This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10019, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

Silicon nitride is a promising wave-guiding material for integrated photonics applications with a wide transparency bandwidth from visible to mid-infrared, with a superior performance in fiber-coupling and propagation losses, more tolerant fabrication process to the structure parameters variation and compatible with the CMOS technology. Directional coupler (DC) is very popular for realizing beam splitter because of its structural simplicity and no excess loss intrinsically. Here, a conventional silicon nitride directional coupler, three-dimensional vertical coupler, and grating waveguide assisted coupler are designed and fabricated, and compared with each other. A grating waveguide based coupler with a period of 300 nm and coupling length of 26 um, can realize a wideband 3-dB splitter for the wavelength in the range from 1540 to 1620 nm, for a transverse electric (TE) polarized wave. With further optimization of the grating period and duty cycle, the device performance can be further improved with a wider bandwidth.

High power tapered lasers with nearly diffraction-limited beam quality have attracted much attention in numerous applications such as nonlinear frequency conversion, optical pumping of solid-state and fiber lasers, medical treatment and others. However, the large vertical divergence of conventional tapered lasers is a disadvantage, which makes beam shaping difficult and expensive in applications. Diode lasers with photonic crystal structure can achieve a large mode size and a narrow vertical divergence. In this paper, we present tapered lasers with photonic crystal structure emitting at 980 nm. The epitaxial layer is grown using metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The device has a total cavity length of 2 mm, which consists of a 400-um long ridge-waveguide section and a 1600-um long tapered section. The taper angle is 4°. An output power of 3.3 W is achieved with a peak conversion efficiency of 35% in pulsed mode. The threshold current is 240 mA and the slope efficiency is 0.78 W/A. In continuous wave mode, the output power is 2.87 W, which is limited by a suddenly failure resulting from catastrophic optical mirror damage. The far field divergences with full width at half maximum are 12.3° in the vertical direction and 2.9° in the lateral direction at 0.5 A. At high injection level the vertical divergence doesn’t exceed 16°. Beam quality factor M² is measured based on second moment definition in CW mode. High beam quality is demonstrated by M² value of less than 2 in both vertical and lateral directions.

The filtering characteristic of double-waveguide parallel-coupled microring resonators is theoretically investigated in this paper. Transfer matrix of the structure consisting of arbitrary number of rings is deduced. Number of very narrow symmetrical transparent channels within each stop-band can increase to any integer by extending rings of the structure, and any one or more channels can be continuously tuned and switched on/off selectively by adjusting the additional phase shift between adjacent rings. The structure is compact, reliable, flexible and tunable, and has potential vital applications for optical switches in dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) systems.

Much attention has been attracted by applications of memristor in data storage, unconventional computing and logic circuit since 2008, but very few have been focused on applications in optical switches and optical modulators. Here, by combining a silicon waveguide with a memristor of Ag/a-Si/p-Si structure, a novel optical switch (OS) for use at 1.55μm has been set up. The device consists of a bottom p-Si waveguide, an upper a-Si layer and a top Ag electrode, i.e. a sandwich structure named as Ag/a-Si/p-Si. The light transmitting through the silicon waveguide can be modulated by changing optical parameters of a-Si dielectric layer in which the formation and annihilation of Ag filament can be adjusted by an alternately electrical field between Ag and p-Si electrodes. The distribution of optical power dependence on the thicknesses of a-Si layer and Ag layer as well as the geometric size of waveguide have been studied by numerical analysis. Finally, based on Ag/a-Si/p-Si sandwich structure and the simulated results, we have proposed a new and improved OS.

High efficiency 980 nm longitudinal photonic band crystal (PBC) edge emitting laser diodes are designed and fabricated. The calculated results show that eight periods of Al_0.1Ga_0.9As and Al_0.25Ga_0.75As layer pairs can reduce the vertical far field divergence to 10.6° full width at half maximum (FWHM). The broad area (BA) lasers show a very high internal quantum efficiency ηi of 98% and low internal loss αi of 1.92 cm-1. Ridge waveguide (RW) lasers with 3 mm cavity length and 5um strip width provide 430 mW stable single transverse mode output at 500 mA injection current with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 47% under continuous wave (CW) mode. A maximum PCE of 50% is obtained at the 300 mA injection current. A very low vertical far field divergence of 9.4° is obtained at 100 mA injection. At 500 mA injection, the vertical far field divergence increases to 11°, the beam quality factors M² values are 1.707 in vertical direction and 1.769 in lateral direction.

Recently solid state hybrid organometal halide perovskite solar cells have become the research hotspot. We fabricated perovskite solar cells by a simple two-step method completely in the regular ambient condition without a glove box, and all materials were just stored in ambient air. The cross-section SEM image of the perovskite solar cells exhibits a well-defined layer-by-layer structure with clear interfaces. XRD pattern shows main diffraction peaks centred at 14.2° (110) and 28.5° (220), which can be assigned to the CH₃NH₃PbI₃ phase, suggesting a crystal structure, and the peak centred at 12.7° is attributed to PbI₂. Our best J_sc is 19.2 mA/cm², the best V_oc is 1.0 V, the best FF is 0.65, and the best PCE is 10.2%.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) based visible light communication (VLC) has been considered as a promising technology for indoor high-speed wireless access, due to its unique advantages, such as low cost, license free and high security. To achieve high-speed VLC transmission, carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation has been utilized for its lower complexity and high spectral efficiency. Moreover, to compensate the linear and nonlinear distortions such as frequency attenuation, sampling time offset, LED nonlinearity etc., series of pre- and post-equalization schemes should be employed in high-speed VLC systems. In this paper, we make an investigation on several advanced pre- and postequalization schemes for high-order CAP modulation based VLC systems. We propose to use a weighted preequalization technique to compensate the LED frequency attenuation. In post-equalization, a hybrid post equalizer is proposed, which consists of a linear equalizer, a Volterra series based nonlinear equalizer, and a decision-directed least mean square (DD-LMS) equalizer. Modified cascaded multi-modulus algorithm (M-CMMA) is employed to update the weights of the linear and the nonlinear equalizer, while DD-LMS can further improve the performance after the preconvergence. Based on high-order CAP modulation and these equalization schemes, we have experimentally demonstrated a 1.35-Gb/s, a 4.5-Gb/s and a 8-Gb/s high-speed indoor VLC transmission systems. The results show the benefit and feasibility of the proposed equalization schemes for high-speed VLC systems.

Neuromorphic engineering has a wide range of applications in the fields of machine learning, pattern recognition, adaptive control, etc. Photonics, characterized by its high speed, wide bandwidth, low power consumption and massive parallelism, is an ideal way to realize ultrafast spiking neural networks (SNNs). Synaptic plasticity is believed to be critical for learning, memory and development in neural circuits. Experimental results have shown that changes of synapse are highly dependent on the relative timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes. Synaptic plasticity in which presynaptic spikes preceding postsynaptic spikes results in strengthening, while the opposite timing results in weakening is called antisymmetric spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rule. And synaptic plasticity has the opposite effect under the same conditions is called antisymmetric anti-STDP learning rule. We proposed and experimentally demonstrated an optical implementation of neural learning algorithms, which can achieve both of antisymmetric STDP and anti-STDP learning rule, based on the cross-gain modulation (XGM) within a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The weight and height of the potentitation and depression window can be controlled by adjusting the injection current of the SOA, to mimic the biological antisymmetric STDP and anti-STDP learning rule more realistically. As the injection current increases, the width of depression and potentitation window decreases and height increases, due to the decreasing of recovery time and increasing of gain under a stronger injection current. Based on the demonstrated optical STDP circuit, ultrafast learning in optical SNNs can be realized.

The atmospheric boundary layer can be directly influenced by the ground and it is closely related to human activities, so the detection and investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer is very important. Due to the abundant rainfall in the plum rain season in southern China, the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) is very different from any other time of the year. Lidar is an active remote-sensing instrument, and the advantage of high spatial and temporal resolution makes it very suitable for the detection of the atmosphere. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) polarized lidar is introduced and the structure will be given in detail. Compared to traditional one-direction ground-based lidar, the pointing of the 3D scanning lidar is very flexible and can be adjusted to any direction within the up hemisphere (360 degrees by 90 degrees) in a very short time. The ABLH in the plum rain season (from June to July 2016) over Hangzhou area (30°16′ N, 120°07′ E) was observed and different derivation methods, such as the wavelet covariance method, the gradient method, and the profile fitting method were carried out and compared in detail. The results show that the wavelet covariance method exhibits better stability than the gradient method and better accuracy than the profile fitting method. This work brings a more flexible and accuracy way for the ABLH detection and will be of great importance to the atmospheric study during the plum rain season.

This paper presents the design of a real-time and high-precision photoelectric autocollimator. Firstly, a far exit pupil distance and no vignetting optical system is proposed. Compared with the conventional optical system of autocollimator, it solves the problem of ray cutting which results in the detection accuracy changed with the distance of target lens. Besiedes, it eliminates the influence of stray light. Then, the design of photoelectric detection system is discussed. It uses the specific multi-frame superposition denoising algorithm based on high speed CMOS camera which solves the conflict of improvement of accuracy and time-consuming of the algorithm. Finally, test results of the instrument are given. The measurement repeatability of the autocollimator can reach up to 0.01″ with the measurement range of 1200″ and the single measurement time is less than 17ms.

Photolithography has been one of the most important technologies in modern society, especially in semiconductor industry. However, due to the limitation of optical diffraction, this technique becomes more and more complex and expensive. In this paper, we experimentally study two promising techniques, near-field scanning optical lithography and nanoimprint lithography, which both have been proved to be alternatives to photolithography, and achieve sub-wavelength resolution. Taking advantage of bowtie apertures, near-field scanning optical lithography can achieve high resolution beyond the Rayleigh diffractive limit. Here, we report a novel method to fabricate bowtie aperture with sub-15 nm gap, producing highly confined electric near-field by localized surface plasmon (LSP) excitation and nanofocusing of the closely tapered gap, and obtain lithography results with 21 nm resolution (FWHM).We also develop a new plate-to-roll nanoimprint lithography (P2RNIL). Compared with plate-to-plate nanoimprint lithography (P2PNIL) and roll-to-plate nanoimprint lithography (R2PNIL), it avoids cylinder template fabrication in P2RNIL and significantly improves the productivity in P2PNIL. Our P2RNIL system can realize large-area nanoimprint continuously with high resolution and high speed.

We demonstrate an all-fiber gain-switched thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) producing nanosecond pulses with variable wavelength in the 2 μm waveband. The laser features tunable operation in an ultra-wide spectral region of 1765 – 2055 nm (24 THz). The nearly 300 nm tunability doubles the record tuning range of existing gain-switched fiber lasers, and to the best of our knowledge, presents the broadest tuning range that has been reported for a monolithic pulsed rare earth doped fiber laser to date. The TDFL can operate at a repetition rate of 5 – 100 kHz with a pulse width as short as ~200 ns. A modest compromise in the tuning range allows pulse width reduction to sub-100 ns.

A novel mode interferometer for simultaneous strain and temperature measurement is proposed, which is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) realized by splicing a short section Er-Doped fiber (EDF) between two sections of single mode fibers (SMF) with core-offset technique. The structure is compact and easy to fabricate. A strain sensitivity of 0.0247 dB/με and a temperature sensitivity of 0.2225dB/℃are achieved experimentally.

In few-mode polarization-maintaining-fiber (FM-PMF), the effective-index splitting exists not only between orthogonally polarization state but also between degenerated modes within a high-order mode group. Hence besides the polarization state evolution, the mode patterns in each LP set are need to be analyzed. In this letter, the completed firstorder mode (LP11 mode) evolution in PM-FMF is analyzed and represented by analogous Jones vector and Poincarésphere respectively. Furthermore, with Jones matrix analysis, the modal dynamics in FM-PMFs is conveniently analyzed. The conclusions are used to propose a PM-FMF based LP11 mode rotator and an PM-FMF based OAM generator. Both simulation and experiments are conducted to investigate performance of the two devices.

Polarization maintaining fibers (PMFs) can keep linear polarization state against external perturbations by inducing a high effective refractive index difference (Δneff) along one polarization axis. For few mode polarization maintaining fibers (FM-PMFs), Δneff is applicable between both orthogonal linear polarization modes (e.g. LP_01x and LP_01y) and orthogonal degenerated modes (e.g. LP_11a and LP_11b), which can enable advanced functionalities in multiple-input multiple- output-free spatial division multiplexing systems and optical fiber sensing systems. Therefore, the measurement of Δneff for polarization modes and degenerated modes is very important for determining the quality of a FM-PMF. However, measurement of the Δneff for FM-PMFs can be complicated due to the requirement for generating and demultiplexing of the higher order modes (HOMs). In this paper, we propose to measure the Δneff of FM-PMFs using Spatially and Spectrally resolved imaging (S²) method for the first time. The presented method is simply by employing a tunable laser and an IR CCD camera, can avoid any mode converter or mode multiplexer/demultiplexer, featuring a rapid testing speed. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out to measure FM-PMFs with a length of 1.1m and 5m. The Δneff between the orthogonal polarization modes (i.e. LP_11ax-11ay, LP_11bx-11by, LP_21ax-21ay, and LP21bx-21by) are characterized as 7.05×10^-4, 6.91×10^-4, 1.02×10^-3 and 1.04×10^-3 respectively. The Δneff of the orthogonal degenerated modes (i.e. LP_11ax-11bx, LP_11ay-11by, LP_21ax-21bx and LP_21ay-21by) are also characterized to be 1.39×10^-4, 1.24×10^-4, 5.61×10^-5 and 6.53×10^-5 respectively.

We theoretically investigate an all-fiber interleaver consisting of a two-stage cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The simulation results of the all-fiber interleaver presented symmetrical and asymmetrical output spectra and a uniform flat-top spectral response by changing the coupling coefficient of the couplers. In addition, the interleaver proposed can realize arbitrary passband width ratio between the two output ports by adjusting the coupling coefficient of the couplers involved. A near box-shaped spectral response can be generated through setting suitable parameters, at the same time, the passband and stopband of optical interleaver are improved significantly. This interleaver proposed should be useful to realize the deployment of flat-top all-fiber asymmetric interleaver in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) networks of high spectral efficiency.

Phase sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) has been widely used in many applications for its distributed sensing ability on weak disturbance all along the sensing fiber. However, traditional Φ-OTDR cannot make quantitative measurement on the external disturbance due to the randomly distributed position and reflectivity of scatters within the optical fiber. Recently, some methods have been proposed to realize quantitative measurement of dynamic strain. In these literatures, the fiber with or without FBGs in practice was easily damaged and with difficulty of maintenance. PZT is employed to generate strain event in the fiber. There is a large gap compared with the real detecting environment, which will not reveal the full performance of the sensing system. In this paper, a distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) system for dynamic strain measurement based on artificial reflector is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. The fiber under test (FUT) is composed by four 20-meter long single mode optical fiber patch cords (OFPCs), which are cascaded with ferrule contactor/physical contact (FC/PC) connectors via fiber flanges. The fiber facet of FC/PC connector forms an artificial reflector. When the interval between the two reflectors is changed, the phase of the interference signal will also be changed. A symmetric 3×3 coupler with table-look-up scheme is introduced to discriminate the phase change through interference intensity. In our experiment, the center 10m section of the second OFPC is attached to the bottom of an aluminum alloy plate. An ordinary loudspeaker box was located on the top of the aluminum alloy plate. The dynamic strain generated by the loudspeaker box is transmitted from the aluminum alloy plate to the OFPC. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a good frequency response characteristic up to 3.2 kHz and a linear intensity response of R2=0.9986 while the optical probe pulse width and repetition rate were 100ns and 10 kHz respectively. Meanwhile, triangle and cosine amplitude-modulated (AM) dynamic strain applied on the fiber are successfully discriminated. The artificial reflectors based on FC/PCs were easily assembled and maintained, and the method of vibration transmission closely resembled the real circumstance than PZT. Therefore, these advantages will extend the potential of this Φ-OTDR technology in structure health monitoring.

The optical responsivity of bulk-heterojunction field effect phototransistors (BH-FEpTs) based on poly [2-methoxy-5-(2´- ethylhexyloxy-p-phenylenevinylene)] (MEH-PPV) and PbS quantum dot hybrids is very low. A main reason for the low responsivity is the low carrier mobility of the blends. To overcome the shortcoming, graphene with high carrier mobility (~200,000 cm²V^-1s^-1) can be used for improving the responsivity of BH-FEpTs. However, the influence of monolayer graphene on the photo response of BH-FEpTs still has been not studied. In this papers, BH-FEpTs and GBH-FEpTs (single layer graphene beneath the BH layer in BH-FEpTs) were fabricated. Experimentally, the GBH-FEpTs showed ultrahigh mobility for both holes and electrons (μH and μE) of 183 and 169 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹, while 11.3 and 6.2 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ in BH-FEpT. Due to the greatly promoted carrier mobility and highly ordered channels for GBH-FEpTs, higher α, μ and β are obtained for GBH-FEpTs. The responsivity of GBH-FEpTs is improved to 101 A/W, which is two orders magnitude larger than BH-FEpTs (10^-1 A/W).

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are the most common photoelectric conversion apparatus used as photon counters. Because of the sensitivity of the PMTs to the interference, calibration is necessary during the application of the PMTs. Traditional solutions for calibration are either based on the inverse square law of illumination, or using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as standard light sources. However, rigid experimental techniques are required for these solutions. And the emission spectrum of LEDs does not cover the entire spectrum of detection. In this paper, a calibration method is presented by using a customized standard light source which can provide full spectrum of weak light from the dark count level to the saturation level of the PMTs. The photon counter in a light-shielding cavity is connected, via an optical fiber, to the customized standard light source attached with an intensity detector. The calibration process is discussed and experimental results with chemical reference substance are also presented for comparison.

In this paper, we report a new filter by combining fiber-optic microring and lithium niobate microwaveguide chip. In our design, fiber-optic microring works as a resonator to trapped the resonant light and enlarge its optical energy. The lithium niobate microwaveguide chip serves as a mount to load the fiber-optic microring on the microwaveguide. Then the resonant light coupled from the microring could transmit through the microwaveguide and be detected. We experimentally demonstrated our design and its operation feasibility. The characteristic of the filter could be clearly observed. The results proved that the combination of fiber-optic microring and lithium niobate microwaveguide chip might provide an alternative way to integrate the fiber-optic micro and nanodevices on lithium niobate microwaveguide chip.

A novel fiber-optic sensor based on all-fiber up-taper-core-offset-up-taper structure is proposed and investigated. The sensor is fabricated by splicing a large core offset between a pair of up tapers in the single mode fiber (SMF). This structure is sensitive to refractive index (RI) and strain with low cost and easy fabrication.

We propose a simple and low cost method to fabricate well-controllable and organized silicon nanowire (SiNWs) arrays based on electrostatic adsorption of a monolayer of polystyrene nanospheres on Si substrate. The proposed method has been used to demonstrate the controllability of density of SiNWs avoiding complicated and expensive lithography techniques. The proposed method led to well-organized SiNWs and controlling SiNWs size and density for specific optoelectronic and nanophotonic applications.

In this paper, a two-terminal Pnp InP/InGaAs heterojunction phototransistor with a floating base (2T-HPT) is built based on TCAD. To optimize the device performance, the precise adjustments of base doping and base width have been investigated. Properly reducing the base width can greatly enhance the emitter injection efficiency. The effect of inserting a thin, undoped InGaAs layer in the base region of the HPT has also been investigated in detail. It is found the intrinsic layer between emitter and base can reduce the knee voltage and dark current of the HPT.

We demonstrate a wafer-level process for achieving monolithic photonic integration of a light-emitting diode (LED) with a waveguide and photodiode on a GaN-on-silicon platform. Both silicon removal and back-side thinning are conducted to achieve a suspended device architecture. A highly confined waveguide that utilizes the large index contrast between GaN and air is used for the connection between the LED and the photodiode. The suspended waveguide is considered as an in-plane escape cone of the LED, and the photodiode is located at the other end of the waveguide. The photons emitted from the LED are transported to the photodiode through the suspended waveguide parallel to the LED surface, leading to in-plane data transport using visible light. This proof-of-concept monolithic integration paves the way towards in-plane visible light communication as well as photonic computation on a single chip.

In this work, definitions of mode-field radius and divergence half-angle were analyzed according to different kinds of methods. Then, numerical calculation of these definitions was given for the LP01 mode in symmetrical step-index optical fiber. These conclusions may provide a theoretical groundwork for designing optical fiber devices and further researching the propagation characteristic of optical fiber.

The optical and acoustic fields of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect in the As₂S₃ chalcogenide suspended-core microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) are investigated by the finite-element method (FEM). The optical and acoustic fundamental modes at 1550 nm are analyzed with the core diameters of the MOFs varying from 1.0 to 6.0 μm. For each case, the holes of the MOFs are filled with different materials such as trichlormethane (CHCL₃), alcohol and water. When the core diameter is 6.0 μm, the maximum peak intensity of the optical fundamental mode is in the case with air holes, while the minimum value is in the case filled with CHCL₃. The ratio of difference is ~0.66%. The minimum peak intensity of the acoustic fundamental mode is in the case with air holes, while the maximum value is in the case filled with water. The ratio of difference is ~0.13%. The same rule occurs in the fiber cores of 4.5, 3.0 and 2.0 μm, where the decreases of ~0.97%, 1.48%, 1.94% for optical field and the increases of ~0.24%, 0.34%, 0.74% for acoustic field are obtained, respectively. When the core diameter is 1.0 μm, ratios of difference for optical and acoustic fields are much higher than those in the cases of 2.0-6.0 μm, which are ~3.55% and 29.13%, respectively. The overlap factors between optical and acoustic fields are calculated, which are changed with the core diameter and the filled material in holes. Our results will be helpful to strengthen or suppress the SBS effect in practical applications.

As to electromagnetic wave interfere and only one to one transmission problem of Bluetooth, a short-range LED optical wireless transmission method is proposed to be complementary technology in this paper. Furthermore achieved image transmission through this method. The system makes C52 to be the mater controller, transmitter got data from terminals by USB and sends modulated signals with LED. Optical signal is detected by PD, through amplified, filtered with shaping wave from, and demodulated on receiver. Then send to terminals like PC and reverted back to original image. Analysis the performance from peak power and average power, power consumption of transmitter, relationship of bit error rate and modulation mode, and influence of ambient light, respectively. The results shows that image can be received accurately which uses this method. The most distant transmission distance can get to 1m with transmitter LED source of 1w, and the transfer rate is 14.4Kbit/s with OOK modulation mode on stabilization system, the ambient light effect little to LED transmission system in normal light environment. The method is a convenient to carry LED wireless short range transmission for mobile transmission equipment as a supplement of Bluetooth short-range transmission for its ISM band interfere, and the analysis method in this paper can be a reference for other similar systems. It also proves the system is feasibility for next study.

The micro-cavity lasers support the ultra-low threshold and ultrahigh Q-factor, but several disadvantages impede further development, such as isotropic far-field profile pattern and low optical power output. To overcome the intrinsic problems, several deformed structures were proposed and investigated. In this paper we present directional emission micro-cavity lasers with limason-shaped, triangle-shaped, and ellipse shaped cavity structures. In experiment, mid-infrared InGaAs/InAlAs quantum cascade material was employed to fabricate these micro-cavity lasers, due to its advantages of lack of surface recombination, and inherently in-plane with transverse magnetic (TM) mode emission. The micro-cavity lasers with different device structures were operated and compared at room temperature, and a higher output power was also achieved by increasing the device structure size.

A novel concept for solar cell technology, photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE), was proposed for harvesting photonic and thermionic energy simultaneously. Researches show that the conversion efficiency of PETE is pretty high, calculated efficiencies for idealized devices can be above 50%, which is exceed the theoretical limits of single-junction photovoltaic cells. To explore whether the vacuum device can exhibit good performance under the conditions that combines illumination and heating, a multi-alkali vacuum photodiode is used as a quantum and thermal energy converter. The band gap of multi-alkali cathode is 1.1eV and the multi-alkali photocathode is employed at temperature below 350K.The current-voltage characteristic curve is measured under two different temperature conditions, so is the power-voltage curve. And the conversion efficiency of the multi-alkali vacuum photodiode is also calculated on the basis of experiment data. The experiment results show that the power converted by a heated and illuminated condition is greater than that obtained under illumination at room temperature or heating without illumination. The conversion efficiency of the multi-alkali vacuum photodiode is higher than that not be heated. This paper shows that the multi-alkali vacuum device presents better performance under the combined conditions. Although the power production and conversion efficiency are not very high in this research, the experiment demonstrates how the two forms of quantum and thermal of solar energy can be simultaneously utilized.

In this paper, an optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring method based on radio frequency (RF) power of two signals in parallel connection. The test optical signal was split equally into two signals in parallel connection. One removed out-of-band noise by optical bandpass filter, the other kept output power constant by electronic variable optical attenuators (EVOA) with power-locking control loop. One radio frequency power of the two signals treated by different ways increased with the increase of OSNR when the two signals are at the same place. The other decreased. The difference of radio frequency power of the two signals at the same place was used to monitor OSNR. The simulation results showed that the proposed technique can implement OSNR monitoring between 2dB and 30dB for 40Gb/s NRZDQPSK optical signal. Monitoring error was within 1.5dB and the proposed technique was insensitive to chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD).

In this paper, an integratable spectrum quantization schema for all-optical analog-to-digital conversion (AOADC) is demonstrated in Ge_11.5As₂₄Se_64.5 rib film waveguide by slicing the supercontinuum. Owing to the high nonlinearity coefficient of 137.8 W^-1m^-1, the input pulse peak power are very low which varies from 540 to 900mW and then the broadened spectrum is filtered with an arrayed waveguide grating. As a result, 4-bit quantization resolution along with effective number of bit (ENOB) of 3.985 and a signal-to-noise ratio of 23.99 dB are achieved. It is believed that this proposed schema is suitable for integratable AOADC with low power consumption.

An ultra-flexible and low-sheet resistance transparent conductive film is developed from nickel metal-mesh (Ni metal-mesh) embedded in a polyimide (PI) by exploiting selective deposition technique coupled with photolithography and subsequent inverted film-processing method. The fabricated conductive film achieved sheet resistance values as low as 0.15 Ω sq^-1, with corresponding optical transmittance as 80% at 550 nm corresponding the figure of merit up to 1.1×10⁴. The film shows excellent adhesion and also preserves its structural integrity and good contact with the substrate for severe bending showing less than 4% decrease of conductivity even after 10⁴ cycles. Finally, employing the fabricated Ni metal-mesh/PI conductive film, a hybrid transparent thin-film heater is demonstrated, which exhibited higher heating temperatures (110°C) under the lower operating voltage (1 V), lower power consumption (79.1°C cm² W^-1), and shorter response time (T < 2 s) than other heaters, as well as stability after repeated test.

In the present work, a compact all-fiber plasmonic focusing beam generator with single and multiple spots is proposed and demonstrated in a conventional multimode fiber. Here, the focusing beam generator is composed of air slit arrays perforated through the gold films deposited on the end facet of a multimode fiber. The array of nanoscale slits with varying widths is used to modulate phase distribution of the focused light. An all-fiber focusing beam generator provides many advantages, such as self-alignment, high flexibility, lower insert loss, and easy portability, which is of importance to realize optical trapping, micromanipulation, beam shaping, and fiber integrated devices.

A fiber-based，high precision long-term stable time synchronization system for multi-channel laser pulses is presented，using fiber pulse stacker combined with high-speed optical-electrical conversion and electronics processing technology. This scheme is used to synchronize two individual lasers including a mode-lock laser and a time shaping pulse laser system. The relative timing jitter between two laser pulses achieved with this system is 970 fs (rms) in five minutes and 3.5 ps (rms) in five hours. The synchronization system is low cost and can work at over several tens of MHz repetition rate.

In this work, a fiber-to-chip optical interface with four output ports is proposed. External lights irradiate vertically from single mode fiber to the center of optical interface can be coupled into silicon photonic chips and split into four siliconon- insulator (SOI) waveguides. If the light is circular polarized, the power of light will be equally split into four ports. Meanwhile, all lights travel in the four channel will be converted into TE polarization. The optical interface is based on a two-dimensional grating coupler with carefully designed duty cycle and period. Simulation results show that the coupling efficiency of each port can reach 11.6% so that the total coupling efficiency of the interface is 46.4%. And Lights coupled into four waveguides are all converted into TE polarization. Further, the optical interface has a simple grating structure allowing for easy fabrication.

In this work, we present our results of RF spectral analysis applied to mode-locked lasers and propose a method of qualitative assessment of mode-locked operation, which allows differentiation of individual generation regimes by a parameter calculated from RF spectra of the fundamental and the n-th radiation harmonics. The proposed parameter is derived both from the signal-to-noise ratio and from width and amount of additional noise present in RF spectrum of inter-mode beats at the fundamental pulse repetition frequency and its harmonic. This work presents analysis of energy fluctuations and temporal instability of pulse train period for different regimes of pulse generation in Yb fibre laser mode locked due to nonlinear polarization evolution. The paper shows that energy fluctuations of single-scale (“conventional”) pulses is about 1.6%, whereas for double-scale pulses energy fluctuations amount to 11.5%. Temporal instability of double-scale pulse train period is 1.5 times higher in comparison with single-scale pulse train period.

Solar cells (SCs) based on III-V semiconductors are reviewed. Presented work emphases on the Solar Cells containing Quantum Dots (QDs) for next-generation photovoltaics. In this work the method of fabrication of InP QDs on III-V semiconductors is investigated. The original method of electrochemical deposition of metals: indium (In), gallium (Ga) and of alloys (InGa) on the surface of gallium phosphide (GaP), and mechanism of formation of InP QDs on GaP surface is presented. The possibilities of application of InP/GaP/Si structure as SC are discussed, and the challenges arising is also considered.