier transform method for determination of a phase map from a single fringe pattern. This method can be used for transient event analysis.

Select this Article		Hierarchical fuzzy optical syntactic pattern recognition H. John Caulfield Proc. SPIE 3749, 677 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354950 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In previous work, my students and I have shown that optical fuzzy syntactic pattern recognition was far more robust than prior optical pattern recognition methods. Here, I add methods which allow context to influence the decision as to what object is present. The letter is in the context of a word which is in the context of a sentence which... . General optical systems for this are described.

Select this Article		Influence of objects buried in highly dense media on angular correlations of the scattered intensity Suguru Sangu, Takashi Okamoto, Jun Uozumi, and Toshimitsu Asakura Proc. SPIE 3749, 679 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354951 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Spectroscopic polarimeter based on optical frequency-domain interferometry Kazuhiko Oka and Takayuki Kato Proc. SPIE 3749, 681 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354953 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper presents a novel method for the spectroscopic measurement of the state of polarization of light. A pair of thick retarders made of quartz are incorporated into the polarimeter to obtain a broadband spectrum including three quasi-sinusoidal components. This spectrum offers the significant information to determine the frequency-dependent Stokes parameters of the light under measurement. Unlike the conventional polarimeters, no mechanical movable component for polarization alignment is required.

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Optical Storage

Select this Article		Simulated quenching with temperature rescaling for designing diffractive optical elements Jean-Numa Gillet and Yunlong Sheng Proc. SPIE 3749, 683 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354954 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a novel algorithm for designing diffractive optical elements, which uses the concept of adaptive simulated annealing and ensemble simulated annealing. We iteratively rescale the temperature in the end of each quenching process, according to the ensemble statistics, to bring the system back from a frozen state to thermodynamical equilibrium for avoiding the local minimum. The process is used to design binary phase irregular spot array generators. The diffractive element has trapezoidal apertures of varying heights that are adapted to the e-beam plotting and provide a large number of degrees of freedom.

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Poster Session II

Select this Article		Spectral radiant flux density of a circular aperture in the Fresnel approximation Jose G. Suarez-Romero, Eduardo Tepichin-Rodriguez, and Klaus D. Mielenz Proc. SPIE 3749, 685 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354955 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this work we calculate, in the Fresnel approximation, the spectral radiant flux density of the diffracted field of a circular aperture which is illuminated by an extended incoherent source. Our formulation allows us to obtain easily numerical simulations for different parameters of the optical configuration. To verify our proposal, we present numerical and experimental results.

Select this Article		Spectroscopic study of neodymium-doped LilnS2 single crystals Alexander P. Yelisseyev, Sergei Lobanov, Ludmila I. Isaenko, and Jean-Jacques Zondy Proc. SPIE 3749, 687 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354956 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Nd-doped LiInS₂ single crystals were grown using the Bridgeman technique and their optical properties studied. An intense emission with a dominant line at 1077 nm and groups of lines centered at 600, 760, 820 and 890 nm in absorption/luminescence excitation spectra are related to Nd³⁺. Doping results in a considerable increase of broad band absorption in the 400 - 460 nm range and a blue emission line at 440 nm at 80 K. Both are associated with transitions between In_Li level and valence band.

Select this Article		Analytical description of quasi-orthogonal and random binary optical phase element properties Mykhajlo V. Shovgenyuk, Tares Y. Krokhmalskii, and Mykhailo P. Kozlovskii Proc. SPIE 3749, 689 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354957 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical properties of binary phase elements (BPE) are described on the basis of the coordinate-frequency signals distribution method. Analytical expressions for the autocorrelation function and the Wiener's spectrum of BPE spatial frequencies are obtained. Based on these expressions, a generalized optical parameter for the numerical evaluation of optical noise level as well as intensity fluctuations of Wiener's spectrum interference pattern are calculated. Statistical phase elements description is proposed as a basis to introduce a non- orthogonality parameter for characteristics of phase binary distribution. A graphic representation of optical parameter vs non-orthogonality parameter relation is proposed for the description of classes of orthogonal, quasiorthogonal and random BPE.

Select this Article		Online fringe tracking and prediction at IOTA Edward Wilson and Robert W. Mah Proc. SPIE 3749, 691 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354958 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The Infrared/Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) is a multi- aperture Michelson interferometer located on Mt. Hopkins near Tucson, Arizona. To enable viewing of fainter targets, an on-line fringe tracking system is presently under development at NASA Ames Research Center. The system has been developed off-line using actual data from IOTA, and is presently undergoing on-line implementation at IOTA. The system has two parts: (1) a fringe tracking system that identifies the center of a fringe packet by fitting a parametric model to the data; and (2) a fringe packet motion prediction system that uses characteristics of past fringe packets to predict fringe packet motion. Combined, this information will be used to optimize on-line the scanning trajectory, resulting in improved visibility of faint targets. Fringe packet identification is highly accurate and robust (99% of the 4000 fringe packets were identified correctly, the remaining 1D were either out of the scan range or too noisy to be seen) and is performed in 30 - 90 milliseconds (depending on desired accuracy) on a Pentium II-based computer. Fringe packet prediction, currently performed using an adaptive linear predictor, delivers a 10% improvement over the baseline of predicting no motion.

Select this Article		Extended theory of radiometry and coherence for short-pulse waves and hyper-multispectral imaging Kyu Yoshimori and Kazuyoshi Itoh Proc. SPIE 3749, 693 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354959 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In the asymptotic limit of short wavelength and sufficient incoherence, the radiance function that is defined by the spatial correlation function for a polychromatic field has its main properties attributed to classical radiance in a nonstationary optical field. We discuss some important properties of this radiance function and applications to short pulse waves and hyper-multispectral imaging.

Select this Article		Directional achromatic laser Doppler anemometer employing powerful diode-pumped fiber lasers Juergen W. Czarske, Holger Zellmer, K. Plamann, and Herbert Welling Proc. SPIE 3749, 695 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354960 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Diode pumped fiber lasers are compact reliable light sources and achieve today over 30 W fundamental mode power. Hence, they are attractive for the realization of portable laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) systems with high optical power. We present the application of fiber lasers together with diffraction optics for the realization of a miniaturized achromatic directional LDA system. Different methods for the realization of the directional discrimination of the scattering particle movement were investigated and compared. (1) The use of Bragg cells as frequency shifter and diffractive beam splitter for the realization of a heterodyne technique. (2) The application of a two- wavelength fiber laser and Fourier optical phase shifters for the realization of a homodyne technique. (3) The detection of the position of the scattering particle in the measuring volume by dual-fiber receiving techniques.

Select this Article		Polychromatic pattern recognition with variable discrimination capability Elisabet Perez, Maria S. Millan Garcia-Verela, and Katarzyna Chalasinska-Macukow Proc. SPIE 3749, 697 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354961 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An optoelectronic correlator with variable discrimination capability is applied to the recognition of polychromatic patterns. Dual non-linear correlation and RGB multichannel processing are used to solve four different situations: a recognition system with high discrimination for both shape and color; high discrimination for shape and tolerance to color variations; the vice versa, tolerance to shape variations and high discrimination for color; and finally, tolerance to shape and color variations simultaneously.

Select this Article		Paper formation analysis using the power spectrum of light transmission images Mouade Bouydain, Jose F. Colom, Rafael Fonolla Navarro, and Josep M. Pladellorens Proc. SPIE 3749, 699 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354962 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The paper formation is one of the most important properties of the paper but remains a difficult property to determine. A method for determining this property has been developed. This method based on light transmission image analysis uses the power spectra of the Fourier transform to analyze the floc distribution. The method has been tested for various furnishes and allows a well discrimination between different qualities of formation that does the standard formation number.

Select this Article		Tolerance in color pattern recognition in the RGB system Montserrat Corbalan-Fuertes, Maria S. Millan Garcia-Verela, and Maria J. Yzuel Proc. SPIE 3749, 701 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354964 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a method to evaluate the tolerance in color pattern recognition by multichannel correlation in the RGB system. For monocolor objects with equal shape on black background we define a range of recognition in the scene plane. The application of the range of recognition in the three channels gives the tolerance to color variations. As an application we study the tolerance of the recognition system to illuminant changes in the image acquisition. We use common lightings such as fluorescent, incandescent and daylight. The results show that the tolerance decreases for colors with a low contribution in at least one channel.

Select this Article		Fiber optical sensor for the determination of adulteration in petrol L. M. Bali, Atul K. Srivastava, Rajesh K. Shukla, and Anchal Srivastava Proc. SPIE 3749, 703 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354965 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The newly designed prism based fiber optical refractometer sensor has been used to determine adulteration in petrol. A procedure for identification of the adulterant and determination of its concentration in a sample of petrol has been reported. Substances like kerosene, diesel, a mixture of these two or of aviation gasoline and kerosene have been used as adulterants.

Select this Article		Efficient optical negabinary signed-digit arithmetic operations and implementation using electron-trapping device Guoqiang Li, Feng Qian, Hao Ruan, and Liren Liu Proc. SPIE 3749, 705 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354748 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A two-step carry-free negabinary signed-digit (NSD) addition/subtraction algorithm and the fast conversion algorithm from NSD to negabinary in the carry-look-ahead mode have been investigated. All the arithmetic operations can be performed with binary logic. By programming the binary reference bits, addition and subtraction can be realized in parallel with the same binary logic functions. Correspondingly, a compact general-purpose optoelectronic arithmetic-logic array system using electron trapping device is suggested. Various complex logic functions can be performed by programming the illumination of the data arrays without additional temporal latency of the intermediate results. Experimental results will be presented.

Select this Article		Sensor application of the linear-fiber Bragg grating laser M. A. Basurto-Pensado, Evgueni A. Kuzin, L. C. Archundia-Berra, Hector H. Cerecedo-Nunez, Jose Javier Sanchez-Mondragon, D. May, and Diana Tentori-Santa-Cruz Proc. SPIE 3749, 707 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354967 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this work we discuss the possibility of using an optical fiber laser constructed by two Bragg grating as a temperature sensor. The device is based on measurement of the power transmitted through the Bragg gratings when the temperature of one of these gratings is changed. Changes on the temperature results in a shift of reflection wavelength of the Bragg grating and therefore change the transition coefficient. The resulting change of the power at the laser output can be used for simple and exact measurement of the temperature.

Select this Article		Simplified technique for the adjustment of a birefringent optical fiber Sagnac interferometer Hector H. Cerecedo-Nunez, Evgueni A. Kuzin, Jose Javier Sanchez-Mondragon, and Esteban Molina Proc. SPIE 3749, 709 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354968 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We proposed a simplified technique for the adjustment of birefringent optical fiber Sagnac interferometer. The adjustment is based on twisting both arms of the interferometer. We give an explanation of the basic principles of this adjustment and show experimental results.

Select this Article		Stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber with high-loss produced by bending Evgueni A. Kuzin, Baldeamr Ibarra-Escamilla, J. M. Estudillo-Ayala, R. Rojas-Laguna, Oscar G. Ibarra-Manzano, and Jose A. Andrade-Lucio Proc. SPIE 3749, 711 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354969 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this letter, we present an experimental investigation of the influence of light attenuation produced by bending on the generation of Stokes pulse.

Select this Article		High-reliability GaAs image intensifier with unfilmed microchannel plate Edward J. Bender, Joseph P. Estrera, C. E. Ford, A. Giordana, John W. Glesener, P. P. Lin, A. J. Nico, Timothy W. Sinor, and R. H. Smithson Proc. SPIE 3749, 713 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354970 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Current GaAs image intensifier technology requires that the microchannel plate (MCP) have a thin dielectric film on the side facing the photocathode. This protective coating substantially reduces the amount of outgassing of ions and neutral species from the microchannels. The prevention of MCP outgassing is necessary in order to prevent the `poisoning' of the Cs:O surface on the GaAs photocathode. Many authors have experimented with omitting the MCP coating. The results of such experiments invariably lead to an intensifier with a reported useful life of less than 100 hours, due to contamination of the Cs:O layer on the photocathode. Unfortunately, the MCP film is also a barrier to electron transport within the intensifier. Substantial enhancement of the image intensifier operating parameters is the motivation for the removal of the MCP film. This paper presents results showing for the first time that it is possible to fabricate a long lifetime image intensifier with a single uncoated MCP.

Select this Article		Fast-tunable filter for packet-switched broadcast-and-select all-optical network Nina L. Taranenko, Vladimir Katsman, Richard Nottenburg, Stephen C. Tenbrink, and Kevin Hsu Proc. SPIE 3749, 715 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354971 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel high-speed fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter works fast enough (three orders of magnitude faster than commercially available ones) to allow packet switching for all-optical broadcast-and-select Wavelength Division Multiplexed network. Each node transmits at a Gb/s on dedicated wavelength over the passive-star coupler to all other nodes. The receiver at each node scans through all the wavelengths and selects signals addressed for that node.

Select this Article		Statistical properties of light generated by circular-grating DFB/DBR laser Anna Tyszka-Zawadzka, Pawel Szczepanski, Tomasz Kossek, and Michal Malinowski Proc. SPIE 3749, 717 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354972 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The effect of the excess quantum noise on statistical properties of light generated by circular grating DFB lasers is discussed. The semiclassical approach based on the Fokker-Planck equation taking into account mode nonorthogonality, the mean laser intensity, the intensity fluctuations and the laser linewidth are obtained.

Select this Article		Transverse mode selectivity of the Gaussian mirror in hollow-waveguide lasers Piotr Witonski and Pawel Szczepanski Proc. SPIE 3749, 719 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354973 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper we analyze the losses in coupling radiation from the guide into the free-space and back, for waveguide laser resonator with Gaussian mirror. The laser characteristics showing the behavior of the total coupling coefficient, as a function of the curvature radius, Gaussian parameter and position of the Gaussian mirror are discussed. It is shown that for moderate values of the Gaussian parameter the Gaussian mirror provides transverse mode selectivity in hollow-waveguide structure and minimal coupling losses are obtained for the fundamental laser mode.

Select this Article		Low-cost adaptive optics breadboard system Christopher Dainty, Ian H. Munro, C. Patterson, and Nicholas J. Wooder Proc. SPIE 3749, 721 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354975 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A low cost adaptive optics system has been built largely from commercial components. The design, construction and performance of the system are described.

Select this Article		Measurements of optical gain in Nd³⁺-doped fluoroindate glasses Glauco S. Maciel, L. d. S. Menezes, Cid B. de Araujo, and Younes Messaddeq Proc. SPIE 3749, 723 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354976 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report optical gain at 382 nm and 414 nm from Nd³⁺ doped fluoroindate glasses after excitation with lasers operating either at 583 nm or 532 nm. Stimulated emission due to a frequency upconversion process results in increase of the emitted light intensity and emission line narrowing. Large optical gain is measured by pump-and-probe spectroscopy using samples with various Nd³⁺ concentrations.

Select this Article		Wavelength selective filter using window control scheme in photorefractive LiNbO₃: Fe crystal Jun-Won An, Nam Kim, and Kwon-Yeon Lee Proc. SPIE 3749, 725 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354977 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In the photorefractive wavelength selective filter, a new tuning scheme is proposed and optically demonstrated. Center wavelength of photorefractive optical filter can be tuned in an electronics speed with a special optical system having LC-SLM and positive lens. Preliminary experimental results in proposed scheme are given, and compared with theoretical values.

Select this Article		Surface profiling of an absorber embedded in a dense medium by spatial integration of the backscattered light Toshiaki Iwai and Gaku Kimura Proc. SPIE 3749, 727 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354978 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The new method to reconstruct the 2D surface profile of an absorber embedded in a dense scattering medium is proposed in the report. The method is based on the fact that the intensity of the multiply-backscattered light integrated spatially by the detecting aperture with finite size is directly related with the optical path-length distribution. Experiments and Monte Carlo simulations confirm the potential and the availability of the proposed method.

Select this Article		Real-time interferometric monitoring of dip coating Flavio Horowitz, Alexandre F. Michels, Petrus A. Alcantara, Jr., Marcelo B. Pereira, A. P. Rizzato, and C. V. Santilli Proc. SPIE 3749, 729 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354979 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract First results are presented of optical interferometric monitoring during dip coating in real time, as applied to mineral oil OP10 and multi-component zirconyl chloride aqueous solution films. Resulting new perspectives are considered.

Select this Article		Two-photon absorption in Zn_1-xMgxSe films grown by molecular beam epitaxy technique Beata Derkowska, Bouchta Sahraoui, Grzegorz Glowacki, Xuan Nguyen Phu, and Waclaw Bala Proc. SPIE 3749, 731 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354980 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The experimental results of nonlinear optical studies at 532 nm using picosecond pulses of Zn_1-xMg_xSe films are reported for x equals 7%, 16% and 40%. The effects of doping on linear ((alpha) ) and nonlinear ((beta) ) absorption coefficients are investigated. All studied samples reveal a relatively strong nonlinear absorption which decreases with an increase of Mg content. The undoped sample (0% Mg) displays absorption coefficients almost equal to those of the ZnSe crystal annealed at the same temperature.

Select this Article		Measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of materials with a single pulse Mehrdad Mohebi, Nooshin Jamasbi, and Alexandro Ruiz de la Cruz Proc. SPIE 3749, 733 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354981 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a single shot method of measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of materials. In this method a single laser pulse is used in a setup similar to the Z-scan technique. It is therefore as simple and sensitive as the z- scan. In this method unlike the Z-scan, the sample is fixed with respect to the lens while the focus position is scanned across the sample (F-scan). The far field transmission of the beam through an aperture is then measured. This method eliminates the need to move the sample in addition to the measurement error due to peak power fluctuations from pulse to pulse.

Select this Article		Spectrophotometric investigation of skin blood vessels on the basis of color perception Yoshihisa Aizu, Masaki Isokawa, Tomonori Yuasa, Hiromichi Mishina, and Toshimitsu Asakura Proc. SPIE 3749, 735 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354982 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper investigates spectral reflectance of blood vessels in a skin tissue phantom. Measured reflectance spectra are slightly influenced by the vessel diameter, depth from the surface, and oxygen saturation state. We discuss a possibility of extracting the information on blood vessels from the reflectance spectra on the basis of color perception using the dominant wavelength in the CIE xy chromaticity diagram with the pseudo-reference white. The results show the usefulness of this method.

Select this Article		Optical microtopographic inspection of thermoplastic rubber Manuel F. M. Costa Proc. SPIE 3749, 737 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354983 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Shoe's industry has a major economical importance in Portugal. A tight quality control is necessary in any and all steps of the production process. The strength and quality of the gluing of the sole to leather are of major importance in the process of making a high quality shoe. This pasting process is standardized for different kinds of sole/leather combinations. However even if proceeding carefully problems due happen and specially as new kinds of sole's materials and leather' types are introduced in the production lines. A careful physical characterization of the gluing process as well as all items intervening is again necessary. On this communication we will present and discuss the results of the inspection process as well as the optical inspection system and inspection' procedure employed.

Select this Article		Imaging through scattering media using cameras and parallel processing Sandrine Leveque, Arnaud Dubois, Emmanuel Beaurepaire, Loic Pottier, Albert C. Boccara, Martial Lebec, and Herve Saint-Jalmes Proc. SPIE 3749, 739 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354984 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Thermal strain measurement of joint materials over a small spatial region using statistical interferometry Hirofumi Kadono, Hirofumi Kitajima, and Satoru Toyooka Proc. SPIE 3749, 741 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354986 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Statistical interferometry is applied to the measurement of thermal strain of object having an interface of two different materials. The technique is based on the statistics of the fully developed speckle field. The complete randomness of the speckle phase can play the role of a standard phase in a statistical sense, and the phase of the object under testing can be derived in a statistical way, in contrast to the conventional interferometry. In this study, the optical system is optimized to measure the thermal strain in a very small region around the interface of joint specimen. Experimental results show that the present method permits the measurement of strain with the accuracy approximately 10^-6 with a spatial resolution > 50 micrometers .

Select this Article		Optical properties and green upconversion emission from Er³⁺-doped sol-gel silica glasses under red light (632.8-nm) excitation Pham N. Thu, Van Hoi Pham, Nguyen X. Nghia, C. Barthou, Vu K. Lien, Le N. Chung, Pham N. Thang, and Nguyen C. Trang Proc. SPIE 3749, 743 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354987 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The sol-gel process has been employed to prepare highly doped Er³⁺ silica glasses, up to 5-wt% for homogeneous doping distribution. The optical characteristics of the silica glasses including the UV/VIS absorption and fluorescence emission spectra under excitation of 488 nm and 520 nm lights were measured. Micro-Raman spectra of these silica glasses heated at different temperatures from 200 degree(s)C to 1100 degree(s)C under 632.8 nm laser beam excitation of the He-Ne laser also recorded. The green up conversion emission from Er³⁺ ion doped into the silica glasses heated to 1000 degree(s)C under red light (632.8 nm) excitation has been observed. Two green and weak emission bands, centered at 525 and 550 nm, for the ²H_11/2 yields ⁴I_15/2 and ⁴S_3/2 yields ⁴I_15/2 transitions, respectively, have been observed. The blue upconversion emission er³⁺ at 300 K centered at 460 nm was observed rather strength depends on the He-Ne laser pump powers and the Er³⁺ concentration. The pump wavelength is far from any electronic absorption from the ground state of the Er³⁺ ion, but corresponds to the excited state absorption. This upconversion process was interpreted by the excited state absorption and an upconversion mechanisms is proposed.

Select this Article		Near-infrared Faraday dispersion optical filter Yundong Zhang, Zhiwen Chang, Yong Bi, and Zuguang Ma Proc. SPIE 3749, 745 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354988 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Investigation of backscattered radiation by a crystal cloud to bistatic polarization laser sounding Olga V. Shefer Proc. SPIE 3749, 746 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354989 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		One-dimensional bright spatial soliton internal reflection in a PRC-linear interface Edgar Alvarado-Mendez, Miguel Torres-Cisneros, Jose A. Andrade-Lucio, J. G. Avina-Cervantes, Ruben Ramos-Garcia, Marcelo D. Iturbe Castillo, Victor A. Vysloukh, and Jose Javier Sanchez-Mondragon Proc. SPIE 3749, 748 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354990 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a numerical study of the reflection of 1D spatial solitons at non-linear interface between a photorefractive medium and a linear medium. In this work, we have considered that non-linear medium is governed by both; drift and diffusion mechanisms. Our study places emphasis on determining the physical conditions under which the beam reflected is still a spatial soliton. The beam is deflected into the interface using the self-bending effect.

Select this Article		Active imaging applied to navigation through fog Wendell R. Watkins, David H. Tofsted, V. Grayson CuQlock-Knopp, Jay B. Jordan, and Mohan M. Trivedi Proc. SPIE 3749, 750 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354991 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Temperature profile/fluctuations of a two-dimensional slot burner using laser speckle photography Chandra Shakher, Ruchi Vats, and S. K. Angra Proc. SPIE 3749, 751 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354992 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Double exposure speckle photography has been used for determining temperature profile of the burner. Further we have investigated single exposure speckle photography for measuring temperature fluctuations. These studies show that laser speckle photographic technique can provide complete solution to measure the temperature, temperature profile and temperature fluctuations around the mean value of temperature at any point of interest in the flame of burner. Experimental results of investigations made on 2D burner are presented.

Select this Article		Symmetry recognition in images Kumar Eswaran Proc. SPIE 3749, 753 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354993 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of separation of data, by a neural based computer recognition system. To this end certain types of data which are `tricky' are studied in order to see if they can be separated (i.e. classified) by a neural network or by a Kohonen based classifier. It is shown that there exist data which cannot simply be separated by a nearest distance classifier and yet can be treated well by a neural network, these correspond to the symmetry problem in images. In this paper the question that is posed and answered is: `If we are given a set of binary images, is it possible to devise an algorithm which will enable the computer to automatically recognize those images which have an inherent symmetry or near-symmetry?' It is demonstrated that a neural based algorithm can be trained to do the job efficaciously.

Select this Article		Er³⁺and Er³⁺/Yb³⁺co-doped silicate glass waveguides Giancarlo C. Righini, Marco Bettinelli, Massimo Brenci, Claire Duverger, Maurizio Ferrari, Matteo Fossi, Maurizio Montagna, Stefano Pelli, and Adolfo Speghini Proc. SPIE 3749, 755 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354994 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Integrated optical devices including rare earth ions are attracting an increasing attention. We designed and developed a soda-lime silicate glass matrix, suitable for ion-exchange, and we doped it with different percentages of Er₂O₃ and Yb₂-O₃. Optical waveguides have then been produced by diluted silver ion exchange. Here we report on their optical characterization, which has been performed by m-line spectroscopy as well by absorption, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.

Select this Article		Innovative low-cost adaptive optics programs: a new mind-set emerges Jeffrey T. Baker, Jeffrey F. Friedman, Isabelle Percheron, Lyle G. Finkner, Sergio R. Restaino, and Gary C. Loos Proc. SPIE 3749, 757 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354995 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Slitless rainbow holography Arapbay Maripov Proc. SPIE 3749, 758 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354997 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Online detecting ships in lock using optical flow method Yulong Cao, Mingwu Ren, and Jingyu Yang Proc. SPIE 3749, 759 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354998 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Fabrication of refractive microlens with coding gray-tone mask Jun Yao, Jingqin Su, Yixiao Zhang, Fuhua Gao, Hui Wei, and Yongkang Guo Proc. SPIE 3749, 760 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354999 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Blast wave interactions with structures using a phase-stepped double reference beam holographic interferometer Silvia M. Booij, Louk H. Absil, Anastasius J. Bruinsma, Joseph J. M. Braat, and Hedser H. van Brug Proc. SPIE 3749, 762 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355000 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Design of the two-dimensional spectrograph Guofeng Song and Guoxiang Ai Proc. SPIE 3749, 764 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355001 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Dimensional inspection of rigid gas permeable contact lenses by laser triangulation Manuel F. M. Costa Proc. SPIE 3749, 765 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355002 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this communication the issue of microtopographic inspection of hard contact lenses is addressed. The use of optical triangulation is discussed. Results of the application of our MICROTOP.03.MFC microtopographer to this kind of tasks will be presented.

Select this Article		Antialiasing filter with high-pupil apertures Angel Sauceda Carvajal, Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda, and Javier Santamaria Proc. SPIE 3749, 767 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355003 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Axicons with a dark spot on axis Jose A. Soto-Sanchez and Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda Proc. SPIE 3749, 768 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355004 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present a family of diffractive binary screens that encode a new type of optical axicons, which generate a dark spot along the optical axis. We report experimental verifications showing the usefulness of these devices in optical alignment.

Select this Article		Optimization of output power in circular-grating DBR and DFB lasers Tomasz Kossek, Pawel Szczepanski, Piotr Witonski, and Michal Malinowski Proc. SPIE 3749, 769 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355005 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper we present the systematic numerical studies of nonlinear operation of planar waveguide DBR/DFB lasers with circular grating. An approximate formula relating small signal gain to the output power and the parameters of the structure characteristics for this kind of laser is derived. Laser characteristics obtained revealing gain saturation effects can be used for design optimal structure providing maximal output power for the given pumping rate of the laser medium.

Select this Article		Micro-electro-mechanical deformable mirrors for advanced adaptive optics applications J. Y. Decker, Scot S. Olivier, James A. Folta, and William D. Cowan Proc. SPIE 3749, 771 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355006 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Adaptive optics technology is critical for many current and developing applications at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In particular, most large laser systems, including those being developed for Inertial Confinement Fusion and Laser Isotope Separation, require adaptive optics to correct for internal aberrations in these high-power systems. In addition, adaptive optics can provide capability for both high-resolution imaging and beam propagation through the atmosphere. Requirements for laser systems, imaging and propagation applications are currently driving wavefront control technology toward increased spatial and temporal frequency capability, as well as reduced system costs. We will present recent progress in the development of micro-electro-mechanical deformable mirrors for adaptive optics applications.

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Optical Storage

Select this Article		Volume holographic memory with a speckle-encoded reference beam Vladimir B. Markov, James E. Millerd, and James D. Trolinger Proc. SPIE 3749, 773 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355008 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

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Poster Session II

Select this Article		Image segmentation with a white light optical correlator J. Barbe and Juan Campos Proc. SPIE 3749, 775 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355009 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper we propose an optical system to perform the segmentation of an input scene based in its frequency contain. The system is an optical correlator illuminated with a white light lamp. The final image is detected by a 3CCD camera to perform the separation of the channels. Selecting the spectral transmittance of the filter for the different zones the segmentation of the input image can be performed.

Select this Article		Multibeam Fizeau interferometer image plane Yuri N. Zakharov Proc. SPIE 3749, 777 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355010 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Fizeau interferometer pattern analysis have carried out in the case of arbitrary slope beam illumination. Analysis get localization plane location (that is in coincidence with image plane) and its dependence on wedge relative index of refraction and on the interferometer entrance mirror slope angle to the incidence wave. The analyses fits experiment.

Select this Article		Surfaces analysis based on subfringe integral method Iza Melao, Edison Goncalves, and Mikiya Muramatsu Proc. SPIE 3749, 779 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355011 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This work shows the most used techniques for fringe analysis and presents a novel technique based on sub-fringe integral method with carrier frequencies, for phase retrieval. This method integrates one fringe into various subfringes to obtain the phase value. Several experiments were performed to obtain the information of flatness and profile from the surface to be analyzed.

Select this Article		Particle sizing and tracking by using wavelet transform Joewono Widjaja Proc. SPIE 3749, 781 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355012 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Automatic particle sizing and tracking by using a wavelet transform is proposed. In comparison with a conventional correlation method, our proposed method obviates the inherent limitations of matched filters and improves the accuracy of measurements.

Select this Article		Optical stark splitting of the absorption spectrum of Rhodamine 101 Aristides A. Marcano O. and Ines Urdaneta Proc. SPIE 3749, 783 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355013 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We measure the absorption spectrum of an ethanol solution of Rhodamine 101 in the spectral region 555 nm - 585 nm as a function of the incident light fluence. Distortions of the absorption spectra are observed at high fluence values. Besides the observation of the light induced spectral broadening, we report the splitting of the spectrum into two peaks as predicted by the optical Stark effect theory.

Select this Article		Use of image quality metrics for correction of noncommon path errors in the ELECTRA adaptive optics system Nathan P. Doble, Gordon D. Love, David F. Buscher, Richard M. Myers, and Alan Purvis Proc. SPIE 3749, 785 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355014 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Time multiplexing superresolution optical system with computer decoding Amir Shemer, David Mendlovic, Zeev Zalevsky, Adolf W. Lohmann, Javier Garcia, and Emanuel Marom Proc. SPIE 3749, 787 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355015 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Objects that temporally vary slowly may be super resolved using two moving masks such as pinhole or grating. A system of that kind had been previously proposed by Francon and Lukosz. Later on an improvement was obtained by using specially designed Dammann gratings. These approaches require two gratings, one at the object plan and the second at the detectors plane. In this project, the second is replaced by a computer. This way, the synchronization problem existing when two gratings are used in simplified. The method can be applied for both coherent and incoherent illuminations.

Select this Article		Self-mixing superluminescent diode optical tomography Luigi Rovati and Franco Docchio Proc. SPIE 3749, 790 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355016 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Not available

Select this Article		Wavelet-assisted generalized fringe-adjusted nonzero order joint transform correlator for noise immunity and pattern discrimination Renu Tripathi, G. S. Pati, and Kehar Singh Proc. SPIE 3749, 792 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355017 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A wavelet feature based generalized fringe adjusted joint transform correlator (FAJTC) has been proposed to improve the performance of FAJTC in the presence of noise in the object scene. A simple technique has been combined with the above approach for eliminating the zero-order and intra- class correlation signals from correlation output.

Select this Article		High-speed and high-resolution heterodyne interferometer using a three-mode laser Toshiyuki Yokoyama, Tsutomu Araki, Shuko Yokoyama, and Norihito Suzuki Proc. SPIE 3749, 794 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355019 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In the measurement using conventional heterodyne interferometer, `high-speed' and `high-resolution' were methodologically contradictory problems. Previously, authors have solved this contradiction by using two conjugate beat signals. In this work, we realized highly sensitive measurement without speed limit of the target using a three- mode laser. The synthetic wavelength of (lambda) /2 generated by three-mode laser enabled to increase the measurement sensitivity twice. The three-mode laser also has an advantage of higher output power.

Select this Article		Multimode theory for the Zeno effect in parametric down-conversion Solange B. Cavalcanti, Geraldo A. Barbosa, and Jandir M. Hickmann Proc. SPIE 3749, 796 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355020 \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We propose a multi-mode theory to demonstrate the Zeno effect--inhibition of transitions via frequent measurements- -in the context of parametric down-conversion.

Select this Article		Inverse problem of heterodyne differential microscope for steplike object D. V. Baranov, Alexandre A. Yegorov, Evgeny M. Zolotov, and Konstantin K. Svidzinsky Proc. SPIE 3749, 798 (1999); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.355021 Online Publication Date: Aug 05, 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The solution of inverse problem of heterodyne differential microscope based on representation of linear part of microscope response by moments of object function is realized. The parameters of step-like object was determined with superresolution.

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Field Guide to Geometrical Optics

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