Jump to Content

Increase text size Decrease text size

SPIE DL Tab

Proceedings Tab

Journals Tab

SPIE Reviews Tab

EBooks Tab

SPIE Reviews banner

My Subscription | My Email Alerts | My Article Collections

GENERAL INFORMATION

BROWSE VOLUMES

Year Range:

2012

Volume 3

2011

Volume 2

2010

Volume 1

2011

Volume 2, Articles (02xxxx)

Search Volume | RSS Feeds

RSS
Previous Volume Next Volume

SECTION LISTING

Add

Add Items to Cart

View

View Items in Cart

SELECTED: Export Citations | Show Only | Show All | Show/HideHide Summaries | Add to MyArticles | Email

back to top

Review Papers

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Review and evaluation of remote sensing methods for soil-moisture estimation Amer Ahmad, Yun Zhang, and Sue Nichols SPIE Reviews 2, 028001 (Feb 28, 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3534910 Online Publication Date: Feb 28, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Soil-moisture information plays an important role in disaster predictions, environmental monitoring, and hydrological applications. A large number of research papers have introduced a variety of methods to retrieve soil-moisture information from different types of remote sensing data, such as optical data or radar data. We evaluate the most robust methods for retrieving soil-moisture information of bare soil and vegetation-covered soil. We begin with an introduction to the importance and challenges of soil-moisture information extraction and the development of soil-moisture retrieval methods. An overview of soil-moisture retrieval methods using different remote sensing data is presented—either active or passive or a combination of both active and passive remote sensing data. The results of the methods are compared, and the advantages and limitations of each method are summarized. The comparison shows that using a statistical method gives the best results among others in the group: a combination of both active and passive sensing methods, reaching a 1.83% gravimetric soil moisture (%GSM) root-mean-square error (RMSE) and a 96% correlation between the estimated and field soil measurements. In the group of active remote sensing methods, the best method is a backscatter empirical model, which gives a 2.32–1.81%GSM RMSE and a 95–97% correlation between the estimated and the field soil measurements. Finally, among the group of passive remote sensing methods, a neural networks method gives the most desirable results: a 0.0937%GSM RMSE and a 100% correlation between the estimated and field soil measurements. Overall, the newly developed neural networks method with passive remote sensing data achieves the best results among all the methods reviewed.

back to top

Review Papers from Other SPIE Journals

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook Nirmalya Ghosh and I. Alex Vitkin J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 110801 (14 November 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3652896 Online Publication Date: Nov 14, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Polarimetry has a long and successful history in various forms of clear media. Driven by their biomedical potential, the use of the polarimetric approaches for biological tissue assessment has also recently received considerable attention. Specifically, polarization can be used as an effective tool to discriminate against multiply scattered light (acting as a gating mechanism) in order to enhance contrast and to improve tissue imaging resolution. Moreover, the intrinsic tissue polarimetry characteristics contain a wealth of morphological and functional information of potential biomedical importance. However, in a complex random medium-like tissue, numerous complexities due to multiple scattering and simultaneous occurrences of many scattering and polarization events present formidable challenges both in terms of accurate measurements and in terms of analysis of the tissue polarimetry signal. In order to realize the potential of the polarimetric approaches for tissue imaging and characterization∕diagnosis, a number of researchers are thus pursuing innovative solutions to these challenges. In this review paper, we summarize these and other issues pertinent to the polarized light methodologies in tissues. Specifically, we discuss polarized light basics, Stokes–Muller formalism, methods of polarization measurements, polarized light modeling in turbid media, applications to tissue imaging, inverse analysis for polarimetric results quantification, applications to quantitative tissue assessment, etc.

back to top

Plenary Papers from SPIE Proceedings

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Microfabrication by optical tweezers R. Ghadiri, T. Weigel, C. Esen, and A. Ostendorf Proc. SPIE 7921, 792102 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.887264 Online Publication Date: Feb 21, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new method to fabricate microstructures built by polymer microparticles using a bottom-up technique is presented. The microstructures find broad application in micro-fluidics technology, photonics and tissue-engineering. The handling of the particles is realized by a holographic optical tweezers setup, ensuring the precise allocation of the particles to the desired structure. A biochemical technique ensures that the structure remains stable independent of the laser source. We show that with this method complex two-dimensional durable structures can be assembled and cannot be separated by optical forces. The structures are extendable during the entire fabrication process and can be linked to further particles and structures as desired.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Toy Story: what I have learned from playing with toys about the physics of living cells Robert H. Austin Proc. SPIE 7929, 792902 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.882723 Online Publication Date: Feb 10, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Yogi Berra once noted that "You can observe a lot just by watching." A similar remark can be made about toys: you can learn a lot of physics by playing with certain children's toys, and given that physics also applies to life, you could hope that it would also be possible to learn about the physics of living cells by close observation of toys, loosely defined. I'll start out with a couple of toys, rubber duckies and something called a soliton machine and discuss insights (or failures) in how "energy" moves in biological molecules. I'll bring back the rubber duckies and a toy suggested by one of the eccentrics known to roam the halls of academia to discuss how this lead to studies how cells move and collective aspects of cell movement. Then I'll talk about mazes and how they lead to experiments on evolution and cancer. Hopefully this broad range of toys will show how indeed "You can observe a lot just by watching" about some of the fundamental physics of living cells.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Lateral spread of MEMS WDM technologies Hiroshi Toshiyoshi Proc. SPIE 7930, 793003 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.882725 Online Publication Date: Feb 10, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical MEMS technologies originally developed for the WDM systems have found a wide range of lateral spreading applications. For instance, we have constructed a novel power-over-fiber type OCT endoscope by using two different wavelengths for powering an electrostatic MEMS scanner and for optical probing; this work is on the extension of a MEMS variable optical attenuator. Another example is a Fabry-Perot interferometer for wavelength filtering that has been redirected to a new use of a tunable color pixel developed in a plastic sheet of large area. We look into the diverging potential of MEMS in micro optics.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Photonic devices for next-generation broadband fiber access networks Leonid G. Kazovsky, She-Hwa Yen, and Shing-Wa Wong Proc. SPIE 7958, 795802 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.879495 Online Publication Date: Jan 24, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Next-generation optical access networks will deliver substantial benefits to consumers including a dedicated high-QoS access to bit rates of hundreds of Megabits per second. They must include the following features such as: reduced total cost of ownership, higher reliability, lower energy consumption, better flexibility and efficiency. This paper will describe recent progress and technology toward that goal using novel photonic devices

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Higher-order modulation formats for spectral-efficient high-speed metro systems R. Freund, M. Nölle, M. Seimetz, J. Hilt, J. Fischer, R. Ludwig, C. Schubert, H.-G. Bach, K.-O. Velthaus, and M. Schell Proc. SPIE 7959, 795902 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.881243 Online Publication Date: Jan 24, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Worldwide, higher-order modulation formats are intensively investigated to further increase the spectral efficiency for building the next generation of high-speed metro systems. IQ-modulators, coherent receivers and electronic equalizers are hereby discussed as key devices. We report on system design issues as well as on HHI's latest achievements in developing InP based high-speed modulators and coherent receiver frontends.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Advances in coherent detection algorithms Jens C. Rasmussen, Takeshi Hoshida, Takahito Tanimura, Hisao Nakashima, Shoichiro Oda, Zhenning Tao, and Lei Li Proc. SPIE 7960, 796002 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.881627 Online Publication Date: Jan 24, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Digital coherent receivers with data-rates of 100 Gbit/s based on dual-polarization quaternary phase shift keying (DPQPSK) have become a reality. One research trend is now directing towards even higher bit-rates of 400 Gbit/s and 1 Tbit/s. However, it is also very desirable to improve the performance of the current basic 100 Gbit/s DP-QPSK. Algorithms have a huge improvement potential and exemplary recent advances will be introduced in this paper.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		The upcoming revolution in ultrasonic guided waves Joseph L. Rose Proc. SPIE 7983, 798302 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.897025 Online Publication Date: Apr 15, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper will include discussions on fundamental principles and market forces associated with the upcoming revolution in ultrasonic guided waves. A literature survey is also outlined covering some selected major developments this past decade. A few applications in pipe, rail, bonding and composites, imaging and tomography, ultrasonic vibration, de-icing, structural health monitoring, gas entrapment, and non-linear methods are treated to provide an idea of where we are heading with ultrasonic guided waves.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Bionic lightweight design by laser additive manufacturing (LAM) for aircraft industry Claus Emmelmann, Maren Petersen, Jannis Kranz, and Eric Wycisk Proc. SPIE 8065, 80650L (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.898525 Online Publication Date: Apr 29, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Today many challenges lie ahead of the aircraft industry. The increasing competition and shortage of resources raise a challenge for future manufacturing technologies and lightweight design. A possibility to cope with these circumstances is the manufacturing technology of Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM). However there are still challenges to cope with due to the processes novelty, such as the development of further materials, especially lightweight alloys, and new design approaches. Therefore innovative approaches for material development and lightweight design were created in order to fully exploit the processes potentials. The material development process is based on an analytical calculation of temperature distribution versus effective process factors in order to identify acceptable operating conditions for the LAM process. A novel approach to extreme lightweight design was realized by incorporating structural optimization tools and bionic structures into one design process. By consequently following these design principles, designers can achieve lightweight savings in designing new aircraft structure and push lightweight design to new limits.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Energy saving through LED in signaling functions for automotive exterior lighting Alexis Bony, Khaled Hamami, Frank Tebbe, and Jens Mertens Proc. SPIE 8065, 806502 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.884472 Online Publication Date: Apr 20, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Safety considerations have always driven the way for improving exterior automotive lighting legal requirements. With the recent adoption of day-time running lamps for passenger cars, the steadily increasing need for reduction of vehicle power consumption has led to the introduction of LED-based day-time running lamps. Solutions with incandescent bulbs have also been implemented, as they present price advantages while offering limited design perspectives. In the meantime, technology developments has turned LED sources into ideal candidates for daytime running lamps by increasing their lumen per watt efficiency ratio towards values around 100 lm/W or higher. In this work, taking as an example the new Mercedes-Benz roadster SLK (R172), we present the first single LED daytime- running lamp, with a total power consumption below 5W per vehicle. After reviewing legal requirements, the optical and electronic concepts are discussed. Details on the tail lamp LED functions are also discussed, and particularly the advantages from the realization of fog lamp with LEDs.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS): adding functionality while maintaining reliability and economics Ward Bower Proc. SPIE 8112, 811202 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.915598 Online Publication Date: Sep 13, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An overview of the activities and progress made during the US DOE Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) solicitation, while maintaining reliability and economics is provided. The SEGIS R&D opened pathways for interconnecting PV systems to intelligent utility grids and micro-grids of the future. In addition to new capabilities are "value added" features. The new hardware designs resulted in smaller, less material-intensive products that are being viewed by utilities as enabling dispatchable generation and not just unpredictable negative loads. The technical solutions enable "advanced integrated system" concepts and "smart grid" processes to move forward in a faster and focused manner. The advanced integrated inverters/controllers can now incorporate energy management functionality, intelligent electrical grid support features and a multiplicity of communication technologies. Portals for energy flow and two-way communications have been implemented. SEGIS hardware was developed for the utility grid of today, which was designed for one-way power flow, for intermediate grid scenarios, AND for the grid of tomorrow, which will seamlessly accommodate managed two-way power flows as required by large-scale deployment of solar and other distributed generation. The SEGIS hardware and control developed for today meets existing standards and codes AND provides for future connections to a "smart grid" mode that enables utility control and optimized performance.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Is solid state lighting ready for the incandescent lamp phase-out? Nadarajah Narendran Proc. SPIE 8123, 812302 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.899262 Online Publication Date: Sep 22, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract To encourage energy-efficient light sources, many governments around the globe have introduced legislation to phase out the incandescent lamp for general illumination. The United States enacted the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 that introduced minimum efficiency standards for lighting that will eliminate some incandescent lamps in the range of 40 W to 100 W by 2014. This begs the question: Is solid-state lighting ready to handle the incandescent phaseout? There is no doubt today that LED technology has advanced to a stage where it can cater to many lighting applications, including A-lamp replacements up to 60 W. However, several challenges must still be addressed before white LED based A-lamp replacements are adopted broadly in the general lighting market. The LED lighting community is actively seeking answers to many of the technical and market challenges. This paper discusses the current state of LED lighting technology, where it is in terms of performance, the challenges to be overcome, and the considerations needed if LED lighting is to succeed in the market for incandescent replacement lamps.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		The history of telescopes and binoculars: an engineering perspective John E. Greivenkamp and David L. Steed Proc. SPIE 8129, 812902 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.904614 Online Publication Date: Sep 09, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The design of the refracting telescope advanced rapidly following its invention in 1608, reaching its modern configuration in about a century. Even though the development of binoculars began almost simultaneously, nearly three hundred years elapsed before practical prismatic binoculars became available. The impediments to practical binoculars were not only in optical design, but in mechanical design, manufacturing, and materials. This paper will document the history of telescopes and binoculars from an engineering perspective looking at the evolution of basic optical system layout as well as some of the mechanical issues faced. This development will be illuminated using examples from the Museum of Optics at the College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Biomedical spectral x-ray imaging: promises and challenges Steven M. Jorgensen, Diane R. Eaker, and Erik L. Ritman Proc. SPIE 8143, 814302 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.904615 Online Publication Date: Sep 14, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Imaging arrays with sub-millimeter detector pixels that count and allocate energy to each detected photon are now being introduced into biomedical computed tomography scanners. Consequently, bremsstrahlung x-ray can provide the advantages of simultaneous recording of multiple quasi-monochromatic x-ray images which can be used for identification of various materials within the image field. This capability increases the inherent contrast within biomedical CT images and also introduces the ability to use high atomic weight "foreign" elements (e.g., strontium) which are surrogates for "native" biological elements (e.g., calcium) to monitor tissue function (e.g., bone deposition). Challenges for this methodology include limited maximum fluence due to photon pile-up, charge-sharing between contiguous pixels and heterogeneous pixel characteristics due to manufacturing difficulties.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Large Binocular Telescope Adaptive Optics System: new achievements and perspectives in adaptive optics S. Esposito, A. Riccardi, E. Pinna, A. Puglisi, F. Quirós-Pacheco, C. Arcidiacono, M. Xompero, R. Briguglio, G. Agapito, L. Busoni, L. Fini, J. Argomedo, A. Gherardi, G. Brusa, D. Miller, et al. Proc. SPIE 8149, 814902 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.898641 Online Publication Date: Sep 16, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) is a unique telescope featuring two co-mounted optical trains with 8.4m primary mirrors. The telescope Adaptive Optics (AO) system uses two innovative key components, namely an adaptive secondary mirror with 672 actuators and a high-order pyramid wave-front sensor. During the on-sky commissioning such a system reached performances never achieved before on large ground-based optical telescopes. Images with 40mas resolution and Strehl Ratios higher than 80% have been acquired in H band (1.6 μm). Such images showed a contrast as high as 10^-4. Based on these results, we compare the performances offered by a Natural Guide Star (NGS) system upgraded with the state-of-the-art technology and those delivered by existing Laser Guide Star (LGS) systems. The comparison, in terms of sky coverage and performances, suggests rethinking the current role ascribed to NGS and LGS in the next generation of AO systems for the 8-10 meter class telescopes and Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs).

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Exploring the solar system: the view of planetary surfaces with VIS/IR remote sensing methods Gabriele E. Arnold Proc. SPIE 8154, 815402 (2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.897759 Online Publication Date: Sep 16, 2011 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The structure of planetary surfaces unveils basic formation processes and evolution lines of different objects in the solar system, and often the view on the top of a planet is the only available information about it. Advanced remote sensing technologies on deep space missions are aimed at accessing a maximum of relevant data to characterize a planetary object holistically. This approach requires concert strategies in planetary and engineering science. In this framework VIS/IR spectroscopic remote sensing methods are key technologies for imaging planetary atmospheres and surfaces, for studying their composition, texture, structure and dynamics. Basing on these analyses it succeeds to observe the single objects in more global geo-scientific content. The paper focuses on main geo-scientific output coming from spectroscopic studies of planetary surfaces in conjunction with their interiors, atmospheres, and the interplanetary space. It summarizes selected results of spectral studies onboard of the ESA deep space missions BepiColombo, Venus Express, Mars Express, and Rosetta. The corresponding spectral instruments are introduced. The complex conflation of special knowledge of the disciplines planetology, optical and IR measuring techniques, and space flight engineering is demonstrated in several examples. Finally, the paper gives an outlook of current developments for spectral studies in planned missions, and sums up some of the driving questions in planetary science.

back to top

Review Papers from Other SPIE Journals

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Technology review and assessment of nanoimprint lithography for semiconductor and patterned media manufacturing Matt Malloy and Lloyd C. Litt J. Micro/Nanolith. MEMS MOEMS 10, 032001 (3 October 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3642641 Online Publication Date: Oct 03, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The semiconductor and hard disk drive industries are investigating nanoimprint for future high volume manufacturing of memory devices and patterned media. Nanoimprint, a form of 1× contact lithography, is one of the few technologies capable of meeting the resolution requirements for next generation electronic and storage devices. Its ability to produce small features with low line width roughness and critical dimension uniformity has been demonstrated by multiple sources. Significant improvements in defectivity have been shown; overlay has improved to within a factor of 2 of that required by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors for 22 nm node flash memory devices; and next generation tools, templates, and processes are being commercialized and tested at end-user sites. Defectivity, throughput, and infrastructure remain as critical challenges, but each has experienced marked improvements in the past year. This technology review and assessment covers critical aspects of nanoimprint for both semiconductor and patterned media manufacturing. It focuses on jet and flash imprint lithography, the type of nanoimprint most often considered for these two applications. The requirements and current status of nanoimprint with respect to high volume manufacturing are presented, and critical aspects are discussed.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Optical properties of nanostructured materials: a review François Flory, Ludovic Escoubas, and Gérard Berginc J. Nanophoton. 5, 052502 (10 August 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3609266 Online Publication Date: Aug 10, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Depending on the size of the smallest feature, the interaction of light with structured materials can be very different. This fundamental problem is treated by different theories. If first order theories are sufficient to describe the scattering from low roughness surfaces, second order or even higher order theories must be used for high roughness surfaces. Random surface structures can then be designed to distribute the light in different propagation directions. For complex structures such as black silicon, which reflects very little light, the theory needs further development. When the material is periodically structured, we speak about photonic crystals or metamaterials. Different theoretical approaches have been developed and experimental techniques are rapidly progressing. However, some work still remains to understand the full potential of this field. When the material is structured in dimension much smaller than the wavelength, the notion of complex refractive index must be revisited. Plasmon resonance can be excited by a progressing wave on metallic nanoparticles inducing a shaping of the absorption band and of the dispersion of the extinction coefficient. This addresses the problem of the permittivity of such metallic nanoparticles. The coupling between several metallic nanoparticles induces a field enhancement in the surrounding media, which can increase phenomena like scattering, absorption, luminescence, or Raman scattering. For semiconductor nanoparticles, electron confinement also induces a modulated absorption spectra. The refractive index is then modified. The bandgap of the material is changed because of the discretization of the electron energy, which can be controlled by the nanometers size particles. Such quantum dots behave like atoms and become luminescent. The lifetime of the electron in the excited states are much larger than in continuous energy bands. Electrons in coupled quantum dots behave as they do in molecules. Many applications should be forthcoming in the near future in this field of research.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Laser-induced regeneration of cartilage Emil Sobol, Anatoly Shekhter, Anna Guller, Olga Baum, and Andrey Baskov J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 080902 (9 August 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3614565 Online Publication Date: Aug 09, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Laser radiation provides a means to control the fields of temperature and thermo mechanical stress, mass transfer, and modification of fine structure of the cartilage matrix. The aim of this outlook paper is to review physical and biological aspects of laser-induced regeneration of cartilage and to discuss the possibilities and prospects of its clinical applications. The problems and the pathways of tissue regeneration, the types and features of cartilage will be introduced first. Then we will review various actual and prospective approaches for cartilage repair; consider possible mechanisms of laser-induced regeneration. Finally, we present the results in laser regeneration of joints and spine disks cartilages and discuss some future applications of lasers in regenerative medicine.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Microfluidic sensing: state of the art fabrication and detection techniques Jing Wu and Min Gu J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 080901 (4 August 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3607430 Online Publication Date: Aug 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Here we introduce the existing fabrication techniques, detection methods, and related techniques for microfluidic sensing, with an emphasis on the detection techniques. A general survey and comparison of the fabrication techniques were given, including prototyping (hot embossing, inject molding, and soft lithography) and direct fabrication (laser micromachining, photolithography, lithography, and x-ray lithography) techniques. This is followed by an in-depth look at detection techniques: optical, electrochemical, mass spectrometry, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based sensing approaches and related techniques. In the end, we highlight several of the most important issues for future work on microfluidic sensing. This article aims at providing a tutorial review with both introductory materials and inspiring information on microfluidic fabrication and sensing for nonspecialists.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Review of current aided∕automatic target acquisition technology for military target acquisition tasks James A. Ratches Opt. Eng. 50, 072001 (6 July 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3601879 Online Publication Date: Jul 06, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Aided and automatic target recognition (Ai∕ATR) capability is a critical technology needed by the military services for modern combat. However, the current level of performance that is available is largely deficient compared to the requirements. This is largely due to the difficulty of acquiring targets in realistic environments but has also been due to the difficulty in getting new concepts from, for example, the academic community, due to limitations for distribution of classified data. The difficulty of the performance required has limited the fulfillment of the promise that is so anticipated by the war fighter. We review the metrics, imagery data bases, and sensors associated with Ai∕ATR performance and suggest possible technical approaches that could enable new advancements in military-relevant performance.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Compressed sensing for practical optical imaging systems: a tutorial Rebecca M. Willett, Roummel F. Marcia, and Jonathan M. Nichols Opt. Eng. 50, 072601 (6 July 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3596602 Online Publication Date: Jul 06, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The emerging field of compressed sensing has potentially powerful implications for the design of optical imaging devices. In particular, compressed sensing theory suggests that one can recover a scene at a higher resolution than is dictated by the pitch of the focal plane array. This rather remarkable result comes with some important caveats however, especially when practical issues associated with physical implementation are taken into account. This tutorial discusses compressed sensing in the context of optical imaging devices, emphasizing the practical hurdles related to building such devices, and offering suggestions for overcoming these hurdles. Examples and analysis specifically related to infrared imaging highlight the challenges associated with large format focal plane arrays and how these challenges can be mitigated using compressed sensing ideas.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Tutorial: Linear surface conductivity of an achiral single-wall carbon nanotube Andrei M. Nemilentsau J. Nanophoton. 5, 050401 (6 April 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3574402 Online Publication Date: Apr 06, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Theoretical consideration of electromagnetic scattering by single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and SWNT arrays requires knowledge of the linear surface conductivity of an SWNT. An expression for the surface conductivity of an infinitely long SWNT was derived by Slepyan et al. [Phys. Rev. B 60, 17136–17149 (1999)]. The twin purposes of this tutorial are to succinctly discuss the derivation using the density matrix formalism and to provide ready-to-use expressions.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Thin-film growth dynamics with shadowing and re-emission effects Tansel Karabacak J. Nanophoton. 5, 052501 (4 March 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3543822 Online Publication Date: Mar 04, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Growth dynamics of thin-films involves both shadowing and re-emission effects. Shadowing can originate from obliquely incident atoms being preferentially deposited on hills of the surface, which leads to a long range geometrical effect, as well as from an atomic shadowing process that can occur even during normal angle deposition. Re-emission effect is a result of nonsticking atoms, which can bounce off from hills and deposit on valleys of the surface. In the case of an energetic incident flux, re-emission can also originate from a resputtering process that includes a surface atom being knocked off by an incident ion∕atom followed by redeposition to another surface point. Due to their long-range nonlocal nature, both the shadowing effect (which tries to roughen the surface) and re-emission effect (which has a smoothening effect) have been shown to be more dominant over local effects such as surface diffusion, and have been proven to be critical processes in accurately determining the dynamic evolution of surface roughness. Recent Monte Carlo simulation methods that involve shadowing, re-emission, surface diffusion, and noise effects successfully predicted many experimentally relevant surface roughness evolution results reported in the literature. For example, root-mean-square surface roughness (ω) of Monte Carlo simulated thin-films have evolved with time t according to a power law behavior ω ∼ t^β, with β values ranging from about 0 to 1 for a growth with strong re-emission effects (i.e., low sticking coefficients) and a growth with dominant shadowing effects (i.e., with high sticking coefficients), respectively. Potential future thin-film growth modeling studies are also discussed. These include advanced simulation approaches that can incorporate atomistic details of physical and chemical processes and a recently developed network growth model that can potentially capture some universal aspects of thin-film growth dynamics independent of the details of growth process.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Terahertz sources Pavel Shumyatsky and Robert R. Alfano J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 033001 (22 March 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3554742 Online Publication Date: Mar 22, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We present an overview and history of terahertz (THz) sources for readers of the biomedical and optical community for applications in physics, biology, chemistry, medicine, imaging, and spectroscopy. THz low-frequency vibrational modes are involved in many biological, chemical, and solid state physical processes.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Optical coherence elastography: current status and future applications Cuiru Sun, Beau Standish, and Victor X. D. Yang J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 043001 (1 April 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3560294 Online Publication Date: Apr 01, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has several advantages over other imaging modalities, such as angiography and ultrasound, due to its inherently high in vivo resolution, which allows for the identification of morphological tissue structures. Optical coherence elastography (OCE) benefits from the superior spatial resolution of OCT and has promising applications, including cancer diagnosis and the detailed characterization of arterial wall biomechanics, both of which are based on the elastic properties of the tissue under investigation. We present OCE principles based on techniques associated with static and dynamic tissue excitation, and their corresponding elastogram image-reconstruction algorithms are reviewed. OCE techniques, including the development of intravascular- or catheter-based OCE, are in their early stages of development but show great promise for surgical oncology or intravascular cardiology applications.

Select this Article OPEN ACCESS		Organic light-emitting-diode lighting overview Yuan-Sheng Tyan J. Photon. Energy. 1, 011009 (20 January 2011); http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3529412 Online Publication Date: Jan 20, 2011 Full Text: Read Online (HTML) \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract For organic light-emitting-diode (OLED) lighting to be successful, it is critical that it be properly positioned in the marketplace. It is also critical that both the performance and cost be competitive against other lighting technologies in the selected marketplace. This presentation gives an overview of OLED lighting technology from these perspectives. It shows that OLED lighting products should be positioned as luminaires and not light bulbs, which affects both the performance and price expectations. Laboratory OLED devices already demonstrated efficacies that are more than competitive against luminaires based on other lighting technologies. There is potential for substantial further improvement in efficacy. The greatest opportunities come from light-extraction efficiency improvements and from an improved blue emitting system. There has been great recent progress in the OLED device lifetime. To be acceptable as luminaires, however, OLED may need even more lifetime improvements. Not all the improvements need to come from OLED technology improvement, however. We discuss other means to effectively improve the lifetime of OLED lighting panels and show why there is optimism that, with volume production, OLED lighting can be competitive against other luminaires even on the first-cost basis.

View presentations in solar, OLEDs, and more

Field Guide to Geometrical Optics

Join SPIE