Subwavelength metal apertures significantly enhance single molecule fluorescence signaling systems, but require
efficient illumination and collection optics. On-chip micromirror structures offer a way to markedly improve the
coupling efficiency between such subwavelength metal apertures and the external fluorescence illumination and
collection optics, which in turn greatly simplifies several aspects of instrument design including optics,
optomechanics, and thermal control. Modeling and experimental verification of the gains in illumination and
collection efficiency for subwavelength metal apertures leads to a micromirror design that is both highly efficient
yet also manufacturable. A combination of ray-based and finite-difference-time-domain models is used to optimize
conical micromirrors colocated with subwavelength metal apertures for the case where the illumination light
interacts strongly with the micromirror and the collection optics have modest numerical aperture (NA~0.5).
Experimental methods employing either freely diffusing or immobilized dye molecules are used to measure the
illumination and collection efficiencies of fabricated micromirror prototypes. An overall fluorescence gain of
~100x, comprising a 20x improvement with flood illumination efficiency together with a 5x improvement in
collection efficiency, are both predicted and experimentally verified.
The human crystalline lens is a layered structure. Unique protein solution in each individual cell layer gives a different
refractive index value thus resulting in a gradient index (GRIN) lens. Crystalline lens GRIN not only provides extra
optical power for both relaxed and accommodated eyes, but presumably plays an important role in balancing/reducing
eye aberrations and maintaining image quality. In existing eye models, the crystalline lens is either treated as a
homogeneous lens or a GRIN lens but with two separate GRIN equations for anterior and posterior segment due to its
asymmetrical index distribution along the optical axis. In this study, a single continuous GRIN equation with optical
power variability is constructed. A dynamic eye model incorporating this equation for various accommodative states is
proposed and simulated in CODEV.
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