Dr. Rui Xu Profile

Dr. Rui Xu

at China Jiliang Univ.

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2021 Paper

Backside-illuminated single photon avalanche diode with low dark count rate

Tong Chu, Tianqi Zhao, Guilan Feng, Chunlan Lin, Jinlv Pan, Kaiyue Guo, Rui Xu

Proceedings Volume 11781, 117811C (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591301

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We present a novel backside-illuminated single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) which is compatible with standard CMOS technology. The structure of SPAD is based on p-i-n junction which is the first time to be used to backsideilluminated structure, thus enabling a significantly low dark count rate (DCR). In order to get better photon detection efficiency (PDE) in near-infrared , we optimized the junction width and thickness of the device. The structure of SPAD is designed by the TCAD Devedit tool, and some important characteristic parameters are extracted by the Atlas tool. We calculate DCR and PDE using the extracted parameters. At 5 V excess bias voltage, the DCR of 0.81 Hz/μm² is achieved at room temperature. The PDE at 5 V excess bias voltage is 20%. The fill factor is up to 53%. The DCR of the structure has reached the international advanced level.

Proceedings Article | 18 December 2019 Paper

Challenges and solutions of next-generation imager: CMOS single photon avalanche diode image sensor

Tianqi Zhao, Shangzhong Jin, Aiming Feng, Chunliu Zhao, Yan Shi, Rui Xu, Yi Chen, Yadong Zhou

Proceedings Volume 11339, 1133907 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2542747

KEYWORDS: Image sensors, Single photon, Image resolution, Picosecond phenomena, Avalanche photodiodes, CMOS technology, Spatial resolution, 3D image processing, Semiconducting wafers

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The CMOS single photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD) image sensor, as the third-generation solid-state imaging device, features single photon response capability, picosecond magnitude time resolution and micron-scale spatial resolution. The device is currently the mainstream ideal device for single-photon, picosecond time-resolved transient imaging, and is gradually applied to time-resolved spectral measurement, 3D ranging and imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging, quantum imaging sensing and such low light or even single photon ultrafast imaging. In this paper, we introduce the research progress of the CMOS SPAD image sensor, and the challenges and solutions of the device are analyzed. In the past years, the mainstream CMOS SPAD image sensor features front-illuminated SPAD and the planar-structure pixel. However, for the planar-structure pixel, in order to make the SPAD with higher fill factor, reducing the duty cycle of the readout electronics within the pixel is the usual method, which to some extent sacrifices the function of reading electronics. In addition, the lower process node was used to improve the integration of electronics, but the high dark count rate was easily caused; The integration of micro-lens array in pixels was also used, but limits the flexibility of pixel size and increases the costs. Compared with planar-structure pixel, the pixel scheme of the three dimensional (3D) stacked structure, integrates the SPAD device and the readout electronics in the pixel correspondingly on the vertically coupled two wafers, which eliminates the problem of duty cycle of the readout electronics within the pixel and would be the development direction in the future.

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