Dr. Luis Millan Profile

Dr. Luis Millan

at Jet Propulsion Lab

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Proceedings Article | 23 April 2020 Paper

Differential absorption radar at 170 and 560 GHz for humidity remote sensing

Ken Cooper, Richard Roy, Jose Siles, Matthew Lebsock, Luis Millán, Omkar Pradhan, Raquel Rodriguez Monje

Proceedings Volume 11411, 1141102 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2557138

KEYWORDS: Radar, Humidity, Absorption, Clouds, Antennas, Remote sensing, Mars, Signal to noise ratio, Scattering, Receivers

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The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a 170 GHz airborne radar for cloud and humidity remote sensing. Called VIPR (Vapor Inside-cloud Profiling Radar), the system uses differential absorption at closely spaced frequencies near the 183 GHz water vapor resonance to obtain range-profiling measurements of absolute humidity inside clouds, and partial-water- column measurements in clear skies. VIPR transmits around 300 mW over 167-174.8 GHz, has a system noise figure of 8 dB, and uses a 60-cm diameter aperture. The radar has been deployed both on the ground pointing toward zenith, and from an aircraft with nadir pointing. Based on architectures originally developed for submillimeter-wave security imaging, VIPR uses ultra-high-isolation transmit/receive duplexing with a single primary antenna. This approach achieves thermal noise limited sensitivity even while using frequency-modulated continuous-wave ranging methods, and even when the radar is mounted in an aircraft with its beam emerging from an open-air viewport. Here we present a validation measurement of VIPR’s ability to sense humidity in clear skies using ground reflection magnitudes at different altitudes and frequencies. These results have also motivated a new investigation of using a higher-frequency 557 GHz differential absorption radar for water vapor sensing in the low pressure, cold, and dry conditions on Mars. We have developed a 552-558 GHz RF source with several mW of output power that could be used for making local humidity measurements on Mars out to several kilometer ranges.

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