This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10141 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

With the increasingly frequent human activities in space, number of dead satellites and space debris has increased dramatically, bring greater risks to the available spacecraft, however, the current widespread use of measuring equipment between space target has a lot of problems, such as high development costs or the limited conditions of use. To solve this problem, use radar multi-target measure error information to the space, and combining the relationship between target and the radar station point of view, building horizontal distance decoding model. By adopting improved signal quantization digit, timing synchronization and outliers processing method, improve the measurement precision, satisfies the requirement of multi-objective near distance measurements, and the using efficiency is analyzed. By conducting the validation test, test the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.

We have developed two-dimensional Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) code which is used to study the physical processes, the plasma absorption, the crater profile, and the temperature distribution on metallic target and below the surface. The ALE method overcomes problems with Lagrangian moving mesh distortion by mesh smoothing and conservative quantities remapping from Lagrangian mesh to smoothed one. The results of numerical simulation of pulsed laser ablation are presented. The study presents particular interest for the analysis of experimental results obtained during pulsed laser ablation.

We focus on the restoration of ground-based space object adaptive optics (AO) images distorted by atmospheric turbulence. A total variation (TV) blind AO images restoration method taking advantage of low-order Gaussian derivative operators is presented. Unlike previous definition of the TV regularization term, we propose to define the TV prior by the Gaussian gradient operators instead of the general finite-difference gradient operators. Specifically, in each iterative step of alternating minimization when solving the TV blind deconvolution problem, the first-order Gaussian derivative operator (i.e. gradient magnitude of Gaussian) is used to construct the total variation norm of object image, and the secondorder Gaussian derivative operator (i.e. Laplacian of Gaussian) is used to spatially adjust the regularization parameter. Comparative simulation experiments show that this simple improvement is much practicable for ground-based space object images and can provide more robust performance on both restoration accuracy and convergence property.

With the development of space technology, the number of spacecrafts and debris are increasing year by year. The demand for detecting and identification of spacecraft is growing strongly, which provides support to the cataloguing, crash warning and protection of aerospace vehicles. The majority of existing approaches for three-dimensional reconstruction is scattering centres correlation, which is based on the radar high resolution range profile (HRRP). This paper proposes a novel method to reconstruct the threedimensional scattering centre structure of target from a sequence of radar ISAR images, which mainly consists of three steps. First is the azimuth scaling of consecutive ISAR images based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The later is the extraction of scattering centres and matching between adjacent ISAR images using grid method. Finally, according to the coordinate matrix of scattering centres, the three-dimensional scattering centre structure is reconstructed using improved factorization method. The three-dimensional structure is featured with stable and intuitive characteristic, which provides a new way to improve the identification probability and reduce the complexity of the model matching library. A satellite model is reconstructed using the proposed method from four consecutive ISAR images. The simulation results prove that the method has gotten a satisfied consistency and accuracy.

The space-based long-distance ranging of space debris will help to avoid collision. Compared with radar and telescope, the infrared binocular monitoring system can track and range space debris quickly. Because the measurement range is related to the baseline length, two cameras are placed on different satellites. Due to the lack of rigid connection between satellites, femtosecond laser ranging is used to measure the attitude of the camera.

A static pointing model was built to correct the static pointing error. The horizontal coordinate system and sighting coordinate system were constructed based on the architecture of level mounting telescope. Then derivate the conversion formula while converting the ALT-ALT coordinate system to horizontal coordinate system and got the rotated matrix which elements contain the value of the encoder and the pointing errors of the level mounting telescope when rotated horizontal coordinate system to target coordinate system also called sighting coordinate system. Obtained the static pointing model after a series of calculations,. Using the data that observed by 40 cm level mounting telescope to fitting model, and results show that improve the static pointing accuracy from 196.64′′to 4.76′′, which compared to basic parameters model and spherical model, found that the static pointing model is the best one. As well it’s enough to content the requirement that has risen.

In this paper, erbium doped fibers for space detection are researched for feature of radiation resistance. Fibers with different coated carbon are hydrogen loaded and radiated, and too thick of carbon layer around fiber would not bring best radiation-resistant performance, since thick carbon layer would make the entering of hydrogen difficult. We also research the duration of saturated hydrogen loading under the high and low temperature respectively, and it’s found that the fibers’ photo sensitivities tend to be flat after some days. Hydrogen is reloaded into the fibers which have been loaded once, this help us to deep understand the mechanism of hydrogen loading for the fiber gratings. Loss and wave width changes are also researched under different radiation dose.

K-band LFMCW radar may be applied in high-precision range measurement, if its range resolution is made be close to mm magnitude, good performance is not only needed in hardware design, algorithm selection and optimization is but also needed. In K-band LFMCW radar system, CZT algorithm is modified according to practical radar echo signal, its simulation model is built in the System Generator tool software, the corresponding algorithm is implemented in FPGA. K-band LFMCW radar may be applied in range measurement of great volume storage tank, the outfield experiment was done according to application, experiment result shows that range measurement precision may reach mm magnitude, the system can meet the requirement of remote high-precision measurement.

It is the technical difficulty of uplink antenna arraying that signals from various quarters can not be automatically aligned at the target in deep space. The size of the far-field power combining gain is directly determined by the accuracy of carrier phase calibration. It is necessary to analyze the entire arraying system in order to improve the accuracy of the phase calibration. This paper analyzes the factors affecting the calibration error of carrier phase of uplink antenna arraying system including the error of phase measurement and equipment, the error of the uplink channel phase shift, the position error of ground antenna, calibration receiver and target spacecraft, the error of the atmospheric turbulence disturbance. Discuss the spatial and temporal autocorrelation model of atmospheric disturbances. Each antenna of the uplink antenna arraying is no common reference signal for continuous calibration. So it must be a system of the periodic calibration. Calibration is refered to communication of one or more spacecrafts in a certain period. Because the deep space targets are not automatically aligned to multiplexing received signal. Therefore the aligned signal should be done in advance on the ground. Data is shown that the error can be controlled within the range of demand by the use of existing technology to meet the accuracy of carrier phase calibration. The total error can be controlled within a reasonable range.

In this paper, a real-time calibration method for relative alignments between multiple heads star tracker (MHST) heads based on the invariability of inter-star angle principle is presented. Firstly, the ill effects of relative misalignments on accuracy of MHST attitude based on star-fusion are analyzed. Then, the invariability of inter-star angle principle and the changing feature of relative alignments are applied to build a kalman filtering model to estimate the errors. Finally, a simulation is used to illustrate that the method meets well the real-time requirement of accurate relative alignments of MHST.

Space weak point targets detection is very useful in non cooperative target detection. Influenced by the chip noise and space environmental noise, weak point targets detection becomes a difficulty. In the paper, firstly the star is extracted from the picture, the background picture is filtered to reduce the noise, and then the moving distance between adjacent pictures is calculated, after picture overlapping between adjacent pictures, the energy of the weak point target is improved, with a appropriate threshold, the weak point target is extracted. The proposed method can be widely utilized in space exploration, space defense etc.

In this paper, firstly an extended DFMC Structure is proposed, then HQF jump period in extended DFMC is presented. Considering temporal-view and interview prediction structure, HQF location is determined. From the HQF, an enhance LQF is proposed. Then considering the HQF and enhance LQF, improved interview prediction is proposed. Finally bit allocation in the proposed multi-view is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better performance than the previous schemes.

In the present work, we show that intensity modulated light source may be received with the help of Van cittert & Zernike theorem interstellar observation method. And show that Poisson probability density distribution of photon received can be used to verify information, and introduce a photon probability theory mathematical method to decide pulse light symbol threshold, which are already present but unexploited in communication systems. These investigation show that pulse light Photonic and wave decision method has huge application potential in interstellar distance communication systems.

Optical clocks surpass the primary Cs microwave clocks with excellent performances. This allows new studies both in fundamental physics and engineering. The paper presents the optical system for our space optical clock at NTSC. Different from it in the laboratory, novel approaches and techniques were used to meet the space requirement of compactness and reliability. The modular consisting of three robust subunits was developed, which was one laser sources breadboard and two optical paths systems breadboards. The compact dimension of the optical system is 540mm×440mm×130mm and the total mass was approximate 28 kilogram. The deformation of two optical paths systems was calculated under an overload test by a mechanical analysis and it could meet the requirement. It is a advancement from lab to engineering application based on the work, which provides effective foundation for improving the optical system.

Magnetic field detection is an important means of deep space environment exploration. Benefit from simple structure and low power consumption, atomic interference magnetometer become one of the most potential detector payloads. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) is usually used as a light source in atomic interference magnetometer and its frequency stability directly affects the stability and sensitivity of magnetometer. In this paper, closed-loop control strategy of VCSEL was designed and analysis, the controller parameters were selected and the feedback error algorithm was optimized as well. According to the results of experiments that were performed on the hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform, the designed closed-loop control system is reasonable and it is able to effectively improve the laser frequency stability during the actual work of the magnetometer.

In this paper, the new structure of 980nm VCSEL was designed and fabricated in order to improve thermal problem and photo-electricity characteristic. From the point of view reduced equivalent resistance, P-side electrode was designed as intra-cavity contact structure. The VCSEL with conventional flip bottom emission structure and intra-cavity contact structure have been fabricated with the same aperture and tested comparatively. the new structure has a differential resistance of 21Ω, but the conventional structure has a differential resistance of 25.5Ω. The tested results showed that this new-type structure VCSEL is expected to improve the thermal characteristics of the device and the opto-electric characteristics.

Wet etching process is a key technology in fabrication of VCSEL and their array in order to improve opto-electric characteristics of high-power VCSEL, devices with multi-ring distribution hole VCSEL is fabricated. The H3PO4 etching solution was used in the wet etching progress and etching rate is studied by changing etching solution concentration and etching time. The optimum technological conditions were determined by studying the etching morphology and etching depth of the GaAs-VCSEL. The tested results show that the complete morphology and the appropriate depth can be obtained by using the concentration ratio of 1:1:10, which can meet the requirements of GaAs-based VCSEL micro- structure etching process.

The plasma sheath around the hypersonic vehicle is affected by the turbulence. Random changes in electron density disrupt magnitude of electromagnetic wave so that communication quality become worse. This paper focuses on the statistics of the electron density, and statistical models of electromagnetic wave amplitude at Ka band is obtained by the electromagnetic calculation. Finally, the influence of electron density and radio frequency on the mean and variance of transmission coefficient is studied. The results show that, with the increase of the electron density, the amplitude of the transmission coefficient decreases, and the variance increases. With the increase of the frequency of the radio wave, the amplitude of the mean is increasing and the variance is decreasing.

By using Intel Visual Fortran and Visual Studio 2013, a software for calculating radar cross section of the metal and the plasma three-dimensional composite target are given, based on the method of MOM and FDTD. This software can calculate radar cross section of the near space aircraft covered the plasma sheath, and this work has an important strategic significance in the future.

The tactical loitering platform, as a multifunctional precision guided weapon, is an important part of constitution of information warfare. Using the combined propulsion system, the flying mode of platform includes supersonic cruise and subsonic loiter. With different loads, the platform is information warfare equipments with functions of region spying, communication control, electronic jamming, target tracking, accurate attack and damage assessment. Also the ability of platform can be enforced by using data link system in the informational operation.

This article proposes a type of proportional navigation law design of plane-symmetrical vehicle with terminal attack angle constraint for over target flight. Firstly, the line of sight rotating rate and the velocity rotating rate model of the vehicle are expressed. Then, the attitude of the vehicle is constructed by the acceleration vector requirement of proportional navigation law. Accordingly, the guidance command uncertain issue can be avoided for plane-symmetrical vehicle over target flight. It guarantees high precision to hit the target. The effect and efficiency of the guidance law are shown by simulations of characteristic trajectories.

To improve HAP network invulnerability, and at the same time considering the quasi-dynamic topology in HAP network, a simple and reliable routing protocol is proposed in the paper. The protocol firstly uses a double-candidate strategy for the next-node select to provide better robustness. Then during the maintenance stage, short hello packets instead of long routing packets are used only to check link connectivity in the quasi-dynamic HAP network. The route maintenance scheme based on short hello packets can greatly reduce link spending. Simulation results based on OPNET demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed routing protocol.

In order to validate the good linear response of an instrument entitled Sky Radiometer(abbreviated to DTL-1) and check the great accuracy of radiance, the experiments which checked the DTL-1 using the large diameter integrating sphere system verified that the instrument had fine linearity and working stability. At the same time, the sky radiance in Hefei was measured, and the validity and correctness of DTL-1 were verified using fibre-optical spectrometer. The results indicated that the instrument had fine work ability, including good linear response, and could satisfy the scientific research and the actual application. However, the linear response of the instrument entitled Sky Radiometer in different region will be validated.

Plume is the main infrared source of a long-endurance UAV, and its infrared radiation numerical calculation is very important for calculating the infrared characteristcs of the whole UAV. This paper built the geometrical model of the flow field structure of UAV plume by analyzing the characteristcs of the flow structure. And, The temperaturre field distribution of the UAV plume was calculated based on the eddy current propagation theory. And then, spectral infrared radiation characteristics of the UAV plume at 2-5μm were obtained by the single band C-G approximation method. The results show that the temperature in the core area of the UAV plume is higher , and the infared radiation characteristics are stable and obvious. The infrared radiation energy of the plume mainly ditributed at the infrared wavelength of 2.7μm and 4.5μm,which is in accordance with the actual situation. The results maybe contribute to the further study of the infrared radiation characteristics of the long-endurance UAV.

Sparse decomposition is one of the core issue of compressive sensing ghost image. At this stage, traditional methods still have the problems of poor sparsity and low reconstruction accuracy, such as discrete fourier transform and discrete cosine transform. In order to solve these problems, joint orthogonal bases transform is proposed to optimize ghost imaging. First, introduce the principle of compressive sensing ghost imaging and point out that sparsity is related to the minimum sample data required for imaging. Then, analyze the development and principle of joint orthogonal bases in detail and find out it can use less nonzero coefficients to reach the same identification effect as other methods. So, joint orthogonal bases transform is able to provide the sparsest representation. Finally, the experimental setup is built in order to verify simulation results. Experimental results indicate that the PSNR of joint orthogonal bases is much higher than traditional methods by using same sample data in compressive sensing ghost image.Therefore, joint orthogonal bases transform can realize better imaging quality under less sample data, which can satisfy the system requirements of convenience and rapid speed in ghost image.

Radar, as the main detection means, plays an extremely important role in modern warfare. However, it is easily attacked by the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapon. In order to defense the threat, a radome formed by plasma is designed. The plasma radome is used to protect the radar systems against EMP coupling through both ‘front door’ and ‘back door’. What’s more, the damage effects of EMP to the radar systems are analyzed, and the protection mechanism of plasma to EMP weapon is discussed. In addition, a simulation experiment is carried out to verify the feasibility of the plasma radome to defense against EMP. The results indicate that the structure performs well, which makes it a new method against EMP weapon.

By using the electromagnetic wave reflection characteristics of the plasma, the plasma can be used to design the reflector antenna. the paper designs a metal parabolic cylindrical antenna and a plasma luminescence parabolic cylindrical antenna, and uses CST software calculating the radiative properties of them, analysising the key parameters of plasma luminescence parabolic cylindrical antenna radiation and scattered radiation resistance. Simulation results show that selecting appropriate plasma column spacing, plasma frequency, collision frequency, the plasma luminescence parabolic cylindrical antenna has the same radiation performance with metal parabolic antenna, at the same time, the RCS of plasma antenna in working and not working are smaller compared with the metal antenna, especially in plasma does not work ,the bistatic RCS reduced to a greater extent than the previous related literature design.

Artificial target has the characteristics of stronger polarization, which is found in the process of researching polarization remote sensing. So the polarization characteristics of artificial target has become one of the highlights in the research of the polarization remote sensing. Metal coating target is a kind of typical artificial target, previous studies have found that metal coating target polarization reflection characteristics vary with the condition of different observation angle and incidence angle, and the difference of polarization characteristics greatly impact the derivation and accuracy of metal material surface. In order to research the characteristics of metal coating surface bidirectional reflectance polarization, this measurement experiment set up four observation azimuth angle and nine observation zenith angle .On the basis of the measured data by using the semi-empirical model for data fitting, then get the data of metal coating target hemisphere space distribution of polarization reflection characteristics . This paper analyzes the relationship between target surface polarization degree and observation azimuth angle, observation zenith angle, which provides theory and data support for the derivation of typical artificial target structure features.

The accurate warning and reconnaissance to incoming laser signal is the presupposition of electro-optical jamming. However, the error of angular resolution of laser warning equipment directly affects the accuracy of warning. In this paper, the working mechanism of direct intercepting measurement laser warning equipment was analyzed. Then, the structure of its detector array system and the causes of error of angular resolution were analyzed. At different distance, the resolution errors of laser warning equipment with different detecting unit were calculated. The conclusion has some reference value to test and detect of such equipment.

We propose a novel strategy of asymmetric triangular-wave modulation for photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation (PCCAM) lidar. Earlier studies use the symmetric triangle wave modulation, by which the velocity can be detected only when the Doppler shift caused by a moving target is greater than Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) of Intermediate Frequency (IF). We use an alternative method known as the asymmetric triangular wave modulation method, in which the modulation rates of the up-ramp and the down-ramp are different. This new method avoids the overlapping of the up-ramp and the down-ramp IF peaks, and breaks the limit of the FWHM of IF peak to improve the velocity measuring sensitivity (also called the minimum detectable velocity). Finally, a proof-of-principle experiment is carried out in the laboratory. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical results and show the improvement of the minimum detectable velocity.

The multiplying electron distribution within the electron multiplier layer for electron bombarded active pixel sensor (EBAPS) was simulated. The photoelectron scatting trajectories in electron multiplier layer were simulated based on the low-energy electron-solid interaction model and Monte Carlo method. According to semiconductor theory, the influence factors (the incident electron energy, depth and beam diameter) how affecting the energy loss rate were studied. Therefore, the photoelectron scatting trajectories and multiplying electron distribution in electron multiplier layer can be simulated, which will provide theoretical basis to further simulate the charge collection efficiency of EBAPS.

We have discussed the effect of the residual gas in the Al metal cathode deposition process and consequently influence the performance of organic photovoltaic devices (such as organic photoelectron detector or solar cell). We believe that the origin of degradation in J_sc and FF from the Al cathode device should be the formation of AlO_x in the C₆₀-Al interface, which contaminate the interface and plays a role like an energy barrier that block the charge collect process. To solve this problem the Ag and Alq₃ layer had been inserted before the Al. Owing to the advantageous of Alq₃ and Ag layer, the device which Al cathode prepared at a lower vacuum condition exhibits a comparable performance to that device which Al cathode deposited in regular situation. As an additional benefit, since the introducing of Alq₃/Ag layer in the VOPc/C₆₀ organic photovoltaic device performs a better near-infrared response, this phenomenon has been confirmed by means of both simulation and experimental data. So the design of our new cathode structure provides a degree of freedom to modulate the light absorption for organic photovoltaic devices in short-wave and long-wave.

This paper proposes a B-splines non-rigid registration method which applies to atmospheric turbulence image, and then the method applies B-splines registration to multi-frames images and puts forward a two-step control point adjustment method in the process of establishing. B-splines controls point grid that makes image registration from “coarse” to “accuracy” in two steps. As a consequence, experiments show that this method can simulate the details of turbulence degraded image. Meanwhile, it achieves better registration results.

To improve the adaptive optics (AO) image’s quality, we study the AO image restoration algorithm based on wavefront reconstruction technology and adaptive total variation (TV) method in this paper. Firstly, the wavefront reconstruction using Zernike polynomial is used for initial estimated for the point spread function (PSF). Then, we develop our proposed iterative solutions for AO images restoration, addressing the joint deconvolution issue. The image restoration experiments are performed to verify the image restoration effect of our proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that, compared with the RL-IBD algorithm and Wiener-IBD algorithm, we can see that GMG measures (for real AO image) from our algorithm are increased by 36.92%, and 27.44% respectively, and the computation time are decreased by 7.2%, and 3.4% respectively, and its estimation accuracy is significantly improved.

In the shooting range measuring, all-weather, high speed, unattended, the new concepts such as the remote control is gradually applied. In this paper, a new type of low cost range measurement system, using FPGA + MCU as electronic control system of laser active illumination and high-speed CMOS camera, data to the rear zone by using optical fiber communications, transmission and realizes the remote control of unmanned, due to the low cost of front-end equipment, can be used as consumables replacement at any time, combined with distributed layout principle, can maximum limit close to the measured with mutilate ability goal, thus to achieve the goal of small high-speed dynamic imaging from close range.

The reflectance and reflection phase properties of one dimensional photonic crystals with anisotropic left-handed materials is investigated by transfer matrix method. It is demonstrated that the width of zero- n band gap is influenced by the incident angle, polarization, the proportion of lattice and the ratio of thickness，which is different from the zero- n band gap with isotropic left hand materials. The value of reflection phase is affected by incident angle and polarization and not affected by the proportion of lattice and the ratio of thickness. These characteristic may be useful for making photonic crystal phase compensators and the dispersion compensators.

The tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy combined with the long absorption path technique is a significant method to detect harmful gas. The long optical path could come true by Herriott cell reducing the size of the spectrometers. A 15 cm long Herriott cell with 28.8 m optical absorption path after 96 times reflection was designed that enhanced detection sensitivity of absorption spectroscopy. According to the theory data of calculation, Herriott cell is analyzed and simulated by softwares Matlab and Lighttools.

In order to improve image processing quality and boost processing rate, this paper proposes an real-time automatic image enhancement algorithm. It is based on the histogram equalization algorithm and the piecewise linear enhancement algorithm, and it calculate the relationship of the histogram and the piecewise linear function by analyzing the histogram distribution for adaptive image enhancement. Furthermore, the corresponding FPGA processing modules are designed to implement the methods. Especially, the high-performance parallel pipelined technology and inner potential parallel processing ability of the modules are paid more attention to ensure the real-time processing ability of the complete system. The simulations and the experimentations show that the algorithm is based on the design and implementation of FPGA hardware circuit less cost on hardware, high real-time performance, the good processing performance in different sceneries. The algorithm can effectively improve the image quality, and would have wide prospect on imaging processing field.

Aiming at the shortcomings of the primary sensor thermostatic control system in the near infrared (NIR) spectrometer, a novel thermostatic control system based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control technology was developed to improve the detection precision of the NIR spectrometer. There were five parts including bridge amplifier circuit, analog-digital conversion (ADC) circuit, microcontroller, digital-analog conversion (DAC) circuit and drive circuit in the system. The five parts formed a closed-loop control system based on PID algorithm that was used to control the error between the temperature calculated by the sampling data of ADC and the designed temperature to ensure the stability of the spectrometer’s sensor. The experimental results show that, when the operating temperature of sensor is -11℃, compared with the original system, the temperature control precision of the new control system is improved from ±0.64℃ to ±0.04℃ and the spectrum signal to noise ratio (SNR) is improved from 4891 to 5967.

The traditional laser temperature measurement usually adopt the direct detection method, while the direct detection method is easily influenced by aerosol scattering and background stray light. In this paper, the DSC710 balanced detector was first applied to the measurement of complete gas Rayleigh - Brillouin scattering spectrum (RBS). By utilizing the difference of RBS spectrum broadening under different temperature to get the temperature information. In this article, a simple theoretical derivation and error analysis has been made. The results show that using this method can effectively inhibit the interference of background stray light and has high precision.

The goal of infrared image restoration is to reconstruct an original scene from a degraded observation. The restoration process in the application of infrared wavelengths, however, still has numerous research possibilities. In order to give people a comprehensive knowledge of infrared image restoration, the degradation factors divided into two major categories of noise and blur. Many kinds of infrared image restoration method were overviewed. Mathematical background and theoretical basis of infrared image restoration technology, and the limitations or insufficiency of existing methods were discussed. After the survey, the direction and prospects of infrared image restoration technology for the future development were forecast and put forward.

In order to improve the visualization of the output data of gaseous pollutants monitoring system and study pseudo-color image generation technology, this research combines the column concentration data of polluted gas with spatial position parameter to design a grey-color conversion method based on visual pseudo-color coding, generates the pseudo-color images of column concentration of the distribution of polluted gas and evaluates the pseudo-color coding scheme designed in HSI color space. The evaluation results show that the designed coding scheme can effectively conduct pseudo-color display for the concentration section of polluted gas.

The structural models of micro-channel plate (MCP) and fluorescent screen of the framing camera were established. By combining the finite element integration and Monte Carlo method, software Simion and Lorenz were respectively used to simulate the effects of different voltages loaded on the fluorescent screen, different closed distance between fluorescent screen and MCP, and electrode immersion depth at MCP output on the spatial resolution, in order to obtain an axisymmetric distribution curve. Results showed that the closed distance between MCP and fluorescent screen had the largest impact on the framing camera’s spatial resolution. In addition, higher fluorescent screen voltage did not necessarily result in better spatial resolution, as it was influenced by the light-emitting mechanism of the fluorescent screen. At the framing camera’s current closed distance of 0.8mm, a fluorescent screen voltage of 5000V could achieve the best spatial resolution.

The difficult point that impacting the traditional polarization image registration based on Fourier - Mellin transform is calculating rotation angle of the image α and shrinkage variable coefficient τ of polarization image registration .Based on Fourier - Mellin transform method, this paper proposes a improved algorithm that on account of improving resolution in the θ coordinate direction in the Log-polar coordinate system, improve the calculation accuracy of rotation angle of the image α and shrinkage variable coefficient τ .Through the experiment and simulation results show that the improved algorithm than the traditional has higher registration precision.

Delay line anode detector has high spatial resolution and high count rate. It has been an important technical means for single photon imaging from near earth space to deep space. A two dimensional delay line anode is designed using multilayer circuit board technology. A complete set of PCB delay line anode single photon detection system is established. The spatial resolution of the detector is theoretically analyzed. Moreover, the signal transmission characteristic of PCB delay line and the dark count rate of the detector are tested. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the detector spatial resolution is about 100um and the overall dark count rate is 4counts/cm² at 2.3KV.

In order to improve the performance of X ray geometric imaging, the key factors of size and image of X ray focus and geometric clarity as well as imaging quality of real time imaging system were studied by using software simulation. Analyze the reasons and factors that affecting the X - ray focus size and blurred image, evaluated the performance of X ray geometric imaging through the relationship between the relationship of X-ray focus size and image geometric definition. It provides a low cost and high efficiency solution for the selection of X-ray tube in the system design.

In the proximity of X-ray imaging systems based on X-ray image intensifier, pixel matching and noise suppression are important methods to improve image quality. This paper analyzes CCD parameters’ impact on imaging quality and the relations with, proposes pixel matching degree is a critical factor to restrict the performance of imaging system, and verified by experiments, the CCD refrigeration can effectively suppress the image noise, which adopts the extension of integration time method and obtains favorable signal-to-noise ratio, it also provides a simple and low cost solution for high quality X-ray real-time imaging of static objects.

In order to improve the imaging quality of X-ray and reduce the effects of X-ray and scatter line on image, the adoption of X-ray collimator is the most effective method. MCP collimator in parallel structure can effectively reduce the ratio of X-ray and scatter line to reach on image plane, and reduce the atomization degree of images, so as to improve the image contrast. Through the establishment first-order radiation transmittance model of MCP collimator, test the performance of MCP collimator, it is prove that the MCP collimator can be used in the imaging system that consists of proximity of X-ray image intensifier, first-order radiation transmittance calculation formula of MCP absorption type collimator in parallel structure is reduced, obtain the transmittance distribution non cosine curve distribution of MCP collimator through calculating.

Polarization information parsing plays an important role in polarization imaging detection. This paper focus on the polarization information parsing method: Firstly, the general process of polarization information parsing is given, mainly including polarization image preprocessing, multiple polarization parameters calculation, polarization image fusion and polarization image tracking, etc.; And then the research achievements of the polarization information parsing method are presented, in terms of polarization image preprocessing, the polarization image registration method based on the maximum mutual information is designed. The experiment shows that this method can improve the precision of registration and be satisfied the need of polarization information parsing; In terms of multiple polarization parameters calculation, based on the omnidirectional polarization inversion model is built, a variety of polarization parameter images are obtained and the precision of inversion is to be improve obviously; In terms of polarization image fusion , using fuzzy integral and sparse representation, the multiple polarization parameters adaptive optimal fusion method is given, and the targets detection in complex scene is completed by using the clustering image segmentation algorithm based on fractal characters; In polarization image tracking, the average displacement polarization image characteristics of auxiliary particle filtering fusion tracking algorithm is put forward to achieve the smooth tracking of moving targets. Finally, the polarization information parsing method is applied to the polarization imaging detection of typical targets such as the camouflage target, the fog and latent fingerprints.

A novel multi-focusing curved microlens array (MLA), inspired by compound eyes, was fabricated using a homebuilt mold in this paper. By gas-assist deformation, and using the PDMS film as the template, MLA with variable focal length were fabricated through the different apertures of the micro-stomatas attached on the mold. Fabricated in one step, without reverse mould process, makes the whole fabrication process simple, cost-effective and deformation less. The ultraviolet curing adhesive NOA81, which was cured in seconds, has excellent optical performance and a wide operating temperature range. The optical performances of the MLA were demonstrated by optical experiments and simulation.

An experiment demonstrating computational ghost imaging with structured illumination and a single-pixel detector has been performed. Our experimental setup utilized a general computer for generating pseudo-random patterns on the liquid crystal display screen to illuminate a partially-transmissive object. With this similar true thermal light source, this object is imaged. The formula of the computational ghost imaging with this light source has been derived. The experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis. The liquid crystal display screen is more applicable for ghost imaging with ordinary incoherent light as the source of illumination.

Characteristics of multi-spectral imaging system and the image enhancement algorithm are introduced.Because histogram equalization and some other image enhancement will change the original gray level,a new image enhancement algorithm is proposed to maintain the gray level.For this paper, we have chosen 6 narrow-bands multi-spectral images to compare,the experimental results show that the proposed method is better than those histogram equalization and other algorithm to multi-spectral images.It also insures that histogram information contained in original features is preserved and guarantees to make use of data class information.What’s more,on the combination of subjective and objective sharpness evaluation,details of the images are enhanced and noise is weaken.

In This paper, we present an experimental design of measuring thermal expansion coefficient of the carbon fiber optical tube based on the heterodyne laser interferometry. In the course of the experiment, the error caused by the temperature changes of the external environment was considered, and the compensation is carried out. The data of the experiment was recorded and analyzed. The curve of the thermal expansion coefficient of the carbon fiber optical tube was close. The measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient was finished within a small range of temperature changes. The thermal expansion coefficient of the carbon fiber optical tube was 6 0.78 x 10^-5m/ ° C − × , which was consistent with the experience value. Athermalization for the supporting structure of the Cassette optical system was designed according to the results of the experiment.

The cameras whose resolution ratio are limited by the image sensor can be resampled to achieve super-resolution by phase shifting sampling technique. We make a few small movements between the sensor and the image, get a set of data with different sampling phase. According to the linear relationship between the sensor response and the light illumination, super-resolution sampled data can be achieved. Experimental data show that the super-resolution sampled data is identical with the original data, the relative accuracy can be less than 0.0001.

Data mining can effectively obtain the faint spatial object’s patterns and characteristics, the universal relations and other implicated data characteristics, the key of which is classifier construction. Faint spatial object classifier construction with spatial data mining technology for faint spatial target detection is proposed based on theoretical analysis of design procedures and guidelines in detail. For the one-sidedness weakness during dealing with the fuzziness and randomness using this method, cloud modal classifier is proposed. Simulating analyzing results indicate that this method can realize classification quickly through feature combination and effectively resolve the one-sidedness weakness problem.

In the doppler wind lidar, usually every 4MHz frequency error will produce wind error of 1m/s of 532nm laser. In the Doppler lidar system, frequency stabilization was achieved through absorption of iodine molecules. Commands that control the instrumental system were based on the PID algorithm and coded using VB language. The frequency of the seed laser was locked to iodine molecular absorption line 1109 which is close to the upper edge of the absorption range, with long-time (>4h) frequency-locking accuracy being≤0.5MHz and long-time frequency stability being 10-⁹ . The experimental result indicated that the seed frequency and the pulse laser frequency have a deviation, which effect is called the laser chirp characteristics. Finally chirp test system was constructed and tested the frequency offset in time. And such frequency deviation is known as Chirp of the laser pulse. The real-time measured frequency difference of the continuous and pulsed lights was about 10MHz, long-time stability deviation was around 5MHz. After experimental testing technology mature, which can monitoring the signal at long-term with corrected the wind speed.

During the reconstruction of a digital hologram, the reconstructed image is usually degraded by speckle noise, which makes it hard to observe the original object pattern. In this paper, a new reconstructed image enhancement method is proposed, which first reduces the speckle noise using an adaptive Gaussian filter, then calculates the high frequencies that belong to the object pattern based on a frequency extrapolation strategy. The proposed frequency extrapolation first calculates the frequency spectrum of the Fourier-filtered image, which is originally reconstructed from the +1 order of the hologram, and then gives the initial parameters for an iterative solution. The analytic iteration is implemented by continuous gradient threshold convergence to estimate the image level and vertical gradient information. The predicted spectrum is acquired through the analytical iteration of the original spectrum and gradient spectrum analysis. Finally, the reconstructed spectrum of the restoration image is acquired from the synthetic correction of the original spectrum using the predicted gradient spectrum. We conducted our experiment very close to the diffraction limit and used low quality equipment to prove the feasibility of our method. Detailed analysis and figure demonstrations are presented in the paper.

Solar-blind region of UV wave waveband, which is from 240nm to 280nm, is absorbed by atmosphere seriously. This feature can ensure solar-blind ultraviolet(UV) optical system is not affected by natural and artificial light sources. In this paper, an optical system based in the solar-blind spectrum region is designed to realize UV missile warning. System structure is simplified and image quality is improved by using aspheric surfaces and binary optical elements. In order to increase the detection range, the field of view is increased to 50°. The focal length of system is 30mm and UV CCD PIXIS 2048BUV is selected as the detector with effective imaging area 27.6mm×27.6mm and pixel size 13.5μm×13.5μm. From the diagram of diffraction encircled energy, more than 85% of the light energy for each field of view is received within a pixel size. The spot diagram for each field of view is smaller than a single pixel size. The image quality of the system has characteristics of high energy concentration and uniform illumination on image plane. This system is suitable for both military and civil applications.

Due to the effect of bad weather conditions, it often conducts visual distortions on images for outdoor vision systems. Rain is one specific example of bad weather. Generally, rain streak is small and falls at high velocity. Traditional rain removal methods often cause blued visual effect. In addition, there is high time complexity. Moreover, some rain streaks are still in the de-rained image. Based on the characteristics of rain streak, a novel rain removal technology is proposed. The proposed method is not only removing the rain streak effectively, but also retaining much detail information. The experiments show that the proposed method outperform traditional rain removal methods. It can be widely used in intelligent traffic, civilian surveillance and national security so on.

The ground temperature variation in certain place of Xinjiang during summer daytime was studied through simulative calculation. The ground was hypothesized as a uniform medium with a infinite flat surface, which simply the temperature variation of earth surface as a one dimensional transitional heat conduct model. Then, the calculation formula of every radiation part such as the sun direct radiation and scatter radiation, atmosphere long wave radiation, atmosphere convective heat conduction were analyzed and established. Also, every input parameters and boundary conditions were made. Finally, the model was constructed and calculated using Comsol software. The calculation result shows that the model being constructed, the parameters and boundary conditions being input are correct.

Based on the requirements of corona detection on searching targets with large field of view and detecting objects with small field of view, a refractive zoom optical system using mechanical compensation technology, which operates at 0.24μm～0.28μm wavelength ,is designed with aspherical surfaces. S8844-0909 ultraviolet CCD is selected as a sensor with pixel size 24μm×24μm. The zooming region is 35mm～70mm with F number of 3.5 and the corresponding field of view of 7°～14°.The zoom lens consists of seven lenses with two aspherical surfaces, so it has the advantages of compact size and simple structure. The results show that in full zooming range, the MTF values over all fields of view are above 0.8 at cut-off frequency 21lp/mm. The distortion is less than 5%.The zoom lens system has good image quality and stable image plane, which meets the overall design requirements of the optical system. Keywords: Corona detection, Zoom lens, Aspheric surface

Calibration is important to the application of infrared camera. For improving low temperature infrared measurement accuracy. A small extend blackbody is specially designed to meeting the requirement of low temperature calibration. The temperature range of blackbody is 5℃~90℃ with effective radiation area 150mm×150mm.The design adopts thermoelectric cooler as driver and chooses the PID temperature control algorithm. By testing the stability, emissivity and uniformity of blackbody, the design is proved quiet practical, which meets the needs of infrared camera, spectrometer and other measuring equipment in low temperature calibration.

Visibility of Nighttime video image has a great significance for military and medicine areas, but nighttime video image has so poor quality that we can’t recognize the target and background. Thus we enhance the nighttime video image by fuse infrared video image and visible video image. According to the characteristics of infrared and visible images, we proposed improved sift algorithm andαβ weighted algorithm to fuse heterologous nighttime images. We would deduced a transfer matrix from improved sift algorithm. The transfer matrix would rapid register heterologous nighttime images. And theαβ weighted algorithm can be applied in any scene. In the video image fusion system, we used the transfer matrix to register every frame and then used αβ weighted method to fuse every frame, which reached the time requirement soft video. The fused video image not only retains the clear target information of infrared video image, but also retains the detail and color information of visible video image and the fused video image can fluency play.

In view of the histogram equalizing algorithm to enhance image in digital image processing, an Infrared Image Gray adaptive adjusting Enhancement Algorithm Based on Gray Redundancy Histogram-dealing Technique is proposed. The algorithm is based on the determination of the entire image gray value, enhanced or lowered the image’s overall gray value by increasing appropriate gray points, and then use gray-level redundancy HE method to compress the gray-scale of the image. The algorithm can enhance image detail information. Through MATLAB simulation, this paper compares the algorithm with the histogram equalization method and the algorithm based on gray redundancy histogram-dealing technique , and verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm.

In order to improve the efficiency of remote sensing image data storage and transmission we present a method of the image compression based on lifting scheme and modified SPIHT(set partitioning in hierarchical trees) by the design of FPGA program, which realized to improve SPIHT and enhance the wavelet transform image compression. The lifting Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) architecture has been selected for exploiting the correlation among the image pixels. In addition, we provide a study on what storage elements are required for the wavelet coefficients. We present lena’s image using the 3/5 lifting scheme.

control method based on visual servo feedback is proposed, which is used to improve the attitude of a quad-rotor aircraft and to enhance its flight stability. Ground target images are obtained by a visual platform fixed on aircraft. Scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorism is used to extract image feature information. According to the image characteristic analysis, fast motion estimation is completed and used as an input signal of PID flight control system to realize real-time status adjustment in flight process. Imaging tests and simulation results show that the method proposed acts good performance in terms of flight stability compensation and attitude adjustment. The response speed and control precision meets the requirements of actual use, which is able to reduce or even eliminate the influence of environmental disturbance. So the method proposed has certain research value to solve the problem of aircraft’s anti-disturbance.

Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) is an important imaging quality indicator of optical system, in order to evaluate the imaging quality for a space remote sensing TDICCD camera, the MTF testing system，including hardware components and software components, was established based on refocusing system. Firstly, the design of Three Mirror Anastigmatic (TMA) optical system and the long interlace assemble TDICCD focal plane were introduced. Secondly, the construction and the schematic diagram of the refocusing system was presented in detail, as well as the relationship between refocusing range and position encoder for interlace assemble TDICCD focal plane. Thirdly, the schematic diagram of the MTF testing system was given, and the relationship between MTF and contrast transfer function(CTF) was discussed. Finally, on the basis of the schematic diagram of CTF, the transfer process of a square wave target was investigated. The testing results indicate that the MTF testing system can measure the CTF of every TDICCD on the focal plane in the focusing range, which meet the requirement of evaluation of imaging quality for a space TDICCD camera.

A center-shift method is presented for astrometric calibration, which is effective for space debris astrometry in a small field of view. Its details are given, the accuracy is experimented and the result is presented. The average accuracy of astrometric calibration using center-shift method is about 0.57 arcsec. The center-shift method is applicable to images observed by equatorial mount telescopes.

Quantum dots (QDs) is some material which particle size is between 1 to 10 nanometers. Because of the unique nonlinear optical properties, QDs has been widely applied in optical, electrical, magnetic, biological fields etc. Though the size of the nanoscale is bringing the QDs a series of characteristic advantages, it has also brought some problems for further application, such as QDs are easily degenerative according to their small size. However, The preparation of quantum dots with special polymer composite film can avoid this phenomenon, This means that the composite is usually with inert matrix can be realized for further application.