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The papers in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. Additional papers and presentation recordings may be available online in the SPIE Digital Library at SPIEDigitalLibrary.org. The papers reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from this book: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Fourth Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optic Systems, edited by Monuko du Plessis, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 10036 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2017) Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISSN: 1996-756X (electronic) ISBN: 9781510605138 ISBN: 9781510605145 (electronic) Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time) · Fax +1 360 647 1445 SPIE.org Copyright © 2017, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/17/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model. A unique citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online and print versions of the publication. SPIE uses a seven-digit CID article numbering system structured as follows:
AuthorsNumbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the seven-digit citation identifier (CID) article numbering system used in Proceedings of SPIE. The first five digits reflect the volume number. Base 36 numbering is employed for the last two digits and indicates the order of articles within the volume. Numbers start with 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 0A, 0B … 0Z, followed by 10-1Z, 20-2Z, etc. Abbott, Thomas, 10, 14 Adams, G., 10 Alves, Fabio, 1A Axelevitch, A., 0U Bauermeister, E., 10 Bezuidenhout, Petroné H., 0C, 0J, 0L, 0P, 0Q Bhattacharyya, Somnath, 06, 07, 08 Blažek, Karel, 17 Boiyo, D. Kiboi, 0X Bosscha, Peter, 0R Botha, C., 08 Brink, C., 0I Brůža, Petr, 17 Burger, J. P., 10 Chauhan, Dilip, 15 Chen, Li, 15 Churochkin, D., 06 Clasen, Estine, 0G Coleman, Christopher, 07, 08 Conning, Mariette, 0C de Souza, Alvaro, 07 Dudley, Angela, 0W Dujardin, Christophe, 17 du Plessis, Monuko, 05, 0B, 0O du Toit, Jurie, 0R Fernandes, M., 08 Flahaut, Emmanuel, 07 Forbes, Andrew, 0V, 0W Gamatham, R. R. G., 0X, 10 Ghoor, I. S., 0F Gibbon, T. B., 0X, 10 Goss, Tristan M., 16 Griffith, Derek J., 11 Grobler, Michael, 0E, 0T, 0Y Harea, D., 0U Heuken, Michael, 17 Hilleringmann, Ulrich, 0A, 0K, 1B Hospodková, Alice, 17 Hubáček, Tomáš, 17 Hulicius, Eduard, 17 Isingizwe Nturambirwe, J. Frédéric, 0N Isoe, G. M., 0X Jivan, Pritesh, 0Y Joubert, Trudi-Heleen, 05, 0F, 0G, 0H, 0I, 0L, 0O, 0P, 0Q, 0R Julie, Roufurd P. M., 14 Kaboko, J. J. M., 0T Kapp, F., 10 Karar, A., 0E Karunasiri, Gamani, 1A Khomo, Malome T., 0M Khorasani, S., 08 Korvink, Jan G., 0J Kriel, H., 10 Kuldová, Karla, 17 Kumar, S., 0L Kruger, Jené, 0Q Laikhtman, A., 0U Lambrechts, J. Wynand, 0Z, 13 Land, Kevin, 0C, 0F, 0G, 0J, 0L, 0P Lavrov, Eduard V., 18 Ledoux, Gilles, 17 Leitch, A. W. R., 0X Levendis, D., 08 Li, Lianhe, 15 Linfield, Edmund H., 15 Litvin, Igor, 0V Mager, Dario, 0J Magidimisha, Edwin, 11 Malan, J. A., 10 Manuel, Rodolfo Martínez, 0Y Martinez, R. M., 0T Mashazi, Philani, 0D Mbanjwa, Mesuli, 0C Meshalkin, A., 0U Meyer, Johan, 0E Meyers, Thorsten, 0A, 0K Mkwakikunga, Bonex, 0R Mtsuko, D., 06, 08 Naicker, Amy, 07 Naidoo, Darryl, 0V, 0W Ncube, Siphephile, 07, 08 Nel, Nicolaas E., 0O Ngoy, T. J., 0H Nikl, Martin, 17 Nxele, Siphesihle Robin, 0D Nyokong, Tebello, 0D Okhai, Timothy A., 04 Opara, Umezuruike L., 0N Oswald, Jiří, 17 Ozoemena, Kenneth, 0C Pacherová, Oliva, 17 Palaniyandy, Nithyadharseni, 0C Pánek, Dalibor, 17 Pangrác, Jiří, 17 Perera, A. G. Unil, 15 Perold, Willem J., 0N Polleux, Jean-Luc, 03, 04 Sandrock, C., 08 Schmitz, Jurriaan, 02 Schoeman, Johan, 0B, 0L Schönhoff, M., 1B Shimaponda, M., 0T Siebrits, R., 10 Sinha, Saurabh, 13 Smith, Suzanne, 0C, 0J Snyman, Lukas W., 03, 04 Strydom, Andre, 07 Swan, William, 1A Swart, P. C., 19 van Brakel, Adriaan, 0Y van der Merwe, D. G., 09 Venter, Johan, 13 Vidor, Fábio F., 0A, 0K Viljoen, Johan W., 12 Wiederoder, M., 0L Willers, Cornelius J., 0S, 12, 16 Willers, Maria S., 0S Xu, K., 03 Zheng, Haitao, 0C Zíková, Markéta, 17 Conference CommitteeConference Chairs Conference Co-chairs
Program Committee
Editorial Committee
Session Chairs
IntroductionThe Fourth South African Conference on Sensors, MEMS and Electro-Optical Systems (SMEOS 2016) was held 18– 20 September 2016, in Skukuza, the main rest camp in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, after a very successful first SMEOS 2009, second SMEOS 2011 and third SMEOS 2014. Sensors and Electro-Optical Systems are technologies with many applications worldwide, and are also identified as such by the South African government through the Departments of Science and Technology. The aim of SMEOS 2016 was to provide a common forum for international researchers and developers to exchange information about their latest research findings, ideas, developments and applications in all areas pertaining to design, fabrication and application in the fields of interest to SMEOS 2016. This is a relatively small field of expertise in South Africa and working together with international colleagues is of the utmost importance. Monuko du Plessis |
