This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 13444, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee information.

The torque regulation characteristic is one of the key performance indicators of PMGS. Optimizing these characteristics is crucial for improving the overall performance of the permanent magnet governor. To address the problem of limited speed regulation range at high load in traditional cylindrical governors, a toothed deformable conductor cylindrical permanent magnet governor was designed. The output torque and eddy current distribution of the toothed conductor were simulated in detail using the ANSYS Maxwell software. The simulation results show that, under the condition of full coupling and low slip, the output torque of the permanent magnet governor with toothed deformable conductivity is slightly lower than that of the traditional model, but the speed regulation range is significantly expanded, and the speed response is more uniform. This indicates that the toothed deformation of the electrical conductivity can effectively expand the speed control range and improve the speed control performance, providing powerful technical support for the development of permanent magnet governors.

A machine learning approach to chip package signal integrity analysis is proposed. Combining the active learning model and the migrate learning model, the paper improves the performance of the simulation algorithm by fine-tuning the pretraining model, analyzes the convergent speed of the different scale models and the epoch needed before and after the freezing of the different learning rates, it is concluded that the convergence rate is the fastest when the labeled data is 80%, and the period of the unfrozen model is shorter than that of the frozen model.

Aiming at the problems of complex data and difficult health status assessment of ship power plant, this paper summarizes the research status at home and abroad, and analyzes the current equipment health status assessment methods, including physical model-based methods, knowledge-based methods and data-driven methods. Through the research, it is found that in the process of equipment health status assessment, three steps can be followed. First, the classification of dynamic system conditions based on unsupervised learning algorithm; The second is the regression analysis of the operating state based on the operating data of the dynamic system. Third, the research of power system health assessment based on differential analysis modeling can provide theoretical support for equipment health state assessment.

The jet fire phenomenon caused by thermal runaway (TR) in electric vehicle (EV) battery packs is a key factor affecting people’s trust in EV safety. This phenomenon has already affected the development of EVs. The gas vent of EV battery packs, which serves as the main fuel for jet fire, has a considerable influence on it. The gas vent process directly affects the overall safety performance of the vehicle. Therefore, it makes sense to study the vertical arrangement of the exhaust valve position. In this study, the effect of Vertical position of EV on TR induced jet fire in an electric vehicle battery pack is investigated using numerical analysis. Results indicate that placing the exhaust valve in a high position reduces the interaction between the gas vent and the ground, resulting in a decrease in the spread distance and speed of jet fire; high-placed exhaust valves result in a decrease of 2 m in maximum flame length compared with low-placed exhaust; when reaching its peak for the first time, the high-positioned exhaust valve experiences delays of 1.23s and 1.62 s compared with when it is centrally or low positioned, respectively.

The Taylor Coulter flow model is an ideal model for conducting experiments, with a simple geometric structure and rich and diverse flow state changes. The study of Taylor Coulter flow has been ongoing for a hundred years and has been enduring. Its research not only has great theoretical value but also has great application space, such as the optimization of liquid floating rotor microreactors, bioreactors, and anticoagulant reactors. At present, research on Taylor Coulter flow mostly focuses on uniform rotation conditions, and there is a lack of research on non-contact rotation situations. This article provides a detailed introduction to the development process, relevant theories, and measurement methods of Taylor Coulter flow (T-C flow). A non-contact T-C flow experimental setup was built to meet the experimental requirements, and the non-contact measurement characteristics of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and T-C flow experimental setup were utilized to clearly observe the development process of Taylor vortices. The experimental results show that by using PIV technology to observe the morphological changes of vortices under non-uniform rotation conditions, it was found that during the acceleration process, a small depression was generated near the inner cylinder wall of each vortex in the annular gap. The depression gradually increased with the rotation of the vortex center, and a half heart-shaped notch was generated on one side of the vortex. The duration of the notch was very short, and then the tail tip of the notch would combine with the head of the notch, restoring it to a complete vortex. The T-C flow device built can well reproduce the flow characteristics of each stage of the T-C flow, and the experimental phenomena are clear, which can meet the requirements of subsequent experiments. This work is beneficial for further optimizing the design of T-C flow observation devices.

Non-contact temperature measurement is an optical analysis based on the infrared radiation intensity signal emitted by the measured object. To address the issue of transmittance differences caused by varying incident angles of light in different wavelength bands through the filter, a light path system combining off-axis mirrors and modified compound parabolic concentrators (CPC) has been designed. This system allows the incident light to pass parallel through the filter, then directs it into the rear-end CPC and collects it as an optical signal by the detector. This method significantly improves the utilization efficiency of different filters for specified wavelength light while avoiding adverse effects caused by other light entering, providing a solution for optical path design and signal collection in non-contact temperature measurement.

With increasing power density of electronic devices, the heat dissipation is becoming a non-negligible issue. Thermal management is critical for improving the electric properties and reliability of power module. Compared to the traditional single-sided cooling structure, double-sided cooling module has multiple cooling paths and lower parasitic inductance, which effectively promotes the thermal reliability of power module. In this article, a double-sided cooling SiC power module with low parasitic parameter of 2.4 nH was designed and the differences in the thermal performance and von mises stress of power modules by different buffering materials were investigated. The power module using copper buffering has the lowest junction temperature (Tj) of 110°C as copper possesses the highest conductivity among the three different bufferings. However, the Mo₇₀Cu₃₀ and Cu-Epoxy array buffering modules have a lower thermal stress even with higher Tj (~5%). Meanwhile, the highest thermal stresses in different bonding layers of Cu-Epoxy array buffering module are all nearly one half of the Cu buffering module’s stress. This is because the epoxy resin is able to absorb and relieve the thermal stress resulted from the mismatch coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of packaging materials.

To address the issue of damaged accuracy and robustness in Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms caused by moving objects in the scene, a visual SLAM algorithm based on lightweight object detection and point-line fusion is proposed. Firstly, the ORB-SLAM3 is enhanced by integrating the Line Segment Detector (LSD) algorithm for feature line detection and the Line Band Descriptor (LBD) algorithm for feature line description, allowing for the simultaneous extraction and fusion of feature points and lines. Then, the lightweight YOLOv8n-seg model is employed to detect dynamic objects in the environment and obtain their bounding boxes. The dynamic feature points and lines detected by YOLOv8n-seg are removed from the improved ORB-SLAM3's feature set, and the remaining static feature points and lines are used for weighted pose estimation. Finally, a dense point cloud map of the static environment is constructed. Experimental results show that compared to ORB-SLAM3 and YOLO-ORB-SLAM3, the proposed algorithm reduces the RMSE in ATE by 63.71% and 24.19%, respectively, in dynamic scenes, effectively improving the accuracy of SLAM algorithms in dynamic scenarios. This has significant implications for enhancing the navigation and environmental perception capabilities of autonomous robots and equipment in industrial automation systems, providing more accurate and robust solutions for the advancement of intelligence and automation in manufacturing processes.

With the popularity of 3D scanning and measuring techniques, the advanced jewelry manufacturing enterprises tend to machine directly on the raw blanks that contain varying degrees of shape errors, which necessitates an effective mapping method to transform the 2D paths onto the 3D-scanned mesh surface. To address the issue, this paper put forward a novel boundary-first mapping method for jewelry computer numerical control (CNC) machining toolpath generation. The proposed method first implements the conform mapping via the Boundary First Flattening (BFF) algorithm, and then flattens the mesh surface onto a fixed 2D region for design. At last, the 3D toolpaths are derived by inversely mapping the designed 2D paths. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations results, indicating that the generated 3D toolpaths retain satisfactory shapes which are in good alignment with those in the 2D design region, remaining largely unaffected by surface shape deformations.

At present, the better the linear variable optical filter (LVOF) performance, the more difficult its fabrication. In order to address this issue, this study designs a LVOF targeting the solar-blind ultraviolet wavelength region (200–300nm), visible light region (510–700nm), and near-infrared region (800–1050nm) by utilizing the Fabry-Perot resonator principle and the optical transfer matrix method. In the visible spectrum range, the working wavelength band of this filter is 510–700nm, with a peak transmittance exceeding 61%. The ratio of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) to the peak wavelength is 5%, and the linear dispersion coefficient reaches 8.37nm/mm. By combining the visible spectrum linear variable optical filter with a band-pass filter and linear array charge coupled device (CCD), a spectral analysis system is constructed to measure the emission spectrum of the fluorescent glass. The experimental results demonstrate the advantages of our technology in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Optical sensor is a kind of sensor based on optical principle, which has the advantages of high precision, non-contact, high sensitivity, no electromagnetic interference, high reliability, multi-functionality and so on. They can be applied to scientific research, industrial manufacturing, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and other fields to achieve high precision measurement and detection of temperature, pressure, flow, displacement, deformation and other physical quantities. They have a wide range of applications in nanophotonics because they can manipulate light fields at the microscopic scale and have the ability to be highly localized and enhance induction. These properties make Surface Plasmon an important component in the development of new optoelectronic devices, sensors and optical storage devices. In this paper, a nanosensor structure consisting of a double rectangular MIM waveguide and a ring cavity is proposed. The sensor characteristics are simulated and analyzed by finite element method. In addition, we continue to optimize the sensing performance of the structure. The maximum sensitivity was 2580nm/RIU and the dominant value was 58. This structure has a good application prospect in temperature detection sensor.

In order to study the damage ability of the fragments behind the target to the key components of a typical tank, the numerical simulation method was used to simulate the penetration process of diamond fragments with different mass into the equivalent targets of different key components, and the variation law of kinetic energy and velocity during the penetration process of the fragments behind the target into the target plate was obtained, and the ultimate penetration velocity of diamond fragments with mass of 0.3~2.5g and equivalent target thickness of 4~7mm was obtained. The results show that with the increase of diamond fragments' mass, the ultimate penetration speed of fragments to the equivalent target of key components decreases, and the ballistic limit values of v50 and v90 under different working conditions are obtained, and the ballistic limit standard deviation σ is calculated, and the v0 and v100 at both ends of the ballistic limit distribution range are deduced, which provides a basis for the research on the damage effect of key components of tanks after fragments penetrate the target.

In order to study the damage characteristics of typical armored vehicle fuel tank under shock wave load, the shock wave damage process of typical armored vehicle fuel tank is simulated by using finite element software LS-DYNA. In order to obtain the influence law of explosion conditions on the damage of oil tank shock wave, eight simulation conditions were set up, and the influence of charge and explosion distance on the damage effect was analyzed. The results show that when the explosive charge explodes on the side of the fuel tank, the deformation and tearing of the fuel tank occur at the horizontal position corresponding to the explosion center, and the damage degree of the shock wave to the fuel tank varies with the explosive charge and distance. The relationship between the deformation of fuel tank and the peak value of shock wave overpressure is obtained, the structural physical damage criterion of fuel tank is given, and the mapping relationship from physical damage to functional damage of fuel tank is obtained. Based on the damage mechanism of shock wave overpressure to fuel tank, the functional damage probability curve of fuel tank is obtained.

Polymer capacitors are widely used in the field of electrical engineering, but their improved conductivity in high-temperature environments leads to significant energy loss and a sharp decline in energy storage performance. To address this issue, this article explores the methods and mechanisms for improving high-temperature energy loss in polymer composites based on interface band structures. By adjusting the band structure, the interface barrier height and charge distribution between the electrode and polymer film is revealed. Based on the performance testing results, the high-temperature energy loss suppression method for composite is proposed and its suppression mechanism is elucidated, providing experimental and theoretical basis for the dielectric with excellent performance.

This work used resistance spot welding method to weld cold-rolled martensitic steel for 1300MPa level carriage structure. Conducted welding current window, microstructure, microhardness, tensile test, and spot welding consistency test.Within the standard parameters of SEP 1220-2, the weldability current of 1.2mm SCR1300 is 6.0kA-7.8kA, the welding current window is 1.8kA, and it has good adaptability to resistance spot welding. The shear force of welded joint is 24773N, the structure of nugget zone is lath martensite. The hardness in the critical zone and the supercritical zone is softened. After 50 times of welding point consistency tests, the diameter of nugget still reaches the standard of d ≥4.38mm.

Intelligent manufacturing processes are increasingly using vapor chambers(VCs). VCs has a high heat transfer rate. Numerical simulation is used to explore the structural design for shortening the length of the condenser and improving the performance of the VCs. The condenser of VCs at this stage is long and not suitable for smart manufacturing design. Reveal the phase transition inside the VCs by COMSOL-2D. Optimization of the structural design to shorten the length of condenser. Hollow fin structure VCs in condenser section shortens the condenser section and improves the heat exchange efficiency. The results show that: (1) The heat dissipation performance of the VCs has been improved, while the length of the condenser has been reduced to 30% of the overall length. (2) After the orthogonal experiment simulation, the importance of the influence of each factor on the heat dissipation capacity of VCs was as follows: number of hollow number of fins is more important than fin length, fin length is more important than fin width, fin width is more important than the horizontal angle of the fin. Special-shaped VCs structure has certain engineering design value and provides new ideas for the heat dissipation method of high-power intelligent devices.

In the automotive, joining aluminum alloys and high-strength steel is crucial for vehicle lightweighting. Traditional welding methods struggle with joint embrittlement and weld nugget morphology control in steel-aluminum connections, limiting their use in automotive manufacturing. This study aims to optimize the resistance spot welding of 5182 and DP780 by novel welding electrodes and parameters. A double helix raised electrode is employed to improve heat distribution. The effects of welding current, electrode pressure, and welding time on joint morphology and properties are systematically analyzed. Enhancing production efficiency and quality in intelligent welding lines helps reduce costs and increase efficiency. The research found that using a welding current of 12 kA for 500 ms, and applying the pressure of 4.0 kN resulted in a maximum joint load of 4544 N.

CFRP stacks combined with aluminum alloys are commonly used in vehicles because they offer a great balance of high mechanical properties and low weight. Ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) is a new process designed to enhance hole quality in conventional drilling (CD). In this paper, the effect of UAD process on CFRP/Al stacks compared with CD process was investigated using comparative experimental. The experimental findings indicated that UAD greatly lowers the cutting forces for CFRP/Al, achieving maximum reductions of 22.4% for the CFRP layer and 17.1% for the aluminum layer. And UAD reduced the cutting temperature at the stack entrance and interface by 15.7% and 20.8%, respectively. Meanwhile UAD effectively prevented delamination and enhanced the quality of the processed CFRP layer's surface. The findings in this study suggest that the UAD process is suitable for low-damage processing of CFRP/Al stacks.

Due to reactors are usually installed outdoors, which are greatly affected by external factors, the requirements for their seismic resistance must be ensured according to Seismic Code Standards. The dynamic response of the reactor under seismic action is complex, but the existing seismic analysis methods are often unable to fully consider the complex structural characteristics of the reactor. In order to overcome this defect, this paper firstly established a finite element analysis model, which is based on the structural characteristics of single-phase dry series hollow reactor (CKDK). The response of the reactor under the load spectrum of 8 level earthquake has been calculated, the modal analysis of the seismic response curve has been obtained, also the response spectrum seismic analysis has been carried. The maximum equivalent stress of the CKDK under seismic load spectrum of 8 level is 98.48 MPa in the planetary shelf with a minimum safety factor of 3.3, the seismic reliability of the reactor model can meet the requirement of a minimum safety factor of 1.67. This method not only takes into account the complexity of the CKDK structure, but also improves the accuracy of the calculation results. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental test results, which can provide a reference for the evaluation of the seismic performance of dry hollow reactors.

Existing methods in electronic product debugging processes often suffer from low standardization and design efficiency. To address these shortcomings, our proposed method combines ontology technology and semantic reasoning technology. By constructing a standardized electronic product debugging process ontology model and utilizing SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules, we enhance reasoning capabilities and facilitate knowledge reuse. The integration of the Drools inference engine further improves the efficiency of the debugging process design. The research results demonstrate a significant improvement in the efficiency of debugging process design and a reduction in manual input. Through the utilization of the proposed method, the inference outcomes are generated efficiently, enabling the reuse of process knowledge. This study highlights the importance of ontology modeling and SWRL rules in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of electronic product debugging processes.

An ontology-based automatic two-dimensional surface topography specification (TSTS) generation method was proposed to solve the problem of different designers’ different TSTS generation results and semantic interoperability during the process. According to the existing category model representing two-dimensional (2D) surface topography knowledge and the EXPRESS-language model representing Computer Aided Design (CAD) system extraction information, a knowledge representation model is constructed consisting of part surface layer, extraction information layer, TSTS information layer, and part information mapping layer. The part surface layer, extraction information layer, and 2D surface morphology feature information layer are constructed as meta-ontology using Web Ontology Language to reuse or inherit 2D surface morphology knowledge in specific fields. The part information mapping layer is represented by Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). Then, the meta-ontology and knowledge based on the SWRL representation are mapped to Java expert systems shell (JESS) facts and JESS rules, and the JESS inference machine is used to generate the TSTS.

With the advancement of equipment and technology in tobacco enterprises, the construction of warehouse and distribution centers has become a primary focus on utilizing advanced equipment to enhance automation logistics systems and material handling speed and efficiency. This includes the implementation of a large flow annular track in a multi shuttle vehicle handling system, as well as the development of a management system for multi ring rail to establish efficient scheduling principles. Additionally, there is an emphasis on developing a vehicle control system that utilizes precise laser measuring technology for shuttle walking position control, along with designing ground power supply control and communication systems based on specific requirements.

A multi-electrode machining method guaranteed by a multivariate adaptive control system was developed to improving stability, efficiency, and reducing work-piece surface burning in electrical discharge machining (EDM) deep holes of titanium alloys. It was found that as current increased exceeding the current-carrying capacity of an electrode , machining state deteriorated quickly to halt the machining. In this case, it was proposed to increase the number of electrodes to enlarge bearing capacity of current so as to using a large current for high machining efficiency. Meanwhile, a multivariate adaptive control system was applied to keep processes fast and stable of machining titanium alloys. Experimental results demonstrated that the multi-electrode driven by the adaptive control system was very effective for machining titanium alloy. When 7 graphite electrodes were used to process titanium alloy with a thickness of 40mm at the same time, the single-hole machining time was 1.27h, and the electrode loss was only 17.81%.

Because of its compact structure, it is difficult to design an effective shock absorption system in the traditional unicycle self-balancing car. To solve this problem, an integrated In-wheel suspension structure suitable for unicycle self-balancing car is proposed in this paper. By constructing the mathematical model of the damping system and using Simulink to construct the corresponding physical model, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the suspension structure are evaluated. The results show that compared with the ordinary wheel with external suspension, the integrated In-wheel suspension structure not only achieves the equivalent shock absorption effect, but also shows better performance at the resonance frequency.

Molten salt electrolysis is currently a commonly used method for the preparation of rare earth metals, and in order to improve the electrolysis efficiency and product purity, automated equipment is gradually replacing manual operation. The molten salt electrolysis process requires strict control of the temperature in the electrolysis tank, so it is necessary to control the quality of each rare earth oxide discharging. However , the vibration and noise interference during the operation of the equipment leads to dynamic weighing errors. To improve the dynamic weighing accuracy, Kalman filtering and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) were combined with Back propagation Neural Network (BP) to obtain the dynamic weighing data of six working conditions by the rare earth oxide automatic discharging equipment. The Kalman-PSO-BP model was constructed and trained by Matlab, and simulations showed that the model error was reduced by 55.9%, 52.6%, 47.2%, 52.9%, 53.7%, and 53.2% compared to the original error.

Aiming at the existing picking manipulator's fingers are primarily integrated with rigid materials, which have the problem of poor flexibility and self-adaptability, this study designs a multi-chamber soft picking manipulator for tomato picking. The structural model of the soft body picking manipulator is established, and the mathematical model of the single chamber is constructed using the strain energy density function, the principle of virtual work and the volume solution method, otherwise, it is concluded that the pressure in the finger chamber is positively correlated with the bending angle in the material’s limit range. Yeoh’s third order and control variable method are used in workbench finite element simulation to simulate and analyze the finger’s structure model. The simulation results demonstrate the ideal combinations of parameters for the finger: 6 chambers, the chamber spacing is 6mm and the chamber wall thickness is 3mm; The fingers intracavity pressure can pick tomatoes when the minimum pressure is 0.03MPa, and it can pick fruits similar to the shape of the tomato. Additionally the soft picking robot model has some degree of universality, providing new models and parameters for fruit and vegetable picking robots.

With the development of optoelectronic information technology, more and more wellsites are using infrared spectroscopy to detect gases in drilling fluids, transforming towards equipment automation and oilfield digitization. However, the unavoidable noise will affect the quality of the spectral data of the detected gas, which will interfere with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the gas. In view of the fact that a single denoising method can not achieve better denoising accuracy and denoising effect, a hybrid denoising method based on median filtering and improved wavelet threshold denoising is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the denoising ability of different denoising transmitters is preliminarily verified by artificially adding noise to the simulated data. The results show that the hybrid denoising method proposed in this paper is the best, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 8.9183 and the root mean square error (RMSE) is 8.9183. Then, using the measured data of methane, different filtering methods combined with PLS quantitative analysis model are used to predict the high, medium and low concentration of methane. The results show that the denoising effect of the proposed method is better than that of other denoising methods at different concentrations. The predicted results R-Squared (R²) of high concentration, medium concentration and low concentration were 0.9455, 0.9946 and 0.9939 respectively. It improves the quality of spectral data, which can further enhance the robustness of the automated system and is important for improving the efficiency of intelligent decision-making.

The traditional logging FID technology, which achieves a 30 second cycle detection of methane to pentane can no longer fully meet the identification and discovery of thin layers, fractures, etc. under fast drilling conditions. We have conducted research on intelligent optical spectroscopy logging technology, developed a mixed gas quantification algorithm based on calibration curves, proposed net spectrum extraction technology and nonlinear spectrum reconstruction technology, successfully solved two problems including absorption spectrum cross interference and nonlinearity, and achieved overlapping peak decomposition and accurate quantification. It can detect methane, ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-pentane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide with a minimum detection of 0.0010%. The detection cycle for methane to pentane is only 10 seconds, making it more suitable for oil and gas identification under rapid drilling conditions.