The CCD imaging method is usually used in the far-field laser energy density distribution measurement, and the method is simple, reliable. The scattering laser energy density distribution in optical extinctive chambers is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of hardware-in-the-loop simulation system for laser guided weapon because of the weak signal, therefore, how to accurately measure the scattering laser energy density distribution is the key factor to the performance of the laser guided weapon evaluation. In this paper, the method of CCD imaging for scattering laser energy density distribution measurement in optical extinctive chambers was shown. Firstly, the principles and setup of measurement based on CCD imaging method were studied, and the model of scattering laser energy density measurement was simplified under special conditions. And then, the calibration process between the region division and the FOV (field of view) of CCD was described simply, the relationship between the gray value and laser energy density was found. Finally, the scattering laser energy density distribution in optical extinctive chambers was deduced by the measurement of the CCD’s gray value, and measurement errors were also analyzed.
Laser active suppressing jamming is one of the most effective technologies to cope with optoelectric imaging systems. In the process of carrying out laser disturbing experiment, regular circular fringes often appeared on the detector, besides laser spot converging by optical system. First of all, the formation of circular fringes has been experimentally investigated by using a simple converging lens to replace the complex optical system. Moreover, circular fringes have been simulated based on the interference theory of coherent light. The coherence between the experimental phenomena and the simulated results showed that the formation mechanism of regular circular fringes was the interference effect between reflected light by back surface of lens and directly refractive light on the detector. At last, the visibility of circular fringes has been calculated from 0.05 to 0.22 according to the current plating standard of lens surface and manufacture technique of optoelectric detector.
According to laser signal simulation, the advantage of application of tapered multi-mode fiber on laser pulse signal transmission was analyzed. By optical system simulation, the effect on the coupling efficiency of 1.06μm laser pulse signal of different angle was analyzed. By optical experiment, the coupling efficiency and transmission mode of different incident angle and force condition were confirmed. Combining the application of simulation system, with convex lens, frosted glass and optical integrator on the outlet of fiber, the far-field energy distribution was measured. According the receiving optical system entrance pupil, the effect on the beam quality to the simulation result was analyzed. The results showed that the application of tapered multi-mode fiber on laser pulse signal simulation is feasible, and the equipment has been used in the engineering projects.
Due to influence of atmosphere turbulence, distribution characteristics of laser speckles vary with propagation distances. In this paper, numerical calculation using a multiple-phase screen method is performed to simulate the propagation of laser beam in the turbulence. The distributions of intensity at different distances are calculated. A characteristic factor σ 2 is proposed to quantify the degree of turbulence induced intensity spatial fluctuation compared with the same beam propagating in vacuum. The results show that, at the same distance, mean σ 2 of the beam propagating perpendicularly is smaller than the beam propagating horizontally. For a perpendicularly transmitted Gaussian beam, mean σ 2 decreases gradually after it reaches its maximum value, and tends to be stable if the propagation distance is long enough.
By analyzing the factors of laser transmission from long-range jammer to CCD in the distribution of laser at the entrance of optical system of CCD, an evaluation methodology was established which utilized the ATP error data and the distribution of laser through turbulent atmosphere together and could get the jamming probability which could be used to get evaluation result. A conversion method was devised to convert test data to simulation data of ATP. Based on circular aperture Fraunhofer diffraction theory, a simplified model that only used the central bright patch was provided to convert the relationship between the number of saturated pixel and the incident laser energy by testing to the relationship in simulation. Some advice was given for the usage of test data of ATP and the relationship between the number of saturated pixel and the incident laser energy by testing to make sure that the data is available.
Laser active suppressing jamming is one of the most important technologies in the domain of electro-optical countermeasures. The propagation direction of laser is not always in the same line with the principal axis of electro-optical imaging system, so it is necessary to investigate laser energy distribution on detector under the different incident angle. This paper toke optical system with wide field of view for example. We firstly analyzed the system’s structure based on the inverting prism and evaluated image quality. Laser energy distribution caused by diffraction effect of optical system was secondly simulated based on Kirchhoff ’s diffraction theory. Thirdly, we built the system’s analysis model of stray light, traced a large number of light propagation, and obtained laser energy distribution on detector caused by scattering effect. At last, combine the above two kinds of energy distribution into total laser energy distribution on detector. According to the detector’s saturated threshold, we can count up the saturated number and evaluate laser disturbing effect. The research results can provide theoretical reference and technical support for evaluating laser disturbing effect of electro-optical imaging system.
The laser active imaging system is widely used in night vision, underwater imaging, three-dimension scene imaging and other civilian applications, and the system’s detected range increase greatly comparing with the passive imaging system. In recent years, with rapid development of sensor and laser source technique, the laser range-gated imaging system is achieved based on high peak power pulsed laser and gated intensified CCD(ICCD), and it is well known for its properties such as high suppression of backscatter noise from fog and other obscurants, high resolution, long detection range and direct visualization. However, the performance of the laser range-gated imaging system is seriously affected by many factors, and the relationships between system’s Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and influence factors are not further elaborated. In this paper, the simulation of SNR for the laser range-gated imaging system is studied. The principle of the laser range-gated imaging system is shown firstly, and the range equation is derived by means of deducing laser illuminating model according to the principle of laser radar and the characters of objects and the detectors. And then, the sources of noise are analyzed by accurately modeling all noise sources in the detection system, the model of SNR for laser range-gated imaging system is established. Finally, the relationships between SNR of system and influence factors such as gating time, laser pulse width and repetition frequency are discussed, and correspondingly the solutions are proposed.
The laser-induced damage of GaAs/Ge single heterojunction solar cells is investigated. The solar cells were irradiated by a continuous wave laser at the wavelength of 532 nm. Results indicate that the GaAs/Ge solar cells would mostly be damaged when laser is focused on its grid lines. Theoretically, the continuous wave laser at the wavelength of 532 nm is absorbed at the surface of solar cells. The continual temperature rise decomposed the material GaAs and melted the material Ge. The melted metal Ge connected the solar cells grid lines and the rear electrode, the solar cell became completely invalid. The major damage of continuous wave mainly comes from both the thermal melting and the thermal stress effects. The huge temperature gradient on the surface of the solar cells generated the crack, and even rupture. Concentric iridescent ring appeared on the damaged surfaces when observed with an optical microscope(OM) of broad spectrum. The damaged surface film was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and the Contour Meter. The component of the concentric iridescent is GeO2 film, when the light irradiated on the film and interfered, the concentric iridescent generated. The different ring indicated the thickness of oxide was different. When the film was corroded by HCl, the iridescent disappeared. The formation mechanism of the film and the cause of the concentric iridescent ring were analyzed. These experimental conclusions are tested and verified by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Optical simulations, Laser scattering, Weapons, Laser energy, Signal to noise ratio, Scattering, Signal processing, Atmospheric modeling, Laser stabilization
The hardware-in-the-loop simulation is widely used in laser semi-active guidance weapon experiments, the authenticity of the laser guidance signal is the key problem of reliability. In order to evaluate the consistency of the laser guidance signal, this paper analyzes the angle of sight, laser energy density, laser spot size, atmospheric back scattering, sun radiation and SNR by comparing the different working state between actual condition and hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Based on measured data, mathematical simulation and optical simulation result, laser guidance signal effects on laser seeker are determined. By using Monte Carlo method, the laser guided weapon trajectory and impact point distribution are obtained, the influence of the systematic error are analyzed. In conclusion it is pointed out that the difference between simulation system and actual system has little influence in normal guidance, has great effect on laser jamming. The research is helpful to design and evaluation of laser guided weapon simulation.
In order to precisely measure dynamic angle of sight for hardware-in-the-loop simulation, a dynamic measurement methodology was established and a set of measurement system was built. The errors and drifts, such as synchronization delay, CCD measurement error and drift, laser spot error on diffuse reflection plane and optics axis drift of laser, were measured and analyzed. First, by analyzing and measuring synchronization time between laser and time of controlling data, an error control method was devised and lowered synchronization delay to 21μs. Then, the relationship between CCD device and laser spot position was calibrated precisely and fitted by two-dimension surface fitting. CCD measurement error and drift were controlled below 0.26mrad. Next, angular resolution was calculated, and laser spot error on diffuse reflection plane was estimated to be 0.065mrad. Finally, optics axis drift of laser was analyzed and measured which did not exceed 0.06mrad. The measurement results indicate that the maximum of errors and drifts of the measurement methodology is less than 0.275mrad. The methodology can satisfy the measurement on dynamic angle of sight of higher precision and lager scale.
A new approach is presented to reduce turbulence-induced scintillation by use of a phase-locked beams array composed of linearly polarized beams with different polarization angles. The noninterference of orthogonal polarizations suggests that the beams array mentioned above can act effectively as a two-mode partially coherent beam, and the percentage of a single mode is controllable by changing the polarization angles of the beams. Numerical calculation using a multiple-phase screen method is performed to analyze the on-axis scintillation index σI2 and mean received intensity 〈I〉 for the beams array propagating through weak, moderate, and strong turbulence. The effects of different polarization angles on σI2 and 〈I〉 at the receiver are studied. When the turbulence is weak, numerical calculations show that both σI2 and 〈I〉 are closely related to the polarization angles of the beams. And there will be a smaller scintillation index for a phase-locked beams array comprising beams with different polarization angles as compared to a uniformly polarized beams array. As the beams are phase-locked, the mean received intensity provided by them is larger than that provided by an incoherent beams array. For it is quite easy to change the polarization angles, phase-locked beams array comprising beams with different polarization angles can be a promising source in the applications that need a balance between scintillation and mean received intensity in weak turbulence conditions. When the turbulence is moderately strong, incoherent beams array is actually a better choice, because the scintillation index is smaller and the mean received intensity is as much, compared to a phase-locked beams array.
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