Thermal radiation prompted the birth of quantum mechanics, and yet engineering thermal radiation has mostly remained in the classical realm. Quantum description of thermal light sources requires non-Hermitian description. Here, we develop a non-Hermitian description of nanoscale thermal emitters and demonstrate them using hybrid plasmonic and photonic metasurfaces. Our work shows that phase, symmetry, and topology, the new design tools offered by the quantum treatment relax the trade-offs between various performance parameters. We show selective thermal emitters with an emitter efficiency >80%. Such extreme-engineered nanophotonic devices alone enable applications such as flexible thermophotovoltaic energy conversion and we demonstrate it.
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