The polishing convolution theory is widely used in CCOS optical manufacture. In the paper, it is found that the practical amount of material removal is largely different to the theoretical results when the polishing pad does an accelerated motion. The change of the feed rate will cause a huge deviation while the change of the direction will not cause the deviation. Several experiments have finished by using ABB robot polisher and laser interferometer. The cause of the deviation primarily lies in the accumulation of the abrasive grains. To ensure the stability of the amount of material removal in the sub-aperture polishing process, the large change of feed rate should be avoided and the effect on the change of direction can be neglected.

A kind of space target acquisition optical system with small F-number was designed. The system had a working wavelength range of 0.45~0.85μm, an effective focal length of 240 mm, a field of view is 2ω=3°, and an F-Number of F/2. The system characteristic is that the structure is simple. And the especial requirements of the spot, energy concentration, distortion and lateral color etc. are all satisfied. The primary and secondary mirrors are all spheres, so the difficulty and cost of machining are reduced. Moreover, the temperature characteristic of the system is analyzed. The temperature request is satisfied.

When considering the time-variant characteristics of atmospheric turbulence in the numerical simulation research, it is very essential to generate the phase screens that meet the requirement. Meanwhile, in the numerical simulation of light propagation along an inhomogeneous turbulent path, the reasonable position of phase screens is also very important. In this article, an iterative algorithm of phase screen position based on the multilayer model of phase screens is given. And the phase screens are also continuously interpolated in order to meet the need of dynamic movement. Moreover, an example of light propagation combining the time-variant phase screens in two-layer system is provided under condition of the Hufnagel-Valley5/7. Thereafter, the characteristics of the optical wavefront and intensity changed with time are analyzed. The results show that the statistical properties of the generated phase screen coincides well with theoretical model of atmospheric turbulence in the low and high frequency region which is mainly concerned. The variance of Zernike coefficients of the optical wavefront in numerical simulation agrees with theoretical values basically. Although there is certain error existence in the probability density distribution of intensity fluctuation between simulation results and theoretical analyses, the trend of it is consistent with the lognormal distribution. Thus, the feasibility and validity of the above mentioned iterative algorithm is vindicated.

Based on the theory of radiation energy transfer in the infrared optical system, two methods for stray radiation analysis caused by interior thermal radiation in infrared optical system are proposed, one of which is important sampling method technique using forward ray trace, another of which is integral computation method using reverse ray trace. The two methods are discussed in detail. A concrete infrared optical system is provided. Light-tools is used to simulate the passage of radiation from the mirrors and mounts. Absolute values of internal irradiance on the detector are received. The results shows that the main part of the energy on the detector is due to the critical objects which were consistent with critical objects obtained by reverse ray trace, where mirror self-emission contribution is about 87.5% of the total energy. Corresponding to the results, the irradiance on the detector calculated by the two methods are in good agreement. So the validity and rationality of the two methods are proved.

Laser image data-based target recognition technology is one of the key technologies of laser active imaging systems. This paper discussed the status quo of 3-D imaging development at home and abroad, analyzed the current technological bottlenecks, and built a prototype of range-gated systems to obtain a set of range-gated slice images, and then constructed the 3-D images of the target by binary method and centroid method, respectively, and by constructing different numbers of slice images explored the relationship between the number of images and the reconstruction accuracy in the 3-D image reconstruction process. The experiment analyzed the impact of two algorithms, binary method and centroid method, on the results of 3-D image reconstruction. In the binary method, a comparative analysis was made on the impact of different threshold values on the results of reconstruction, where 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and adaptive threshold values were selected for 3-D reconstruction of the slice images. In the centroid method, 15, 10, 6, 3, and 2 images were respectively used to realize 3-D reconstruction. Experimental results showed that with the same number of slice images, the accuracy of centroid method was higher than the binary algorithm, and the binary algorithm had a large dependence on the selection of threshold; with the number of slice images dwindling, the accuracy of images reconstructed by centroid method continued to reduce, and at least three slice images were required in order to obtain one 3-D image.

The convex hyperbolic secondary mirror is a Φ520-mm Zerodur lightweight hyperbolic convex mirror. Typically conventional methods like CCOS, stressed-lap polishing are used to manufacture this secondary mirror. Nevertheless, the required surface accuracy cannot be achieved through the use of conventional polishing methods because of the unpredictable behavior of the polishing tools, which leads to an unstable removal rate. Ion beam figuring is an optical fabrication method that provides highly controlled error of previously polished surfaces using a directed, inert and neutralized ion beam to physically sputter material from the optic surface. Several iterations with different ion beam size are selected and optimized to fit different stages of surface figure error and spatial frequency components. Before ion beam figuring, surface figure error of the secondary mirror is 2.5λ p-v, 0.23λ rms, and is improved to 0.12λ p-v, 0.014λ rms in several process iterations. The demonstration clearly shows that ion beam figuring can not only be used to the final correction of aspheric, but also be suitable for polishing the coarse surface of large, complex mirror.

Nd doped phosphate glass is widely used as gain media in high power laser system. It is traditionally polished with the annular polishing technology. The edge effect is inevitable in annular polishing process and it results in the low manufacturing efficiency. Ion Beam Figuring (IBF) is a highly deterministic, non-contact method for the ultra-precision optics fabrication. So the edge effect is avoided. Nanometer and sub-nanometer precision is realizable in IBF. In this paper, Nd doped phosphate glass was polished with IBF, and the evolvement of surface roughness was emphasized. The roughness of surface polished with ion beam at normal and oblique incidence was researched. The oblique incident angle was 45°. The surface roughness was measured with the white light interferometer. No evident change was observed. This means that the pre-finish roughness can be preserved in IBF. The results denote that IBF is a feasible method to correct the contour errors of Nd doped phosphate glass, and the roughness will not be coarsened.

A new laser illumination system was designed based on the analysis of regular homogenization technology. It was widely used in the field of security without sunlight and other lighting. The new laser illumination system used eccentric motor to drive a light shaping scatterer to vibrate at a frequency that faster than the electronic shutter of cameras, making multiple light superimposed in integration time to form a uniform illumination effect. The laser illumination system can eliminate interference fringes and laser speckles, and realize the purpose of homogenization illumination. Experimental results show that the new laser illumination system makes the energy efficiency reach up to 90% and the illumination uniformity reach up to 94% in the effective area. The new laser illumination system improves the uniformity of illumination and utilization rate of laser energy, thus improves the image quality of the illuminated target.

Zoom mirror is a kind of active optical component that can change its curvature radius dynamically. Normally, zoom mirror is used to correct the defocus and spherical aberration caused by thermal lens effect to improve the beam quality of high power solid-state laser since that component was invented. Recently, the probable application of zoom mirror in realizing non-moving element optical zoom imaging in visible band has been paid much attention. With the help of optical leveraging effect, the slightly changed local optical power caused by curvature variation of zoom mirror could be amplified to generate a great alteration of system focal length without moving elements involved in, but in this application the shorter working wavelength and higher surface figure accuracy requirement make the design and fabrication of such a zoom mirror more difficult. Therefore, the key to realize non-moving element optical zoom imaging in visible band lies in zoom mirror which could provide a large enough saggitus variation while still maintaining a high enough surface figure. Although the annular force based actuation could deform a super-thin mirror having a constant thickness to generate curvature variation, it is quite difficult to maintain a high enough surface figure accuracy and this phenomenon becomes even worse when the diameter and the radius-thickness ratio become bigger. In this manuscript, by combing the pressurization based actuation with a variable thickness mirror design, the purpose of obtaining large saggitus variation and maintaining quite good surface figure accuracy at the same time could be achieved. A prototype zoom mirror with diameter of 120mm and central thickness of 8mm is designed, fabricated and tested. Experimental results demonstrate that the zoom mirror having an initial surface figure accuracy superior to 1/50λ could provide at least 21um saggitus variation and after finishing the curvature variation its surface figure accuracy could still be superior to 1/20λ, which proves that the effectiveness of the theoretical design.

According to the large aperture, long focal length zoom system design, the structure of the optical system based on the modular concept is proposed. The structure is constituted of an afocal compression telescope and a zoom system. The parts of each other are individually designed. The aberrations of them are independently. Because of this, the alignment of the system and the difficulty of test are greatly reduced. It is easily replaced by changing the zoom system parts, which can achieve other different focal length and ratio. Using afocal compression telescope greatly reduces the radial aperture of the zoom group, simplifies the system structure and reduces the cost. Meanwhile, the variable stop is placed in the vicinity of the primary mirror. It is instead of the zoom system used in floating variable stop. In addition, the problem about large aperture zoom system pupil matching is solved perfectly. In this article, four methods of pupil matching are given and the advantages and disadvantages of them are analyzed. Using this optical structure, a zoom system is designed, which is working in the visible wavelength band with variable focal length between 900mm and 4500mm, 500mm maximum aperture. The axial dimension of the system is less than 650mm. The maximum diameter of zoom system parts is less than 40 mm. Moreover, the distances of the zoom group and compensating group are all less than 60 mm. Besides, the motion curves of each other are given in the article. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) values of the system are greater than 0.3 at 48lp/mm across different focal length and field pointing on the axis. The design results show that the imaging quality is excellent, the structure is compact, and the alignment and test are easy. The imaging requirements of zoom system are all satisfied.

By comparing several integral field units (IFU), we focus on the image slicer and prove that the field matching of image slicer can be equal to radius matching in the off-axis telecentric light path. We prove that the single slice is still on the same spherical surface after rotation by using matrix, so spherical mirrors array come from one spherical surface has been demonstrated in theory. Based on the above conclusion, we have succeeded in modification 2.16-meter telescope and BFOSC (Bologna Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera) into integral field spectrograph. At the end, we propose a modification method that a slit imaging spectrograph can be turned into integral field spectrograph by inserting an appropriate image slicer.

A chip of fiber optical trap paves the way to realize the miniaturization and portability of devices based on dual beam optical trap, without loss of stability. We have designed two types of chip of fiber optical trap according to our theoretical simulation. The first one integrates dual beam optical trap with microfluidic chip, called a chip of semi-sealing fiber optical trap. It is generally used in chemical, biological, medical and other high-throughput experiments. The second one is a chip of full-sealing fiber optical trap. It is used to measure precisely the coefficient of viscosity or the Brownian movement of micro-object’s in liquid. This paper focuses on the chip of fiber optical trap. We present two types of chips of fiber optical trap and detail their designs, fabrication and validation. The chip of semi-sealing fiber optical trap is integrated with optical fiber and microfluidic chip made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We have achieved the micro-sized alignment of optical paths and the trapping of micro-sized particles in the chip of semi-sealing fiber optical trap. In addition, it is easy to fabrication and clean. The chip of full-sealing fiber optical trap was based on a cubic micro-cavity made by a rectangular capillary tube and sealed by PDMS. We have achieved micro-sized alignment accuracy, high trapping efficiency and better trapping stability in the chip of full-sealing fiber optical trap as well.

To overcome the alignment error caused by the overlay when the conventional electron beam lithography produces the four-step relief structure, the paper did a detailed research on the influence of different accelerating voltage on the exposure depth during the process of exposure. Therefore, it drew out the limit value of exposure depth under different accelerating voltage and the relationship between the electron beam energy and critical exposed dose. Through the analysis of the experimental results, it worked out the optimum process parameter combination of exposure. The accelerating voltage of the first exposure was 5keV and the exposed dose was 100μC/cm², while the second accelerating voltage was 15keV and the exposed dose was 150μC/cm². Finally, the four-step relief structure was made on the resist layer and this structure met the needs of the graphic transfer process on the etch mask.

The paper aimed at the problem that strong absorption in visible wavelengths and equipment or operator injury caused by specular reflection exist in infrared laser protection technology to propose an infrared laser non-specular reflection optical micro-structure formed from optical window surface. It has the function of little effect on visible light transmission and large-angle scattering to 1064nm infrared laser in order to enable laser protection. The paper uses light track method to design double-side micro-cylindrical lens arrays with dislocation construction. Array period T and curvature radius of lens units R should meet the condition:0<lt; T< R/ 2√7. Virtual-Lab optical modeling software is applied for the simulation of designed cylindrical micro-structure, the simulation results: average transmittance rate of visible light drops 7% ,which has little impact on practical result, and we can make it up by visible wavelengths fabrication antireflection coating; 1064nm infrared laser reflection is about 75%, divergence angle is greater than 30%,which greatly reduces the single-directivity reflection echo energy of laser to achieve the purpose of laser protection.

Resonant properties of the encapsulated grating in fused silica are studied based on the GMR effect. The planar waveguide model is used to demonstrate the resonant properties of the TE_1,0, TE_1,1, and TE_1,2 resonances, such as the resonance locations, the confinement factor and the effective waveguide thickness. It is shown that the resonant modes of the TE_1,0, TE_1,1, and TE_1,2 resonances are confined in a wavelength band, and the resonance locations can be tuned within this band. The mode confinement of the top layer for the TE_1,0, TE_1,1, and TE_1,2 resonances is increased as the thickness of the top layer increases. By properly selecting the thickness of the grating layer, multiline GMR filter with different peak reflectivity can be obtained.

In order to study the influence of flywheel micro vibration on the imaging of a high resolution optical satellite, the flywheel components disturbance model was established, and the flywheel components were tested. The analysis of the measured data shows that there is a series of harmonic at the first order frequency 50Hz, and a series of peaks around the 190Hz and 280Hz. The integration of the angular displacement response that was obtained by exerting the unit sine excitation on the satellite and the flywheel measured disturbance data shows that there is a lot of angular displacement harmonic response frequency in 40Hz~80Hz and 230Hz~280Hz, the maximum angular displacement resonance response amplitude is 2.739" along the vertical direction, the angular displacement resonance response amplitude is 2.617" at 245Hz and 2600rpm, and 0.5" magnitude harmonic amplitude around 245Hz. Flywheel micro vibration has a great influence on the high resolution optical satellite imaging quality. Suggestions on further research on micro vibration of flywheel are proposed.

According to the picture of a sub-meter resolution optical satellite acquired on the orbit, there is a phenomenon of jitter in the process of taking pictures. The flywheel as the main attitude control component of the satellite, the disturbance that it caused has great influence on the high resolution optical satellite in its normal action. This paper has respectively researched the flywheel components’ disturbance mechanism from three parts, including uneven rotator, rotator friction, bearing disturbance, builds the mathematics model of disturbance to analysis the characteristic of disturbance. we get that the vibration system is not a fully linear system, the system is linear before the occurrence of rubbing. It also can be seen that the system has a number of different cross rigidity, it will often appear unstable motion that resulting in damage, or becomes the ultimate destruction due to the role of nonlinear damping. When the rolling roll in the surface, it will produce an alternative excitation force if there exist defects or damage in the rolling surface. This research would offer guidance for system optimization design and vibrating isolation compensation of the later type of improved satellite.

Wavefront coding (WFC) is a hybrid technology designed to increase depth of field of conventional optics. The goal of our research is to apply this technology to the short-focus and ultra-wide-angle lens which suffers from the aberration related with large field of view (FOV) such as coma and astigmatism. WFC can also be used to compensate for other aberration which is sensitive to the FOV. Ultra-wide-angle lens has a little depth of focus because it has small F number and short-focus. We design a hybrid lens combing WFC with the ultra-wide-angle lens. The full FOV and relative aperture of the final design are up to170° and 1/1.8 respectively. The focal length is 2 mm. We adopt the cubic phase mask (CPM) in the design. The conventional design will have a wide variation of the point spread function (PSF) across the FOV and it is very sensitive with the variation of the FOV. The new design we obtain the PSF is nearly invariant over the whole FOV. But the result of the design also shows the little difference between the horizontal and vertical length of the PSF. We analyze that the CPM is non-symmetric phase mask and the FOV is so large, which will generate variation in the final image quality. For that reason, we apply a new method to avoid that happened. We try to make the rays incident on the CPM with small angle and decrease the deformation of the PSF. The experimental result shows the new method to optimize the CPM is fit for the ultra-wide-angle lens. The research above will be a helpful instruction to design the ultra-wide-angle lens with WFC.

TM1-6S1 large aperture laser transport mirror is a crucial optical unit of high power solid-state laser in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) facility. This article focuses on the low-stress and precise mounting method of large-aperture mirror. Based on the engineering practice of SG-III, the state-of-the-art and key problems of current mounting configuration are clarified firstly. Subsequently, a brand new low-stress mounting configuration with flexure supports is proposed. Opto-mechanical model of the mirror under mounting force is built up with elastic mechanics theory. Further, numerical methods and field tests are employed to verify the favorable load uniform capacity and load adjust capacity of flexure supports. With FEM, the relation between the mounting force from new configuration and the mirror surface distortion (wavefront error) is clarified. The novel mounting method of large aperture optics could be not only used on this laser transport mirror, but also on the other transmission optics and large crystals in ICF facilities.

VO₂ thin films were fabricated by reactive DC magnetron sputtering on different buffer layers of MgF₂, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, respectively. The crystallinity and orientation relationship, thickness of VO₂ thin films, atoms vibrational modes, optical and electrical property, surface morphology of films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering microscopy, step profiler, spectrophotometer, four-probe technique, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. XRD results investigated that the films have preferential crystalline planes VO₂ (011). The crystallinity of VO₂ films grown on TiO₂ buffer layers are superior to VO₂ directly deposited on soda-lime glass. The Raman bands of the VO₂ films correspond to an Ag symmetry mode of VO₂ (M). The sample prepared on 100nm TiO₂ buffer layer appears nanorods structure, and exhibits remarkable solar energy modulation ability as high as 5.82% in full spectrum and 23% in near infrared spectrum. Cross-sectional SEM image of the thin films samples indicate that MgF₂ buffer layer has clear interface with VO₂ layer. But there are serious interdiffusion phenomenons between Al₂O₃, TiO₂ buffer layer with VO₂ layer.

In view of the light energy loss in central obscuration of coaxial reflex optical system, the design method of a kind of hollow beam generator is introduced. First of all, according to the geometrical parameter and obscuration ratio of front-end coaxial reflex optical system, calculate the required physical dimension of hollow beam, and get the beam expanding rate of the hollow beam generator according to the parameters of the light source. Choose the better enlargement ratio of initial expanding system using the relational expression of beam expanding rate and beam expanding rate of initial system; the traditional design method of the reflex optical system is used to design the initial optical system, and then the position of rotation axis of the hollow beam generator can be obtained through the rotation axis translation formula. Intercept the initial system bus bar using the rotation axis after the translation, and rotate the bus bar around the rotation axis for 360°, so that two working faces of the hollow beam generator can be got. The hollow beam generator designed by this method can get the hollow beam that matches the front-end coaxial reflex optical system, improving the energy utilization ratio of beam and effectively reducing the back scattering of transmission system.

The Progressive addition lens is used increasingly extensive with its advantages of meeting the requirements of distant and near vision at the same time. Started from the surface equations of progressive addition lens, combined with evaluation method of spherical power and cylinder power, the relationship equations between the surface sag and optical power distribution are derived. According to the requirements on difference of actual and nominal optical power from Chinese National Standard, the tolerance analysis and evaluation of prototype progressive addition surface with addition of 2.5m⁻¹ ( 7.5m⁻¹ ~ 10m⁻¹ ) is given in detail. The tolerance analysis method provides theoretical proof for lens processing control accuracy, and the processing feasibility of lens is evaluated much more reasonably.

This paper presents the comparative analysis of influence of doping level and doping profile of the active region on zero bias photoresponse characteristics of GaN-based p-i-n ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors operating at front- and back-illuminated. A two dimensional physically-based computer simulation of GaN-based p-i-n UV photodetectors is presented. We implemented GaN material properties and physical models taken from the literature. It is shown that absorption layer doping profile has notable impacts on the photoresponse of the device. Especially, the effect of doping concentration and distribution of the absorption layer on photoresponse is discussed in detail. In the case of front illumination, comparative to uniform n-type doping, the device with n-type Gaussian doping profiles at absorption layer has higher responsivity. Comparative to front illumination, back illuminated detector with p-type doping profiles at absorption layer has higher maximum photoresponse, while the Gaussian doping profiles have a weaker ability to enhance the device responsivity. It is demonstrated that electric field distribution, mobility degradation, and recombinations are jointly responsible for the variance of photoresponse. Our work enriches the understanding and utilization of GaN based p-i-n UV photodetectors.

This study introduces a telescope with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) functions. In this telescope, information on the micro-display screen is integrated to the reticule of telescope through a beam splitter and is then received by the observer. The design and analysis of telescope optical system with AR and VR ability is accomplished and the opto-mechanical structure is designed. Finally, a proof-of-concept prototype is fabricated and demonstrated. The telescope has an exit pupil diameter of 6 mm at an eye relief of 19 mm, 6° field of view, 5 to 8 times visual magnification , and a 30° field of view of the virtual image.

Stable and homogeneous dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals (DDCLCs) were prepared. The lasers generated from DDCLCs can be tuned by temperature, and the working temperature range of DDCLCs was from 20 °C to 60 °C. After adding bi-functional monomer RM257 and photoinitiator Irgacure 2959, the working temperature range of lasers from DDCLCs was enhanced from 20-60 °C to 20-70 °C.

This paper presents an optical design for the all-reflective dual-channel imaging system based on freeform surfaces. This system may be useful in remote sensing where coarse searching and fine observation are both needed. For this system, an off-axis three-mirror system with a middle image is chosen to design and the uniform stop is placed before the first optical surface. Meanwhile, beam splitter can be placed between secondary mirror and the location of the middle image to obtain multiple paths and the different curvatures of the tertiary mirrors can be used to differentiate the focal lengths of two channels and then get a zoom ratio of this system. One channel with a wide FOV of 3×1.5° but a small focal length of 700 mm can be used for searching, while the other one with a long focal length of 1480 mm but a narrow FOV of 0.5×0.5° can be used for fine reconnaissance. Furthermore, An XY polynomial, established as an even function of x, was employed to improve imaging quality, so we obtained a system of the symmetry about the YOZ plane, which can bring considerable convenience to alignment and testing for the system. The modulation transfer function curves of both channels are above 0.3 at 50 line pairs per millimeter, which indicates a good imaging quality.

A novel moving objects dimension measurement system based on the linear array CCD is designed. The light source is a pulsed laser with pulse width 200ns. Single point of light passes through lens converted to parallel light which will illuminate to the CCD through the moving object to be tested. CCD pixels which are blocked by the object while light is on are low, and the remaining pixels are high conversely. The distance of the tested objects while light is on can be ignored since the light pulse width is much smaller than the integration time of CCD (generally). The size of the tested object can be achieved by the number of dark pixels of CCD while light is on. This paper introduces the principle and composition of the dimension measurement system. The results show that this system can measure the size of moving objects and measuring accuracy is better than 50 microns. Accuracy and stability of the system can achieve actual production requirements when the object’s moving speed is smaller than 50mm/s. Optimizing the parallelism of the parallel light, the measurement accuracy can be further improved.

To meet the requirements of the current projection display system. This paper present an ultra-short throw catadioptric projection lens with a freeform mirror. This catadioptric structure consists of two parts. The first part is a set of rotationally symmetrical refractive lenses and the second part is a freeform mirror. In our design, Texas Instruments's Digital Light Processing (DLP) is chosen as the image source. A 0.65inch DMD is employed as the spatial light modulator. The two parts of system are firstly designed respectively, and then they are combined for final design. And a three-dimensional direct design method is firstly employed to design the freeform mirror. The final designed projection lens composes of nine lenses and a XY polynomial mirror, of which the F number is 3.5, the focal length is 6.05mm, and the screen size is 60inch. The designed system achieves projected the display screen with a projection distance of 440mm, which the throw ratio is 0.29. Results show that the MTF of all the FOVs are over 30% at 66lp/mm. The maximum distortion is less than 4%. Due to the high optical performance and compact structure, this designed projection lens is suitable for household and educational applications.

As an important auxiliary function of head-mounted displays (HMDs), eye tracking has an important role in the field of intelligent human–machine interaction. In this paper, an eye-tracking HMD system (ET–HMD) is designed based on the rotational symmetric system. The tracking principle in this paper is based on pupil–corneal reflection. The ET–HMD system comprises three optical paths for virtual display, infrared illumination, and eye tracking. The display optics is shared by three optical paths and consists of four spherical lenses. For the eye-tracking path, an extra imaging lens is added to match the image sensor and achieve eye tracking. The display optics provides users a 40° diagonal FOV with a ״ 0.61 OLED, the 19 mm eye clearance, and 10 mm exit pupil diameter. The eye-tracking path can capture 15 mm × 15 mm of the users’ eyes. The average MTF is above 0.1 at 26 lp/mm for the display path, and exceeds 0.2 at 46 lp/mm for the eye-tracking path. Eye illumination is simulated using LightTools with an eye model and an 850 nm near-infrared LED (NIR-LED). The results of the simulation show that the illumination of the NIR-LED can cover the area of the eye model with the display optics that is sufficient for eye tracking. The integrated optical system HMDs with eye-tracking feature can help improve the HMD experience of users.

The area array CMOS devices are usually used on the staring imaging space remote sensors on which the wide field angle. Only an RC system cannot match the requirement. So at present, the RC system coupled with a group of relay lens which is always used in the long focal length and wide field angle system can extend the field angle because the aberration of off axis of the RC system can be corrected by the relay lens. In order to reach the high precision alignment of the system, the computer aided alignment technology and the high precision spatial location reconfiguration technology will be introduced. Comparing with the group of relay lens and the secondary mirror both adjusted, this method fixed the group of relay lens. It made the secondary mirror be the only variable. The number of the variable of the alignment was reduced. The efficiency of the alignment was also improved and the period was shortened. The result was that the MTF of all the nine field angles was better than 0.315, which the design result was 0.345. The factor of the alignment was 91 percent.

An efficient small size and low weight optical lens system covering the visible and long-wave infrared dual-band is designed. The chromatic aberration caused by the wide bands from visible to long-wave infrared is one of the tough problems though large efforts have been done in the related communities. In this paper, for materials used as the base of the achromatic design, we choose two suitable materials (Zns and Kbr) that allow transmission both of visible and long-wave infrared (LWIR) light. Though the two materials have proved the ability to correct three wavelengths for each spectral range, the correction from the materials compensation is not enough and aspheric even diffractive surface was selected to join this optical system for reducing the aberration. The design results show a good image quality for infrared band imaging while the corresponding visible imaging is acceptable to be used to extract the outline of objects.

Compared with the visible light and infrared, terahertz (THz) radiation can penetrate nonpolar and nonmetallic materials. There are many studies on the THz coaxial transmission confocal microscopy currently. But few researches on the THz dual-axis reflective confocal microscopy were reported. In this paper, we utilized a dual-axis reflective confocal scanning microscope working at 2.52 THz. In contrast with the THz coaxial transmission confocal microscope, the microscope adopted in this paper can attain higher axial resolution at the expense of reduced lateral resolution, revealing more satisfying 3D imaging capability. Objects such as Chinese characters “Zhong-Hua” written in paper with a pencil and a combined sheet metal which has three layers were scanned. The experimental results indicate that the system can extract two Chinese characters “Zhong," “Hua” or three layers of the combined sheet metal. It can be predicted that the microscope can be applied to biology, medicine and other fields in the future due to its favorable 3D imaging capability.

Refractory material with surface plasmonic structures have the function of spectrum selective absorption and radiation spectrum regulation. In this paper, we design an absorber with periodic cylindrical nanostructures and a dielectric layer of Al₂O₃ based on the substrate of metal Tantalum (Ta). The energy absorption characteristics of the absorber have been simulated and analyzed by changing various constructional parameters. The simulation results indicate that structural parameters have great influence on the spectrum absorption in the range of wavelength 400-4000nm. The period and radius of nanostructure have a important effect on the absorption peaks in the infrared region. Infrared absorption peak can reach more than 99% and produce a red shift due to parameters changing. At the whole visible field, the absorption enhancement effect is significant. The refractive index and thickness of dielectric layer also have an obviously effect on the absorption spectrum. Furthermore, it is also obviously that thickness of dielectric layer has enhancement effect on absorption of infrared spectrum. The research found that the absorption and radiation spectrum of surface plasmonic materials can be effectively controlled by combining the high temperature radiation characteristics of high temperature metal. Thermophotovoltaic system can provide a kind of new methods and ideas for improving conversion efficiency, energy saving and consumption reducing.

The geometry of a spherical surface, for example that of a precision optic, is completely determined by the radius –of-curvature at one point and the deviation from the perfect spherical form at all other points of the sphere. Full-field Optical Coherence Tomography (FF-OCT) is a parallel detection OCT technique that utilizes a 2D detector array. This technique avoids mechanical scanning in imaging optics, thereby speeding up the imaging process and enhancing the quality of images. The current paper presents an FF-OCT instrument that is designed to be used in sphere measurement with the principle of multiple delays (MD) OCT to evaluate the curvature and radius of curved objects in single-shot imaging. The optimum combination of the MD principle with the FF-OCT method was evaluated, and the radius of a metal ball was measured with this method. The generated 2n-1 contour lines were obtained by using an MDE with n delays in a single en-face OCT image. This method of measurement, it engaged in the measurement accuracy of spherical and enriches the means of measurement, to make a spherical scan techniques flexible application.

Location-dependent metasurface with specific structure in terahertz (THz) range is designed and demonstrated, whose unit cell consists of coupled resonators, respectively, on the front and back sides of the polyimide substrate. Two transmission dips in the transmission spectrum are excited by electromagnetic interaction between the front and back resonators. Changeable width of the transmission window can be observed while shifting the front resonator away from its original place. Besides, horizontal and vertical change rule of the structure are all present in this paper. This location-dependent design of metasurface shows potential application on terahertz modulator, filter and sensor.

Haze, fog, and smoke are turbid medium in the atmosphere which usually degrade viewing condition of outdoor scenes. The resulted images lose contrast and color fidelity with serious degradation. Due to loss of large detailed information of measured scene, it will usually lead to invalid detection and measurement. The suspended particles in the atmosphere and the scene being measured give rise to polarization changes by their reflection. In the process of reflection, absorption and scattering, the object itself can be determined by its own polarization characteristics. Based on this point, we proposed an approach for target vision through haze. This approach is based on the polarization differences between the scene being measured and the scattering background to move the haze effects. It can realize a great visibility enhancement and enable the scene rendering even if imaged under restricted viewing conditions with low polarization. In this work, the detailed theoretical operation principle is presented. A validating imaging system is established and the corresponding experiment is carried out. We present the experimental results of haze-free image of scene with recovered high contrast. This method also can be used to effectively enhance the imaging performance of any other optical system.

Compound-eyes have several characters such as big vision field angle, small volume and multi-channels imaging. Therefore, it is applicable in the field of machine vision. Based on the thermal reflow and hot embossing technology, this paper put forward a new route to design the compound-eyes imaging system and analysis the optical aberration by use of ray tracing. Furthermore, in order to getting the optimal imaging ability, non-homogeneous micro-lens array is adopted as the compound-eyes structure. The ray-tracing results show that the design scheme can reach the expected requirements. Therefore, this paper can guide the design of compound-eyes imaging system.

Wavefront Coding is a new method to extend the depth of field, which combines optical design and signal processing together. By using optical design software ZEMAX ,we designed a practical wavefront coded imaging system based on a conventional Cooke triplet system .Unlike conventional optical system, the wavefront of this new system is modulated by a specially designed phase mask, which makes the point spread function (PSF)of optical system not sensitive to defocus. Therefore, a series of same blurred images obtained at the image plane. In addition, the optical transfer function (OTF) of the wavefront coded imaging system is independent of focus, which is nearly constant with misfocus and has no regions of zeros. All object information can be completely recovered through digital filtering at different defocus positions. The focus invariance of MTF is selected as merit function in this design. And the coefficients of phase mask are set as optimization goals. Compared to conventional optical system, wavefront coded imaging system obtains better quality images under different object distances. Some deficiencies appear in the restored images due to the influence of digital filtering algorithm, which are also analyzed in this paper. The depth of field of the designed wavefront coded imaging system is about 28 times larger than initial optical system, while keeping higher optical power and resolution at the image plane.

We propose and demonstrate a new correlation imaging method using a periodic light source array. The image of the object is reconstructed by exploiting the correlation between the total intensity of the beam interacting with the object and the precomputed intensity distribution patterns of the light source. The implementation of this experiment is quite simple and low-cost without the need for a beam splitter or spatial light modulator. Due to its single-pixel detection configuration, it should have great potential in many imaging applications.

Recently developed adaptive fiber laser array technique provides a promising way incorporating aberrations correction with laser beams transmission. Existing researches are focused on sub-aperture low order aberrations (pistons and tips/tilts) compensation and got excellent correction results for weak and moderate turbulence in short range. While such results are not adequate for future laser applications which face longer range and stronger turbulence. So sub-aperture high aberrations compensation is necessary. Relationship between corrigible orders of sub-aperture aberrations and far-field metrics as power-in-the-bucket (PIB) and Strehl ratio is investigated with numeric simulation in this paper. Numerical investigation results shows that increment in array number won’t result in effective improvement of the far-field metric if sub-aperture size is fixed. Low order aberrations compensation in sub-apertures gets its best performances only when turbulence strength is weak. Pistons compensation becomes invalid and higher order aberrations compensation is necessary when turbulence gets strong enough. Cost functions of the adaptive fiber laser array with high order aberrations correction in sub-apertures are defined and the optimum corrigible orders are discussed. Results shows that high order (less than first ten Zernike orders) compensation is acceptable where balance between increment of the far-field metric and the cost and complexity of the system could be reached.

In this paper, we simulate the dynamic movement of a dielectric sphere in optical trap. This dynamic analysis can be used to calibrate optical forces, increase trapping efficiency and measure viscous coefficient of surrounding medium. Since an accurate dynamic analysis is based on a detailed force calculation, we calculate all forces a sphere receives. We get the forces of dual-beam gradient radiation pressure on a micron-sized dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime and utilize Einstein-Ornstein-Uhlenbeck to deal with its Brownian motion forces. Hydrodynamic viscous force also exists when the sphere moves in liquid. Forces from buoyance and gravity are also taken into consideration. Then we simulate trajectory of a sphere when it is subject to all these forces in a dual optical trap. From our dynamic analysis, the sphere can be trapped at an equilibrium point in static water, although it permanently fluctuates around the equilibrium point due to thermal effects. We go a step further to analyze the effects of misalignment of two optical traps. Trapping and escaping phenomena of the sphere in flowing water are also simulated. In flowing water, the sphere is dragged away from the equilibrium point. This dragging distance increases with the decrease of optical power, which results in escaping of the sphere with optical power below a threshold. In both trapping and escaping process we calculate the forces and position of the sphere. Finally, we analyze a trapping region in dual optical tweezers.

In order to effectively improve the target detection and recognition ability of IR imagers, based on a 320×256 cooled staring focal plane array(FPA) detector, pixel size 30μm×30μm, a mid-wavelength infrared dual field of view zoom system was designed. In this paper, the working wavelength is 3μm～5μm, the temperature range is -40°C~+50°C, this system can realize 200mm and 400mm dual focal length, the F-number is 2, the full field of view of short focal length is 3.44° and long focal length is 1.72° respectively, satisfy 100% cold shield efficiency. A re-imaging refractive system was adopted in this designed optical system consists of main optics and projection components. First of all, the structural selection and the initial parameter calculation were introduced in detail. Secondly, on the basis of variety of the distance and temperature, a focusing lens was presented in this system to adjust to produce a clear image. Last but not the least, to improve image quality and environment adaptability, the analysis of temperature change and narcissus effect were described particularly. The design results prove that at the spatial frequency of 17 lp/mm, the MTF of the optical system is greater than 0.5(the axis MTF of the optical is greater than 0.6), the system can offer a high resolution and excellent images in whole range of the focal length, and it has the advantages of good adaptability, compact structure, high optical transmission and small size.

A series of silver films with various thicknesses were deposited on TiO₂ covered silica substrates by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The effects of TiO₂ phase on the structure, optical properties and surface plasmon resonance of silver thin films were investigated by x-ray diffraction, optical absorption and Raman scattering measurements, respectively. By adjusting the silver layer thickness, the resonance wavelength shows a redshift, which is due to a change in the electromagnetic field coupling strength from the localized surface plasmons excited between the silver thin film and TiO₂ layer. Raman scattering measurement results showed that optical absorption plays an important role in surface plasmon enhancement, which is also related to different crystal phase.

Au/ZnO/Ag sandwich structure films were fabricated by DC magnetron sputter at room temperature. The tunability of the surface plasmon resonance wavelength was realized by varying the thickness of ZnO thin film. The effects of ZnO layer on the optical properties of Au/ZnO/Au thin films were investigated by optical absorption and Raman scattering measurements. It has been found that both the surface plasmon resonance frequency and SERS can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of ZnO layer due to the coupling of metal and semiconductor.

A complete theory is established for opto-mechanical systems design of the window in this paper, which can make the design more rigorous .There are three steps about the design. First, the universal model of aerodynamic environment is established based on the theory of Computational Fluid Dynamics, and the pneumatic pressure distribution and temperature data of optical window surface is obtained when aircraft flies in 5-30km altitude, 0.5-3Ma speed and 0-30°angle of attack. The temperature and pressure distribution values for the maximum constraint is selected as the initial value of external conditions on the optical window surface. Then, the optical window and mechanical structure are designed, which is also divided into two parts: First, mechanical structure which meet requirements of the security and tightness is designed. Finally, rigorous analysis and evaluation are given about the structure of optics and mechanics we have designed. There are two parts to be analyzed. First, the Fluid-Solid-Heat Coupled Model is given based on finite element analysis. And the deformation of the glass and structure can be obtained by the model, which can assess the feasibility of the designed optical windows and ancillary structure; Second, the new optical surface is fitted by Zernike polynomials according to the deformation of the surface of the optical window, which can evaluate imaging quality impact of spectral camera by the deformation of window.

In order to study the effect of light-emitting diode reliability made by electrical overstress, in this paper, the LF3R light-emitting diode is taken as an example, the basic failure model of diode is set up and the main factors affecting the performance and reliability of light-emitting diode are given, then the measures to prevent failures of light-emitting diode are given, which is of guide significance to the proper use of light-emitting diode. The test results show that the modeling of LF3R reflects its failure regularity and is applicable in practice.

Quite a lot of factors will make effects on beam pointing stability of an optical system, Among them, the element tolerance is one of the most important and common factors. In some large laser systems, it will make final micro beams spot on the image plane deviate obviously. So it is essential for us to achieve effective and accurate analysis theoretically on element tolerance. In order to make the analysis of beam pointing stability convenient and theoretical, we consider transmission of a single chief ray rather than beams approximately to stand for the whole spot deviation. According to optical matrix, we also simplify this complex process of light transmission to multiplication of many matrices. So that we can set up element tolerance model, namely having mathematical expression to illustrate spot deviation in an optical system with element tolerance. In this way, we can realize quantitative analysis of beam pointing stability theoretically. In second half of the paper, we design an experiment to get the spot deviation in a multipass optical system caused by element tolerance, then we adjust the tolerance step by step and compare the results with the datum got from tolerance model, finally prove the correction of tolerance model successfully.

As a high-resolution imaging instrument, angular resolution is the most important index of Lyman-α ultraviolet telescope. In this paper a new allocation and budget method is introduced. An resolution error allocation of surface roughness, figure error and alignment error was developed early in the program. And the allocation was used to guide the design. Though testing the surface roughness and figure error in visible light, the variation of diffraction encircled energy can be obtained by non-sequence model and Zernike coefficients brought into optical design software. The numerical results show that the effective RMS surface roughness of primary and secondary mirrors are 0.49nm and 0.40nm in the spatial frequency from 1/D (D is the diameter of the mirror) to 1/λ (λ is an incident wavelength). And the effects of the surface roughness are both less than 0.1″. The figure error of the primary and secondary mirrors are 0.009λ and 0.007λ (Λλ=632.8nm). The resolution errors which were brought by the figure error are 0.33″ and 0.16″. Then the effect of alignment error on angular resolution was gotten by testing visual resolution. Finally the angular resolution in ultraviolet band can be calculated. The focal length of Lyman-α ultraviolet telescope is 2000mm and the pixel size of detector is 14μm. So the pixel resolution is 1.4″. Experimental results show that the angular resolution of Lyman-α ultraviolet telescope is 0.59″, which is approached to the estimate and meet the requirement.

The Performance of wavefront aberration detection and recovery, is limited by the spatial resolution in subaperture, especially for the high-order aberration. To improve the accuracy of wavefront reconstruction, our paper focuses more on the phase retrieval using the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm with lower subaperture. In this paper, the theoretical that Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor can get a single subaperture high spatial frequency components, which are four-dimensional spatial position and spatial frequency information of the two-dimensional light field is researched.Numerical simulations show that compared with conventional methods, the SPGD algorithm can effectively improve the phase retrieval precision of higher-order aberrations, and decrease the influence of the spatial resolution in subaperture. At the same time, by selecting the appropriate algorithm iterative initial value can effectively enhance the speed of wave front reconstruction.

Based on the scene characteristics of frequency distribution in the degraded color images, the MSRCR method and wavelet transform in the paper are introduced respectively to enhance color images and the advantages and disadvantages of them are analyzed combining with the experiment, then the combination of improved MSRCR method and wavelet transform are proposed to enhance color images, it uses wavelet to decompose color images in order to increase the coefficient of low-level details and reduce top-level details to highlight the scene information, meanwhile, the method of improved MSRCR is used to enhance the low-frequency components of degraded images processed by wavelet, then the adaptive equalization is carried on to further enhance images, finally, the enhanced color images are acquired with the reconstruction of all the coefficients brought by the wavelet transform. Through the evaluation of the experimental results and data analysis, it shows that the method proposed in the paper is better than the separate use of wavelet transform and MSRCR method.

The surface form of mounted large optics has a very important impact on the laser beam performance in high power laser system. To make the surface form to the minimized distortion and keep with the design specifications is always a difficult challenge in China’s SG-III laser system which is made up of thousands meter-sized large optical units and requires to focus all 48 laser beams into nearly 600 μm-diameter spot better than 50 μm (RMS) within a few picoseconds. In this paper, a methodology integrated both 3D finite elements modeling method and nanometer-level precision metrology is proposed to evaluate the surface performance. According to various spatial frequencies, the wavefront characters of large aperture optical component are measured and provided to analyze its mounted surface characters. Assembly and mounting process will be adjusted to meet for the surface wavefront requirements both of with the data both of measured when pre-alignment and predicted for installation. By a case study of large transport mirror, the proposed approach has shown a good performance on obtaining precise surface features and guiding the optical mounting.

When a beam of light with certain intensity and distribution reaches the surface of a material, the distribution of the diffused light is related to the incident angle, the receiving angle, the wavelength of the light and the types of the material. Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) is a method to describe this distribution. For an optical system, the optical and mechanical materials’ BRDF are unique, and if we want to calculate stray light of the system we should know the correct BRDF data of the whole materials. There are fundamental significances in the area of space remote sensor where BRDF is needed in the precise radiation calibration. It is also important in the military field where BRDF can be used in the object identification and target tracking, etc. In this paper, 11 kinds of aerospace materials’ BRDF are measured and more than 310,000 groups of BRDF data are achieved , and also a BRDF database is established in China for the first time. With the BRDF data of the database, we can create the detector model, build the stray light radiation surface model in the stray light analysis software. In this way, the stray radiation on the detector can be calculated correctly.

Many target-tracking applications require an optical system to acquire the target for tracking and identification. This paper describes a new detecting optical system that can provide automatic flying object detecting, tracking and measuring in visible band. The main feature of the detecting lens system is the combination of diffractive optics with traditional lens design by a technique was invented by Schupmann. Diffractive lens has great potential for developing the larger aperture and lightweight lens. First, the optical system scheme was described. Then the Schupmann achromatic principle with diffractive lens and corrective optics is introduced. According to the technical features and requirements of the optical imaging system for detecting and tracking, we designed a lens system with flat surface Fresnel lens and cancels the optical system chromatic aberration by another flat surface Fresnel lens with effective focal length of 1980mm, an F-Number of F/9.9 and a field of view of 2ωω = 14.2′, spatial resolution of 46 lp/mm and a working wavelength range of 0.6~0.85um. At last, the system is compact and easy to fabricate and assembly, the diffuse spot size and MTF function and other analysis provide good performance.

In the optoelectronic integrated test system, surface profile and finish of the optical element are put forward higher request. Taking an aspherical quartz glass lens with a diameter of 200mm as example, taking Preston hypothesis as the theoretical basis, analyze the influence of surface quality of various process parameters, including the workpiece and the tool axis spindle speed, wheel type, concentration polishing, polishing mold species, dwell time, polishing pressure and other parameters. Using CNC method for the surface profile and surface quality of the lens were investigated. Taking profilometer measurement results as a guide, by testing and simulation analysis, process parameters were improved constantly in the process of manufacturing. Mid and high frequency error were trimmed and improved so that the surface form gradually converged to the required accuracy. The experimental results show that the final accuracy of the surface is less than 2µm and the surface finish is, which fulfils the accuracy requirement of aspherical focusing lens in optical system.

In the process of cutting silicon by natural diamond tools, groove wear happens on the flank face of cutting tool frequently.Scholars believe that one of the wear reasons is mechanical scratching effect by hard particles like SiC. To reveal the mechanical scratching mechanism, it is essential to study changes in the mechanical properties of hard particles and diamond, especially the effect of cutting temperature on hardness of diamond and hard particles. Molecular dynamics (MD) model that contact-zone temperature between tool and workpiece was calculated by dividing zone while nano-cutting monocrystalline silicon was established, cutting temperature values in different regions were computed as the simulation was carried out.On this basis, the models of molecular dynamics simulation of SiC and diamond were established separately with setting the initial temperature to room temperature. The laws of length change of C-C bond and Si-C bond varing with increase of simulation temperature were studied. And drawing on predecessors' research on theoretical calculation of hardness of covalent crystals and the relationship between crystal valence electron density and bond length, the curves that the hardness of diamond and SiC varing with bond length were obtained. The effect of temperature on the hardness was calculated. Results show that, local cutting temperature can reach 1300K.The rise in cutting temperature leaded to a decrease in the diamond local atomic clusters hardness,SiC local atomic clusters hardness increased. As the cutting temperature was more than 1100K,diamond began to soften, the local clusters hardness was less than that of SiC.

Augmented reality(AR) technology is becoming the study focus, and the AR effect of the light field imaging makes the research of light field camera attractive. The micro array structure was adopted in most light field information acquisition system(LFIAS) since emergence of light field camera, micro lens array(MLA) and micro pinhole array(MPA) system mainly included. It is reviewed in this paper the structure of the LFIAS that the Light field camera commonly used in recent years. LFIAS has been analyzed based on the theory of geometrical optics. Meanwhile, this paper presents a novel LFIAS, plane grating system, we call it "micro aperture array(MAA." And the LFIAS are analyzed based on the knowledge of information optics; This paper proves that there is a little difference in the multiple image produced by the plane grating system. And the plane grating system can collect and record the amplitude and phase information of the field light.

F-theta lens is an important unit for selective laser melting (SLM) manufacture. The dual wavelength f-theta lens has not been used in SLM manufacture. Here, we present the design of the f-theta lens which satisfies SLM manufacture with coaxial 532 nm and 1030 nm~1080 nm laser beams. It is composed of three pieces of spherical lenses. The focal spots for 532 nm laser and 1030 nm~1080 nm laser are smaller than 35 μm and 70 μm, respectively. The results meet the demands of high precision SLM. The chromatic aberration could cause separation between two laser focal spots in the scanning plane, so chromatic aberration correction is very important to our design. The lateral color of the designed f-theta lens is less than 11 μm within the scan area of 150 mm x 150 mm, which meet the application requirements of dual wavelength selective laser melting.

The split-step Fourier method (SSFM) is introduced to analyze the beam propagation in a relatively large-sized turbulent filed, whose refractive-index profile is already detected. The numerical method is achieved by fast Fourier transform (FFT).To obtain the optimal sampling number, we propose an adaptive spread-spectrum method as an optimization. The SSFM is widely used for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation ^[1].The advantage of the SSFM is apparently its simple formalism and suitability to our situation. The direct numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation, derived from this method, yields detailed information of the spatial and angular properties of the propagation beam. On the other hand, a set of approximations restrict its applicability, the requirements for the accurate application of the method are summarized and a set of formulas is generalized in this paper. The efficiency of the SSFM depends on the sampling number, the adaptive spread-spectrum method yields optimal sampling number to increase the computational efficiency .To testify the accuracy of our algorithm, we use graded-index medium as the turbulent filed, for the reason that the beam propagation in turbulent field with random refractive-index profile is ruleless and has no unified reference. The simulation result testifies our algorithm is tremendously accurate, capable of selecting the optimal N automatically and much more computationally efficient than the original algorithm.

A static solution to aberrations and boresight error for tilted conformal aircraft windows at different look angles is reported, which is the use of tilted and decentered fixed correctors. The principle of the static solution is discussed, and three tilted and decentered fixed correctors are designed to correct the aberrations and boresight error for a conformal window. The correctors are fixed in position between the conformal window and the gimbaled imaging system, thus requiring no moving parts. The design result shows that the predominant astigmatism introduced by the conformal window is corrected by the tilted and decentered fixed correctors at different look angles. Moreover, the boresight error for the conformal window, as a function of look angle, is also corrected by the correctors. The root mean square wavefront aberration for the final conformal window imaging system is less than 0.2 wave across the full field of regard on the visible spectrum, and the boresight error is less than 0.5' across the full field of regard.

Study on fine annealing process of the large-aperture K9 glasses was carried out in the report. The process parameters of glass placed way, fan speed and design of the cavity for keeping temperature uniformity were attained. By the fine annealing experiment, the stress distribution was improved evidently. The stress changed from Irregular distribution to consistency symmetric distribution and the stress max was reduced. The surface profile accuracy of the large-aperture K9 glasses was controlled steadily during CNC polishing.

The next generation of optical telescope will provide a high-resolution imaging of celestial objects by using synthetic aperture. Measuring the piston error between the segments of the synthetic aperture becomes more and more important. We present a piston error detection method based on analyzing the intensity distribution of the image plane, which is adaptable to any segmented and deployable primary mirror telescope. The method’s capture range is the coherence length of the light source used in the imaging system, and the accuracy is of nanoscale. Experiment has been carried out to validate the feasibility of this method.

The influence of aberration on misalignment of optical system is considered fully, the deficiencies of Gauss optical correction method is pointed, and a correction method for transmission-type misalignment optical system is proposed based on aberration theory. The variation regularity of single lens aberration caused by axial displacement is analyzed, and the aberration effect is defined. On this basis, through calculating the size of lens adjustment induced by the image position error and the magnifying rate error, the misalignment correction formula based on the constraints of the aberration is deduced mathematically. Taking the three lens collimation system for an example, the test is carried out to validate this method, and its superiority is proved.

Freeform system theory and its influence on aberration and control, is the basis to develop such a system design, which has application value in engineering aspects. The principle approach, modeling, and error analysis are analyzed, and the system configuration based on freeform is advanced in algorithm analysis.

Ion beam figuring (IBF) is a deterministic and powerful optical figuring process to high-end optics. To perform an IBF process, some computations are inevitably involved, such as to extract beam removal functions, to calculate dwell times, to determine scan velocities and to recognize the removal rate. These computations influence the process time and the process result of the IBF. In this paper, the computations involved in an IBF process are introduced and the software IBFCAM, which is developed by us to implement all the computations, is also introduced. IBFCAM is well designed and it consists of 6 modules, including IBFCAM. Read, IBFCAM. Removal, IBFCAM.BRF, IBFCAM. Time, IBFCAM. Code and IBFCAM. PostAnalysis. Each module deal with a relatively independent function. Particularly, The IBFCAM. Post Analysis is newly added to IBFCAM in version 5.0. It is used to recognize the actual the removal rate. especially useful to a new material or a new optics. This is very useful to a new optics, especially to a new material.

A single view-point catadioptric long infrared panoramic lens was designed with codeV. The system consists of a hyperboloid mirror and a conventional perspective imaging lens. The hyperboloid mirror enables the lens to obtain a large field of view, the conventional perspective imaging lens projects the virtual image formed by the mirror group onto the detector. The effective focal length is 1.4mm，the relative aperture is 1:1, field of view is ±10°~±90° in vertical direction and 360° in horizontal, the wavelength spectrum is 8-12μm, only Znse and Ge were used in this system. The lens has the characteristics of single view-point, large field view and getting perspective image straightly. Result shows that the modulation transformation function at 17/mm is greater than 0.7, which proves that the image quality of the optical system is good.

In this paper, we have systematically investigated light propagating in the hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) covered by a subwavelength grating. Based on the equal-frequency contour analyses, light in the HMM is predicted to propagate along a defined direction because of its hyperbolic dispersion, which is similar to the self-collimating effects in photonic crystals. By using the finite-difference time-domain, numerical simulations demonstrate a subwavelength bright spot at the intersection of the adjacent directional beams. Different from the images in homogeneous media, the magnetic fields and electric fields at the spot are layered, especially for the electric fields Ez that is polarized to the propagating direction, i.e., the layer normal direction. Moreover, the Ez is hollow in the layer plane and is stronger than the other electric field component Ex. Therefore, the whole electric field is structured and its pattern can be tuned by the HMM’s effective anisotropic electromagnetic parameters. Our results may be useful for generating subwavelength structured light.

The triple-channel photonic crystal filters are proposed designed. These devices have advantages of better filtering effect and high wavelength accuracy. In wavelength multiplex visualization, these filters can bring different wavelength of view entering into eyes so that stereo images are formed. we discuss the problem about minimization of the angle shift .The simulation shows that higher-index material and more high-index material in a basic period can decrease the angle shift.

Nodal Aberration Theory (NAT) was used to calculate the zero field position in Full Field Display (FFD) for the given aberration term. Aiming at wide-filed non-rotational symmetric decentered optical systems, we have presented the nodal geography behavior of the family of third-order and fifth-order aberrations. Meanwhile, we have calculated the wavefront aberration expressions when one optical element in the system is tilted, which was not at the entrance pupil. By using a three-piece-cellphone lens example in optical design software CodeV, the nodal geography is testified under several situations; and the wavefront aberrations are calculated when the optical element is tilted. The properties of the nodal aberrations are analyzed by using Fringe Zernike coefficients, which are directly related with the wavefront aberration terms and usually obtained by real ray trace and wavefront surface fitting.

Satellite vibrations would lead to image motion blur. Since the vibration isolators cannot fully suppress the influence of vibrations, image restoration methods are usually adopted, and the vibration characteristics of imaging system are usually required as algorithm inputs for better restoration results, making the vibration measurement error strongly connected to the final outcome. If the measurement error surpass a certain range, the restoration may not be implemented successfully. Therefore it is important to test the applicable scope of restoration algorithms and control the vibrations within the range, on the other hand, if the algorithm is robust, then the requirements for both vibration isolator and vibration detector can be lowered and thus less financial cost is needed. In this paper, vibration-induced degradation is first analyzed, based on which the effects of measurement error on image restoration are further analyzed. The vibration-induced degradation is simulated using high resolution satellite images and then the applicable working condition of typical restoration algorithms are tested with simulation experiments accordingly. The research carried out in this paper provides a valuable reference for future satellite design which plan to implement restoration algorithms.

A new pump-shaping scheme for a LD face-pumped Nd:YAG slab laser amplifier is proposed, aiming to achieve uniform pump distributions. Plano-concave cylindrical mirror arrays are used to homogenize the pump distributions in the LD slow axes, and meanwhile optical-waveguide structures are used for the LD fast axes. Simulations based on ray tracing method indicate that the scheme effectively realizes uniform pump intensity distributions. The fluorescence distributions and small signal gains at different locations both verify the pump uniformity reaches higher than 90%.

Dispersion cancellation was proposed to enhance the robustness against dispersion broadening in optical measurement device. Nonlocal dispersion cancellation is suggested to be a pure quantum effect. We propose a novel classical analogy of nonlocal dispersion cancellation, which use frequency anti-correlation to reduce the dispersion broadening to a large extent. The optimized condition is given and analyzed by comparing with quantum light source.

Hyper-spectral imaging involves many research areas, such as optics, spectroscopy, mechanical, microelectronics, and computers, etc. Hyper-spectral imaging system has an irreplaceable role in the detection field. At present, due to the improvement of camouflage technology, characteristic of target in battlefield becomes more complex and the targets became more and more difficult to be detected, According to this phenomenon the author designed a novel hyper-spectral riflescope optical system. In general, the riflescope optical system is composed of two parts front object lens and zoom relay system. Firstly, dispersion characteristics of the typical optical glasses varies during band 400nm~1 000nm, the author derived apochromatic theory that suitable to the front system and relay system without using special glass, and make a example to testify its correctness. In general, the zoom mode of relay system lens is different from the objective lens system, so we should take consideration of them separately. Secondly, based on the above theory, the articles designed a hyper-spectral riflescope system, which has a continuous zoom curve, zoom ratio is 4 times and the F number of the system is 4.8;Full field of view varies during 1.8° ~ 7.2°.Structure of the system is relatively compact, and has not used special glass, eventually the article give the schematic of system MTF and zoom curves of relay movable parts. the curve is smooth and can be applied to practical engineering. The author adopt ZEMAX design software to analyses the results .Design result shows that, in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths, the MTF of imaging system at 60lp / mm during all bands are greater than 0.3, which prove the correctness of the design theory and good performance of system.

A conceptual lightweight rectangular mirror is designed based on the theory of topology optimization and the specific structure size is determined through sensitivity analysis and size optimization in this paper. Under the load condition of gravity along the optical axis, compared with the mirrors designed by traditional method using finite element analysis method, the performance of the topology optimization reflectors supported by peripheral six points are superior in lightweight ratio, structure stiffness and the reflective surface accuracy. This suggests that the lightweight method in this paper is effective and has potential value for the design of rectangular reflector.

Blood glucose monitoring is of great importance for controlling diabetes procedure and preventing the complications. At present, the clinical blood glucose concentration measurement is invasive and could be replaced by noninvasive spectroscopy analytical techniques. Among various parameters of optical fiber probe used in spectrum measuring, the measurement distance is the key one. The Monte Carlo technique is a flexible method for simulating light propagation in tissue. The simulation is based on the random walks that photons make as they travel through tissue, which are chosen by statistically sampling the probability distributions for step size and angular deflection per scattering event. The traditional method for determine the optimal distance between transmitting fiber and detector is using Monte Carlo simulation to find out the point where most photons come out. But there is a problem. In the epidermal layer there is no artery, vein or capillary vessel. Thus, when photons propagate and interactive with tissue in epidermal layer, no information is given to the photons. A new criterion is proposed to determine the optimal distance, which is named effective path length in this paper. The path length of each photons travelling in dermis is recorded when running Monte-Carlo simulation, which is the effective path length defined above. The sum of effective path length of every photon at each point is calculated. The detector should be place on the point which has most effective path length. Then the optimal measuring distance between transmitting fiber and detector is determined.

Based on the Karman’s equation for circular thin plate and Qian’s theory of membrane, the membrane mirror forming theory model is established. The effect of the high order disturbance for the shape of the membrane mirror is reduced by the way of variable thickness, so that the shape of the membrane is parabolic. The finite element method is used to verify the theory of the membrane mirror forming model. But the analysis results are not easy to convergence due to the flexibility characteristics of the membrane. So the reasonable solution parameters are necessary to ensure the correction of the finite element analysis result. The results show that the deviation between the finite element analysis and the theoretical results is small. The uniform thickness deviation is 0.73%, and the variable thickness deviation is 1.30%, thus the validity of the theoretical model is guaranteed. Then the membrane mirror design and optimization method is established on the basis of the theoretical model. Compare the theoretical surface and the optical design surface, and set the minimum root mean square error between the theoretical and the optical design surface as the optimization goal. The original shape and the surface shape control parameters of the membrane are optimized by using genetic algorithm. Finally, get the optimization model which can be used to optimize membrane mirror with any diameter. The genetic algorithm was used to optimize the thickness, boundary condition and the uniform loads. The result of membrane mirror accuracy is λ/4(λ=10um), which indicates that this membrane mirror can be applied in the infrared wavelength range for imaging. The main optimizing parameters are the variable thickness of the membrane, the boundary conditions and the surface loads. Finally, the optimization result of the membrane is the RMS<λ/4(λ=10μm), which indicates that the membrane can be used to long-wave infrared optical system. Based on the theory of mechanics of materials, this paper establishes a theoretical model and analyzes the relationship between the inflatable membrane mirror and the boundary conditions as well as the gas load. And the optimization design method is carried out for space-based optical applications. The model and method established in this paper is of great significance for the design and application of large optical payload based on the membrane mirror.

Kinds of wavefront aberrations exist among optical systems because of atmosphere disturbance, device displacement and a variety of thermal effects, which disturb the information of transmitting beam and restrain its energy. Deformable mirror(DM) is designed to adjust these wavefront aberrations. Bimorph DM becomes more popular and more applicable among adaptive optical(AO) systems with advantages in simple structure, low cost and flexible design compared to traditional discrete driving DM. The defocus aberration accounted for a large proportion of all wavefront aberrations, with a simpler surface and larger amplitude than others, so it is very useful to correct the defocus aberration effectively for beam controlling and aberration adjusting of AO system. In this study, we desired on correcting the 3rd and 10th Zernike modes, analyze the characteristic of the 3rd and 10th defocus aberration surface distribution, design 3-element actuators unimorph DM model，study on its structure and deformation principle theoretically, design finite element models of different electrode configuration with different ring diameters, analyze and compare effects of different electrode configuration and different fixing mode to DM deformation capacity through COMSOL finite element software, compare fitting efficiency of DM models to the 3rd and 10th Zernike modes. We choose the inhomogeneous electrode distribution model with better result, get the influence function of every electrode and the voltage-PV relationship of the model. This unimorph DM is suitable for the AO system with a mainly defocus aberration.

A Φ600mm SiC primary mirror subsystem of a space-borne Ritchey-Chretien telescope was designed. The open-back primary mirror was made of pressure-less sintering silicon carbide (SiC), light-weighted at a ratio of approximately 70%. Minimizing the optical surface astigmatism was critical for the mirror, the astigmatism is caused mainly by gravity effects, temperature variation and the bonding process. Three invar flexure bipods were fixed on the baseplate of the telescope at first, and the posture of the primary mirror was adjusted precisely for 0.2mm gap to the bipods. 3M 2216 B/A grey adhesive was then injected into the gap between the mirror and bipod flexure, the curing process was last 72 hours in the room temperature. So the mirror was affected only by curing stress of the adhesive during the assembly process. Structural strength and dynamic stiffness of the mirror subsystem in the thermal- structural coupling state were analyzed with finite element method. Analyzed results show that the optical surface distortion is less than 1/50λ at 632.8nm RMS with three points support and less than 1/200λ RMS with 2°C temperature variation because of the flexure support and compatible support and mirror material, The optical performance test with interferometer show that the optical surface distortion caused by the curing stress of the adhesive is less than 1/50λRMS, the overall optical surface of the primary mirror is less than 1/30λ rms, which met the critical requirements for the primary mirror of the telescope.

A model as well as the methodology is proposed to analyze the cryogenic performance of space infrared optical payload. And the model is established from two aspects: imaging quality and background radiation. On the basis of finite element analysis, the deformation of optical surface in cryogenic environment is characterized by Zernike polynomials, and then, the varying pattern of MTF of space cryogenic optical payload could be concluded accordingly. Then from the theory of thermal radiative transfer, the temperature distribution and the deformation of the optical payload under the action of inertial load and thermal load are analyzed based on the finite element method, and the spontaneous radiation and scattering properties of the optical surface and shielding factors between the opto-mechanical structure are considered to establish the radiation calculation model. Furthermore, the cryogenic radiation characteristics of the space infrared optical payload are obtained by the radiation calculation model. Finally, experiments are conducted using an actual off-axis TMA space infrared optical payload. And the results indicate that the background radiation of the space infrared optical payload is decreased by 79% while 33% for MTF at the thermal control temperature of 240K. In this circumstance, the system background radiation is effectively suppressed and the detection sensitivity of the optical payload is improved as well, while the imaging quality is acceptable. The model proposed in this paper can be applied to the analyzing cryogenic properties of space infrared optical payload, and providing theoretical guidance for the design and application of the space cryogenic optical payload.

In this paper, photonic crystal -based filters are proposed. It is different from the narrow band filter with regular channels that Farbry-Perot interference filter and short wave-pass filters are overlapped to the multi-channel photonic crystal filters. The multi-channel photonic crystal filters have two bands in 428nm-449nm of blue light and 535nm- 590nm of green light, the average transmittance is over 90%,which are able to meet the requirements of the projection optics. The brightness and color purity of the system are both improved.

Visible light communication (VLC) based on light emitting diodes has been regarded as an effective complement to radio frequency signal transmission. The color filter in VLC system plays the pivotal role for boosting signal-noise-ratio. In this paper, a tri-band color transmission filter with bandwidths consisting with LED’s 30nm is designed based on guided mode resonance, incorporating a sub-wavelength aluminum grating on slab dielectric waveguide made of titanium dioxide on silica substrate. Parameters of grating structure, including the grating period, duty cycle, grating thickness, and waveguide thickness, are optimized by employing particle swarm optimization toolbox. The far field spectrum is calculated by rigorous coupled-wave analysis to verify the effectiveness of the designed filter. Three center-wavelength of transmission bands are 440nm, 530 and 630 nm. The full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) bandwidths of three bands are about 30nm which consist with LED’s bandwidth.

The multi-object broadband imaging echellette (MOBIE) is the seeing-limited, visible-wavelength imaging multi-object spectrograph (MOS) planned for first-light use on the thirty meter telescope (TMT). The current MOBIE optical design provides two color channels, spanning the 310nm–550nm and 550nm-1000nm passbands. The involved large optics includes an atmospheric dispersion corrector (ADC) prism (1.4m in diameter), a collimator (1.7mx1.0m), a dichroic(680 mm x500 mm x 30 mm), a red folding mirror and two corrector lenses(570mm in diameter) for different channels. In the past two years, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM) has been included in the preliminary study of folding mirror sub-system in MOBIE, especially the study on the large optics manufacture techniques. The research progress of these large optics will be reviewed in this paper. The influence of optical quality of the large optics on the MOBIE is analyzed in order to define the specifications of the large optics. The manufacture methods are designed for different large optics. In order to testify the effectiveness of the manufacture methods, some samples have been processed and the final performance including wavefront error and spectral properties are tested. Finally, the future work including remaining problems and possible solutions are introduced.

WFST is a proposed 2.5m wide field survey telescope intended for dedicated wide field sciences. The telescope is to operate at six wavelength bands (u, g, r, i, z, and w), spanning from 320 to 1028 nm. Designed with a field of view diameter of 3 degree and an effective aperture diameter of 2.29 m, the WFST acquires a total optical throughput over 29.3 m2deg². With such a large throughput, WFST will survey up to 6000deg² of the northern sky in multiple colors each night, reaching 23th magnitude for high-precision photometry and astrometry. The optical design is based on an advanced primary-focus system made up of a 2.5 m f/2.48 concave primary mirror and a primary-focus assembly (PFA) consisting of five corrector lenses, atmospheric dispersion corrector (ADC), filters, and the focal-plane instrument. For zenith angles from 0 to 60 degrees, 80% of the polychromatic diffracted energy falls within a 0.35 arcsec diameter. The optical design also highlights an enhanced transmission in the UV bands. The total optical transmission reaches 23.5% at 320 nm, allowing unique science goals in the U band. Other features include low distortion and ease of baffling against stray lights, etc. The focal-plane instrument is a 0.9 gigapixel mosaic CCD camera comprising 9 pieces of 10K×10K CCD chips. An active optics system (AOS) is used to maintain runtime image quality. Various design aspects of the WFST including the optical design, active optics, mirror supports, and the focal-plane instrument are discussed in detail.

Inverted focometer is a transformation of the traditional focomete, and optical lens focal length is an important technical indicators of optical system.The inverted focometer was used to measure the optical lens focal length, an expression between the ruling span of poroo-plate glass and the focal length of measured optical system was deduced according to inverted focometer design, the S-F figure graphic representation was developed , the S-F graph which could express relation of data was obtained, and steps of designing poroo-plate glass were analyzed .The S-F figure graphic representation is simple, intuitive and easy to design.

This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10154 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.