This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10158, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

The fine tracking unit of composite axis of acquisition, pointing and tracking(APT) is a key component of space laser communication system. In order to prevent the principal axis in open-loop without proper input of control after started the tracking of auxiliary axis, which led to the target out of field. In a single detector composite shaft structure, we need to provide the accurate position of PZT volume feedback for the principle axis to control. This article has made an galvanometer position detective method of the single detector composite shaft structure. It provided the theory of circuit design and optimization plan. Researchers conducted a multiple sets of experiments. The experimental result shows that the galvanometer 1 "per deflection Angle, the detection circuit can retrieve 13 mV voltage change. At the same time, compared with the traditional camera calibration, we put forward a new calibration method which using optical autocollimator that the maximum error control within 1 ". Finally, the control formula is given and the error should be within 0.01mrad. So that the calibration precision of the detecting plate is improved.

At present, miniaturized, low loss and integrated slow-light elements are the urgent needs for the slow-light technology development. In this paper, we study the slow-ight effects in a compact microfiber coil resonator (MCR) structure and fabricate the compact MCR slow-light element. Furthermore, we test its slow-light properties and find that the optical pulse propagating in the MCR can be delayed about 30 ps. By caculating, we find that the group velocity of the light pulse propagating in the MCR slow-light element can be reduced to about 0.47c (c is the speed of light in vacuum) and the shape of the light pulse passing through the MCR keeps well.

Evaluating the laser interference effect to CCD objectively and accurately has great research value. Starting from the change of the image’s feature before and after interference, meanwhile, considering the influence of the laser-spot distribution character on the masking degree of the image feature information, a laser interference effect evaluation method based on character of laser-spot and image feature was proposed. It reflected the laser-spot distribution character using the distance between the center of the laser-spot and center of the target. It reflected the change of the global image feature using the changes of image’s sparse coefficient matrix, which was obtained by the SSIM-inspired orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) sparse coding algorithm. What’s more, the assessment method reflected the change of the local image feature using the changes of the image’s edge sharpness, which could be obtained by the change of the image’s gradient magnitude. Taken together, the laser interference effect can be evaluated accurately. In terms of the laser interference experiment results, the proposed method shows good rationality and feasibility under the disturbing condition of different laser powers, and it can also overcome the inaccuracy caused by the change of the laser-spot position, realizing the evaluation of the laser interference effect objectively and accurately.

In practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) systems, due to environmental disturbance or some intrinsic imperfections of devices, inevitably the local oscillator (LO) employed in a coherent detection always fluctuates arbitrarily over time, which compromises the security and performance of practical CVQKD systems. In this paper, we investigate the performance of practical CVQKD systems with LO fluctuating randomly. By revising the measurement result of balanced homodyne detection and embedding fluctuation parameters into security analysis, we find that in addition to the average LO intensity, the fluctuation variance also severely affects the secret key rate. No secret key can be obtained if fluctuation variance is relatively large. This indicates that in a practical CVQKD, LO intensity should be well monitored and stabilized. Our research can be directly applied to improve the robustness of a practical CVQKD system as well as be used to optimize CVQKD protocols.

We propose and demonstrate an auto-bias control scheme for the IQ-modulator of a flexible optical PSK or QAM or other modulation formats transmitter in this paper. Due to IQ-modulators usually producing higher-order modulation format, these modulation formats involve phase mostly. It is based on that the bias drift will change the operating point and result in varying the output optical phase. This technology has no restrictions on modulation formats, so it has good flexibility. The experimental result show the three biases can be stabilized when the proposed scheme is implemented.

The differential phase Q value method is adopted to investigate carried-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ), return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK), and optical duobinary (ODB) codes in 32 × 40 Gb/s DWDM system. The relationship between the transmission distance and optical output power is compared in order to select the optimal code. Furthermore, mixed phase noise of the spontaneous emission noise (ASE), Gordon-Mollenauer (GM) noise, and intrachannel four wave mixing (IFWM) effect has been analyzed. The numerical results show that DPSK is the most suitable for the DWDM system and adjustable range of output optical power is up to 10.2 dBm at 1200 km. Besides, ASE noise is dominant in degradation of received signal quality. However, RZ-DPSK and CSRZ show better performance for suppression of ASE noise, which can serve as a guideline for upgrading in current state-of-art deployed system.

A novel orthogonal modulation scheme combining frequency shift keying (FSK) for label at 2.5 Gb/s and pulse position modulation (PPM) for payload at 40 Gb/s is proposed in this paper. The transmission performance and some influencing factors of the modulation scheme are demonstrated by simulation. The results show that this modulation scheme can increase the balanced extinction ratio (ER) and decrease the influence of the deviation of balanced ER on the transmission performance, comparing with the traditional FSK-amplitude shift keying (ASK) orthogonal modulation scheme. In addition, this modulation scheme can apply a LiNbO₃ Mach-Zehnder modulator to realize the FSK label erasure without additional optical sources.

We numerically and analytically report an ultra-broadband near perfect absorber based on one-dimensional metal-dielectric-metal grating at visible light for TM polarization. A unit cell of this design is composed of metal-dielectric-metal grating, where the bottom metallic layer and the upper metallic coating are separated from each other by the intermediate dielectric grating. The absorber exhibits an average absorption of over 90% in the range 400-700nm. Moreover, they remain very high over a wide range of incident angle up to 45°.The electromagnetic field distributions are investigated, which reveals that this broadband absorption behavior is ascribed to the combination of surface plasmon resonance and cavity resonance. Furthermore, impedance calculations were carried out to explain the absorption behavior. The ultra-broadband near-perfect angle-robust absorber can be a good candidate for many fascinating applications, including solar-energy harvesting as well as producing artificial colors on a large scale substrate.

The effect of spontaneous emission (ASE) noise produced by the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) on the performance of amplified fiber loop ring-down gas sensing systems is theoretically investigated. The results show that the EDFA placed after the gas cell with a smaller ASE noise can improve the measurement accuracy. The more narrower the noise equivalent optical bandwidth of the optical band pass filter following the EDFA is, the up shift of baseline of ring-down signal can be more effectively suppressed and thus improving the measurement accuracy. It is also found the longer ring-down time can be obtained by reducing the input power due to the smaller gain fluctuations of the EDFA.

According to the problem of the weak signal at receiving end in UV communication, we design a high gain, continuously adjustable adaptive filter amplifier. Based on proposing overall technical indicators and analyzing its working principle of the signal amplifier, we use chip LMH6629MF and two chips of AD797BN to achieve three-level cascade amplification. And apply hardware of DSP TMS320VC5509A to implement digital filtering. Design and verification by Multisim, Protel 99SE and CCS, the results show that: the amplifier can realize continuously adjustable amplification from 1000 to 10000 times without distortion. Magnification error is ≤%4@1000~10000. And equivalent input noise voltage of amplification circuit is ≤6 nV/ √Hz @30KHz~45KHz, and realizing function of adaptive filtering. The design provides theoretical reference and technical support for the UV weak signal processing.

The need to exchange data wirelessly has increased as the growth of the number of mobile devices. Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising technology to alleviate the growing traffic problem. However, the occlusion problem is a difficulty in VLC system. In order to solve the problem, an anti-occlusion VLC system has been proposed in this article. In this VLC system, we propose the channel cooperative selection mechanism, which is based on the best-response dynamics and best response strategies of the game theory. This mechanism uses bit error ratio (BER) as the utility function to optimize system performance. In addition, the system provides three candidate communication channels, including direct channel, indirect channel, and mixed channel, to active users who will select the optimal communication channel. Moreover, the anti-occlusion VLC system has many application scenarios, such as the office, which has practical significance. For verifying the validity of the proposed mechanism, we accomplish the simulation results in terms of BER and throughput in different communication cases. It is demonstrated that the proposed channel cooperative selection mechanism in VLC systems offers superior performance in environment of obstructions.

The detection of explosives and their residues is of great importance in public health, antiterrorism and homeland security applications. The vapor pressures of most explosive compounds are extremely low and attenuation of the available vapor is often great due to diffusion in the environment, making direct vapor detection difficult. In reality bomb dogs are still the most efficient way to quickly detect explosives on the spot. Many formulations of TNT-based explosives contain DNT residues. The use of long period gratings (LPGs) formed in grapefruit photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with thin-film overlay coated on the inner surface of air holes for gas sensing is demonstrated. A gas analyteinduced index variation of the thin-film immobilized on the inner surface of the holey region of the fiber can be observed by a shift of the resonance wavelength. We demonstrate a 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) sensor using grapefruit PCF–LPGs. Coating with gas-sensitive thin-film on the inner surface of the air holes of the grapefruit PCF–LPG could provide a promising platform for rapid highly sensitive gas sensing. A rapid and highly sensitive detection of DNT has been demonstrated using the grapefruit PCF–LPG sensor to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.

In big data center, optical storage technologies have many advantages, such as energy saving and long lifetime. However, how to improve the storage density of optical storage is still a huge challenge. Maybe the multilayer optical storage technology is the good candidate for big data center in the years to come. Due to the number of layers is primarily limited by transmission of each layer, the largest capacities of the multilayer disc are around 1 TB/disc and 10 TB/ cartridge. Holographic data storage (HDS) is a volumetric approach, but its storage capacity is also strictly limited by the diffractive nature of light. For a holographic disc with total thickness of 1.5mm, its potential capacities are not more than 4TB/disc and 40TB/ cartridge. In recent years, the development of super resolution optical storage technology has attracted more attentions. Super-resolution photoinduction-inhibition nanolithography (SPIN) technology with 9 nm feature size and 52nm two-line resolution was reported 3 years ago. However, turning this exciting principle into a real storage system is a huge challenge. It can be expected that in the future, the capacities of 10TB/disc and 100TB/cartridge can be achieved. More importantly, due to breaking the diffraction limit of light, SPIN technology will open the door to improve the optical storage capacity steadily to meet the need of the developing big data center.

Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle, the propagation of the elegant vortex Hermite-Gaussian (vHG) beam through the atmospheric turbulence is analyzed numerically. The intensity of the vortex beam will changes from the hollow distribution to the Gauss distribution with the increase of the turbulent atmosphere or transmission distance. The topological charge, beam size and wavelength all are associated with that process. The result obtained is similar with the propagation of the Laguerre-Gaussian beam in turbulent atmosphere. Finally, the beam spreading of the elegant vHG beam traveling through the atmospheric turbulence is considered. The influence of the beam parameters (topological charge, beam waist radius and wavelength), transmission distance and atmospheric turbulence on the beam spreading of the elegant vHG beam is explored in detail. The results have great potential applied values for the free space communication.

The technique of eliminating the higher-order modes in a few-mode optical fiber is proposed. The fiber is designed with a group of defect modes in the cladding. The higher-order modes in the fiber can be eliminated by bending the fiber to induce strong coupling between the defect modes and the higher-order modes. Numerical simulation shows the bending losses of the LP01 mode are lower than 1.5×10^-4 dB/turn for the wavelength shorter than 1.625 μm. The proposed fiber can be bent multiple turns at small bending radius which are preferable for FTTH related applications.

A novel mode converter which is based on long period fiber grating (LPFG) is proposed. A graded-index optical fiber is introduced to induce strong mode coupling at wide bandwidth. By optimize the fiber configuration and parameters, and the appropriate choice of grating parameter, high mode conversion efficiency with cross-talk lower than -20 dB and wide operation bandwidth over 180 nm can be achieved.

There has been increased interest in WIFI devices equipped with multiple antennas, which brings various wireless sensing applications such as localization, gesture identification and motion tracking. WIFI-based sensing has a lot of benefits such as device Free, which has shown great potential in smart scenarios. In this paper, we present WIP, a system that can distinguish a person from a small group of people. We prove that Channel State Information (CSI) can identify a person’s gait. From the related-work, different people have different gait features. Thus the CSI-based gait features can be used to identify a person. We then proposed a machine-learning model-ANN to classify different person. The results show that ANN has a good performance in our scenario.

Network eavesdropping is one of the most popular means used by cyber attackers, which has been a severe threat to network communication security. Adversaries could capture and analyze network communication data from network nodes or links, monitor network status and steal sensitive data such as username and password etc. Traditional network usually uses static network configuration, and existing defense methods, including firewall, IDS, IPS etc., cannot prevent eavesdropping, which has no distinguishing characteristic. Network eavesdropping become silent during most of the time of the attacking process, which is why it is difficult to discover and to defend. But A successful eavesdropping attack also has its’ precondition, which is the target path should be relatively stable and has enough time of duration. So, In order to resolve this problem, it has to work on the network architecture. In this paper, a path hopping communication(PHC) mechanism based on Software Define Network（SDN）was proposed to solve this problem. In PHC, Ends in communication packets as well as the routing paths were changed dynamically. Therefore, the traffic would be distributed to multiple flows and transmitted along different paths. so that Network eavesdropping attack could be prevented effectively. It was concluded that PHC was able to increase the overhead of Network eavesdropping, as well as the difficulty of communication data recovery.

In the free-space laser communication, there is a strong need for a technology that can decrease the size of the diffraction spot in the receiver port, because a smaller diffraction spot in the receive port makes the transmit data more secure. In this paper, instead of the usage of the larger size aperture lens in the free-space laser communication system, we introduce a diffractive superresolution technology that changing the received information laser beam into radially polarized beam which is focused on the detector array. In the paper, firstly, the conversion method of the information natural light which the optical antenna received to the radially polarized beam is discussed in detail. Then, in the focal plane, the transverse intensity distribution expression near the focal point for the radially polarized laser beam are presented, and the numerical simulation results of the intensity distributions around the focal point on different numerical apertures (NA) are given. The full width at half-maximum (FWHM) values of the main lobe are considered for the standard of the spot size. Through a comparison of the focal point FWHM values with the natural light and radially polarized beam, we judge the superresolution performance of the receiver optical system with radially polarized beam on different NA of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.75. We find that the method of focusing with radially polarized beam generates a smaller spot size than the Airy spot size when the NA is no less than 0.6; when the NA reach to 0.75, the resolution is 1.5 times than the diffraction limit. But it will decrease the light power in the process of natural light converted to radially polarized beam. When the communication laser is polarized laser, the energy loss can be reduced to around 20%. This technology can be applied when the laser energy is not the main concern in the communication.

The relative intensity noise (RIN) is a main factor that limits the detection accuracy of the high precision fiber optic gyroscope (FOG). The RIN spectrum is determined by the normalized autocorrelation of the optical spectrum of the broadband source and is intrinsically different from other fundamental noises. In this paper, we propose an all-optical technique to suppress the RIN. With the power addition of the optical waves from the signal optical path and the reference optical path, the RIN is effectively eliminated at the eigen frequency of the FOG, which is also the demodulation window for the rotation rate signal. Compared with the traditional optical configuration of the FOG, there is only one additional optical component. Experimental results show that, with this method, we can achieve a nearly 3-fold improvement in the angular random walk coefficient. The improved optical configuration for RIN suppression is simple to realize and suitable for engineering application.

Elastic Optical Networks are considered to be a promising technology for future high-speed network. In this paper, we propose a RSA algorithm based on the ant colony optimization of minimum consecutiveness loss (ACO-MCL). Based on the effect of the spectrum consecutiveness loss on the pheromone in the ant colony optimization, the path and spectrum of the minimal impact on the network are selected for the service request. When an ant arrives at the destination node from the source node along a path, we assume that this path is selected for the request. We calculate the consecutiveness loss of candidate-neighbor link pairs along this path after the routing and spectrum assignment. Then, the networks update the pheromone according to the value of the consecutiveness loss. We save the path with the smallest value. After multiple iterations of the ant colony optimization, the final selection of the path is assigned for the request. The algorithms are simulated in different networks. The results show that ACO-MCL algorithm performs better in blocking probability and spectrum efficiency than other algorithms. Moreover, the ACO-MCL algorithm can effectively decrease spectrum fragmentation and enhance available spectrum consecutiveness. Compared with other algorithms, the ACO-MCL algorithm can reduce the blocking rate by at least 5.9% in heavy load.

Fiber optical current sensor(FOCS) has widely used in the field of electric power measurement by which the current measured generally is hundreds of amperes even thousands amperes. A smaller fiber sensing coil is required in order to that the FOCS meet the needs of the high voltage watt-hour meter for measuring smaller current with the better performance. In this paper a FOCS with small size sensing coils (<10 cm in diameter) is achieved by using the special spun highly birefringent fiber. It is explained that the optical fiber sensing coils has stronger ability with resisting bending to achieve good signal stability. Specially the ability of resisting bending are analyzed in comparison between the fiber sensing coils by using the special spun highly birefringent fiber and the fiber sensing coils by using the low birefringent fiber (SM fiber). Finally, the designed optical fiber current sensor was tested and assessed in precision, temperature characteristics and linearity. The measurement error of the FOCS is within ±0.2% from -40°C to 70°C under considering temperature compensation, and the FOCS shows excellent performance to temperature characteristics, linearity and accuracy in a current range from 1A to 120A. The FOCS with small size will be help to achieving the high voltage watt-hour meter.

A novel training sequence is designed for the space division multiplexed fiber-optic transmission system in this paper. The training block is consisting of segmented sequence, which can be used to compensate time offset and distortion (such as dispersion) in the transmission link. The channel function can be obtained by one tap equalization in the receiver side. This paper designs the training sequence by adjusting the length of the training signals and implementing matrix transformation, to obtain the coefficient of equalizer for channel detect and equalization. This new training sequence reduces system complexity and improves transmission efficiency at the same time. Compared with blind equalization, the matrix transformation based training sequence can reduce system complexity, and perform targeted equalization to the mechanism of mode coupling in the space division optical fiber system. As a result, it can effectively improve signal transmission quality and reduce bit error rate.

Based on bidirectional Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (B-EDFA), which can amplify not only forward pulse light but also backward Rayleigh scattering light, a long distance (123 km) Φ-OTDR system is demonstrate. In this system, four B-EDFAs are employed to extend sensing length. Meanwhile, by using the difference value of upper-envelope and lower-envelope of Rayleigh scattering trace, the intrusion with SNR of 5.45 dB、3.64 dB and 4.51 dB at three test points of sensing fiber is extracted.

A sensor system based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is presented which is to estimate the deflection of a lightweight flexible beam, including the tip position and the tip rotation angle. In this paper, the classical problem of the deflection of a lightweight flexible beam of linear elastic material is analysed. We present the differential equation governing the behavior of a physical system and show that this equation although straightforward in appearance, is in fact rather difficult to solve due to the presence of a non-linear term. We used epoxy glue to attach the FBG sensors to specific locations upper and lower surface of the beam in order to measure local strain measurements. A quasi-distributed FBG static strain sensor network is designed and established. The estimation results from FBG sensors are also compared to reference displacements from the ANSYS simulation results and the experimental results obtained in the laboratory in the static case. The errors of the estimation by FBG sensors are analysed for further error-correction and option-design. When the load weight is 20g, the precision is the highest, the position errors e_x and e_x are 0.19%, 0.14% respectively, the rotation error e_θ, is 1.23%.

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with high birefringence and low dispersion is proposed in this work. Both two different sizes of elliptic air holes in the fiber cladding and a small elliptic air hole in the fiber core are used in our proposed PCF. The high birefringence is introduced on the combined effect of elliptical air holes and the squeezed lattice. The birefringence and the dispersion of this PCF have been numerically estimated by the supercell lattice method. The simulation results show that the high birefringence with the order of 10^-3and the low dispersion of both x-polarized mode and y-polarized mode at the wavelength of 1.55μm can be obtained. The dependence of both the birefringence and the dispersion on structure parameters is analyzed. The simulation results show that flat birefringence and dispersion can be obtained.

Compared with the traditional gyros, Fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) based on sagnac effect has the significant features, such as, long life, low cost, wide dynamic range, etc. These features have developed new applications of the gyroscope not only in industrial application area but also in aerospace application area. Now, the FOG has played a very important role in shipborne Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS). The fiber coil, as one of the most critical components in FOG, is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. Here, by study the environment temperature in shipborne SINS, the temperature performance of the FOG was analyzed. Firstly, on the base of the research about the theory of Shupe non-reciprocal errors caused by temperature, the discrete mathematics formula of the temperature error in FOG of SINS was built .Then the element model of the fiber coil in SINS was built based on the discrete model of the fiber coil in temperature error in FOG. A turn-by-turn quantization temperature bias error model is establish. Finally, based on the temperature models mentioned above, the temperature performance of FOG in shipborne SINS was analyzed. With finite element analysis, numerical simulations were carried out to quantitatively analyze the angular error induced by temperature excitation in SINS. The model was validated by comparing numerical and experimental results.

A terahertz phase modulator combined with single layered graphene and metal metasurface is proposed. With the high electron mobility of graphene, the modulator owns high speed modulation. With the strong interaction between the terahertz wave and the metal metasurface, the deep modulation is obtained in the structure only contains a single layered graphene. With the finite element method (FEM), the resonant in the structure with different polarization incidence is discussed and the parameter influence is analyzed. The maximum phase modulation is over 100 degree when the chemical potential of graphene is tuned from 0.1eV to 0.2eV.

In order to resolve the disturbance of external perturbation in Weight-In-Motion (WIM) measurement by traditional methods, a novel pressure sensor for WIM of vehicles based on fiber ring-down spectroscopy is proposed here. A micro-bending sensing head is designed and its working principle is discussed in this paper. The fiber loop ring-down (FLRD) system reveals that the sensing forces applied to the sensing head can be obtained by measuring the ring-down time. Meanwhile, the velocity of vehicles is measured by analyzing two ring-down spectrums in this scheme. Experiment results show that the precision of velocity of vehicles is good and the sensor has a linear response to the applied force.

A theory about scales in atmospheric optical turbulence vortex from the point view of spatial correlation function is described. Then an experiment is carried out to prove this theory by the fiber optical turbulence sensor array near the ground. Results show that the outer scale has a mean value of 0.62m and varies from 0.34m to 0.95m by doing a nonlinear fitting on spatial correlation functions. With this method, the value of the outer scale can be given directly without any hypothesis when the optical turbulence is well-developed. A question about how the trend of the spatial correlation function show when the displacement approaches the outer scale is solved. This research can be regarded as a progress about understanding the characters of spatial correlation function in optical turbulence.

The large scale fiber grating array sensing system has found lots of applications in fields distributed in underwater, land, sky and space, which is often configured using TDM/WDM multiplexing schemes. In recent years, the integrated fabrication method without any fiber splicing points plays important roles in providing the largest system high reliability and robust detection performance. However, in such fiber grating array, the synthesis of fiber grating array without bringing any damage becomes a difficult problem. The existing reconstruction algorithms are only used for single fiber bragg grating.This paper will start with the fiber grating array which is formed by two low reflectivity FBGs and regarded as a special chirp fiber grating, then a proposal of synthesis the fiber grating array in time domain is presented, which can also suppress the multi-reflections induced signal crosstalk. The research results will provide a solution to the synthesis of the integrated fiber grating array and a new signal processing method to suppress the array signal crosstalk.

With the development of big data and cloud computing technology, the traditional software-defined network is facing new challenges (e.i., ubiquitous accessibility, higher bandwidth, more flexible management and greater security). Using a proprietary protocol or encoding format is a way to improve information security. However, the flow, which carried by proprietary protocol or code, cannot go through the traditional IP network. In addition, ultra- high-definition video transmission service once again become a hot spot. Traditionally, in the IP network, the Serial Digital Interface (SDI) signal must be compressed. This approach offers additional advantages but also bring some disadvantages such as signal degradation and high latency. To some extent, HD-SDI can also be regard as a proprietary protocol, which need transparent transmission such as optical channel. However, traditional optical networks cannot support flexible traffics . In response to aforementioned challenges for future network, one immediate solution would be to use NFV technology to abstract the network infrastructure and provide an all-optical switching topology graph for the SDN control plane. This paper proposes a new service-based software defined optical network architecture, including an infrastructure layer, a virtualization layer, a service abstract layer and an application layer. We then dwell on the corresponding service providing method in order to implement the protocol-independent transport. Finally, we experimentally evaluate that proposed service providing method can be applied to transmit the HD-SDI signal in the software-defined optical network.

The fiber optic gyroscope has became to one of the most important sensors in developing due to light in quality, high accuracy, compact in dimension and long life and has played a very important role in both military and civil use. The fiber coil, as one of the most critical components in FOG, is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. In this paper, at first, by studying the thermal stress of fiber optic gyros, the element model of the fiber coil was built based on the discrete mathematics formulae of Shupe error in FOG. Then based on the temperature distribution model mentioned above, the effects of the Shupe-like bias caused by thermal stress and the Shupe bias caused by temperature gradient are simulated. A turn-by-turn quantization bias error model is established. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show the Shupe-like bias caused by thermal stress and the Shupe bias caused by temperature gradient had seriously affected the temperature performance of FOG. By optimizing the winding method of fiber coil, the Shupe error of fiber coils can be reduced. At the same time, Shupe-like bias caused by thermal stress can be reduced too.

In this paper, we propose a distributed vibration fiber sensing system based on Polarization Diversity Receiver(PDR). We use Acoustic Optical Modulator(AOM) to generate pulse light and an unbalanced M-Z interferometer to generate two pulse light with a certain time delay in the same period. As the pulse lights propagating in fibers, the Backward Rayleigh scattering lights will interfere with each other. The vibration on the fiber will change the length and refractive index of fiber which results in the change of the phase of the interference signal. Hence, one arm of the M-Z interferometer is modulated by a sinusoidal phase-generated carrier(PGC) signal, and PGC demodulation algorithm has been used to acquire phase information from the Backward Rayleigh scattering lights. In order to overcome the influence of polarization-induced fading and enhance Signal Noise Ratio(SNR), we set a PDR before the photo detector. The Polarization Diversity Receiver segregates the interfere light into two lights with orthogonal states of polarization. Hence, there is always one channel has a better interfere light signal. The experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness of the distributed vibration fiber sensing system proposed.

Compared with strict rectangular pulse, the real rectangular pulse has power transients like the rising edge, failing edge and the oscillation times, which will cause self-phase modulation (SPM), leading to the BGS broadened or even be out of shape, and then result in the decline of the system measuring accuracy. Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) can no longer maintain Lorentz line profile along the sensing fiber. In this paper, a model is established based on the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) in regular single mode fiber (SMF) concerning the effects of pumping pulse power transients on the BGS. The noise is also taken into consideration to imitate the physical truth.

The divergence angle is very important index in space laser communication for energy transfer. Typically, the large aperture telescope as optical antenna is used for angle compression, and the divergence angle of communication beam is usually calculated by diffraction limit angle equation 1.22λ/D. This equation expresses the diffraction of a spherical wave through a circular aperture. However, the light source commonly used laser with a Gaussian distribution, and the optical antenna is central obscurations. The antenna parameters which is obscuration ratio and Gaussian beam apodization were significantly relative with the far field energy. In this study, we obtain the mathematic relation between the divergence angle, energy loss and the antenna parameters. From the relationship, we know that the divergence angle smaller as the increase of antenna obscuration ratio. It would tend to enhance the far-field energy density. But a larger obscuration ratio will increase the energy loss. At the same time, the increase of Gaussian beam apodization resulted in the energy of first diffraction ring was raised but the radius of first ring was increased. They were conflict. And then, the antenna parameters of trade-off was found from curves of obscuration ratio and curves of divergence angle. The parameters of a Cassegrain antenna was optimum designed for the energy maximization, and considerd the apodization from mechanical structure blocking. The long-distance laser communications were successful in these airborne tests. Stable communication was demonstrated. The energy gain is sufficient for SNR of high-bandwidth transmission in atmospheric channel.

In order to enhance conversion efficiency and spurious free dynamic range of microwave photonic link, we present a microwave photonic down-conversion system based on an integrated dual-parallel Mach Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) and microwave photonic filter. The principle of frequency down conversion is analyzed. We demonstrate the conversion efficiency of system through theoretical derivation and simulation. The performance of the microwave photonic link is tested experimentally. It is found that the spurious free dynamic range of the proposed method is up to 102.5dB/Hz^2/3 and the conversion efficiency is up to -22.01dB. The integrated dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator link can serve as a good alternative to improve the conversion efficiency and spurious free dynamic range.

Navigation of Hypersonic vehicles in the radio frequency (RF) blackout area during atmospheric reentry is challenging as the vehicles can only use the inertial navigation system (INS) as autonomous navigation method in this area. In this paper, strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) based on the Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG) is used for navigation in blackout area. However, without external navigation measurement, the errors of SINS caused by the FOG drift and accelerometer bias would cumulate with time and degrade navigation accuracy. To solve this problem, single axis rotation modulation along with the azimuth axis of the body frame is adopted. The Generic Hypersonic Vehicle (GHV) model designed by NASA Langley Research Center is used to build the reentry fight model which can generate navigation information for simulation. Through derivation the error equations of FOG SINS in the North-East-Down (NED) navigation frame, the principle of error compensation by rotation modulation can be well understood. The simulation results show that rotation modulation can effectively decrease the impact of inertial sensor drift and improve the navigation accuracy in blackout area.

Generally adaptive speed system is an important direction in the development of computational imaging. Computational theory of imaging system and its influence on aberration and control, is the basis to develop such a system design, which has application value aspects. The principle approach, modeling, and error analysis are analyzed, and the system configuration based on adaptive is advanced in algorithm analysis.

A novel method is proposed to get the adaptively optimized detection threshold of strong atmospheric turbulence channel model with K distributions, by estimating high-order accumulation of the covariance of received signal. Then performance of this adaptive signal threshold estimation method is tested and verified by Monte Carlo simulation, which shows that the threshold can be adaptively changed with the atmospheric turbulence channel conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified by the actual measurement data under light rain, moderate rain and heavy rain. It is shown that the method proposed in this paper can effectively suppress the atmospheric turbulence and improve the performance of Free Space Optical communication system.

Since the 21st century, Spatial laser communication has made a breakthrough development. Europe, the United States, Japan and other space powers have carried out the test of spatial laser communication technology on-orbit, and put forward a series of plans. In 2011, China made the first technology demonstration of satellite-ground laser communication carried by HY-2 satellite. Nowadays, in order to improve the transmission rate of spatial network, the topic of spatial laser communication network is becoming a research hotspot at home and abroad. This thesis, from the basic problem of spatial laser communication network to solve, analyzes the main difference between spatial network and ground network, which draws forth the key technology of spatial laser communication backbone network, and systematically introduces our research on aggregation, addressing, architecture of spatial network. From the perspective of technology development status and trends, the thesis proposes the development route of spatial laser communication network in stages. So as to provide reference about the development of spatial laser communication network in China.

By logically superimposing three base one dimensional (1D) photonic crystals, the broadband slow light with low dispersion is obtained. The slow light pass band is smoothed by adjusting the period ratio of three base structures, period number of new photonic crystal (PC) and the filling factor. In the optimized structure, the minimum of transmission (T) arrives at 0.5902, the full width half maximum (FWHM) is 55nm, the group velocity is in the range from 0.08326c to 0.2912c, and the group velocity dispersion (GVD) parameter D maximum is 14.65 ps²/nm·mm. Moreover, by material optimization, adjusting the refractive index of _na and _nb, the slow light properties can be improved further. With suitable materials, the T minimum increases to 0.6485, the group velocity decreases to the range from 0.08014c to 0.2592c, and GVD parameter D maximum decreases to 13.98 ps²/nm·mm with FWHM 52nm.

We adopt hexagonal optofluidic ring scatterers to built two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) with triangular lattice. By studying slow light effects of varieties of optical optofluidic rings, the thickness of optofluidic ring in X and Z direction, and the moving distance of the first row of scatterers near central waveguide, some relatively optimism results have been founded. In addition, in the process of research, we adopt PWE method to simulation calculation. When the thickness of optofluidic ring changes, the optimization results which n_g equals 47.2120, bandwidth Δλ is 28.5nm and the group velocity dispersion β₂ is 43.3418 ps²/mm. When the moving distance changes, the optimization results we could get that n_g equals 15.6569, Δλ is 92.9nm and β₂ is 7.8202 ps²/mm. This wideband and low dispersion slow light can be used for storage capacity with certain requirements of the optical buffer, optical sensors, etc.

With the development of networking technology and optical fiber sensor network technology, the use of optical fiber system to construct a large-scale, long distance optical fiber sensing network has become a hotspot of research. Optimizing the system to reach very long sensing ranges actually requires launching high pump and probe powers into the sensing fiber to provide a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the measurements at the far end of the fiber. However, increasing the input power above a critical level excites undesired nonlinear effects such as the modulation instability (MI) and the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), which deplete the pump and reduce the maximum sensing range of the system. Compared to SRS, MI shows a lower critical power and thus determines the maximum sensing range of a fiber sensor, so MI becomes the most important factor to limit the sensing range. In order to understand the MI in the system with the DFRA, we design a lot of experiments to test which factors will affect it in the system with distributed fiber Raman amplifier (DFRA) in this paper. From the threshold expression of MI and a lot of experiments, we found that the input power, the state of polarization, the phase and so on, have a significant impact on the system. According to the result of the experiments, we can find the Raman gain affects the MI and find some useful information for suppressing the MI in the later.

The triple-branch signal detection (TBSD) scheme can eliminate multiple-user interference (MUI) without fixed in-phase cross-correlation (IPCC) stipulation in the spectral-amplitude-coding optical code division multiple access (SACOCDMA) systems. In this paper, we modify the traditional TBSD scheme and theoretically analyze the principle of the MUI elimination. Then, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the modified TBSD scheme is investigated under multiple transmission rates. The results show that the modified TBSD employing the codes with unfixed IPCC can achieve simultaneous optical code recognition and MUI elimination in the SAC-OCDMA.

Using matrix optics and optical propagation theory, a model for bias errors of an optical fiber gyroscope (FOG) caused by the nonuniform distribute magnetic field has been deduced. Based on the above model, the effect on the FOG caused by the nonuniform distribute magnetic field and common circuit board is also analyzed. Results indicate that, ⅰ) the nearer of distance between the center of magnetic field and the fiber loop, the bigger of the bias errors of FOG will be; ⅱ) relationship between bias and magnetic field direction is a inclined sine, which becomes more gradient when the distance between the center of magnetic field and the fiber loop is nearer; ⅲ) the bias error caused by the nonuniform magnetic field is bigger than that caused by uniform magnetic field of equal intensity, when R < 5r ( center of nonuniform magnetic field in fiber loop) or R < 0.5r ( center of nonuniform magnetic field out of fiber loop); ⅳ) the direction of magnetic axis is changed by the exit of nonuniform magnetic field; ⅴ) the common circuit board which radiate intensity is very weak can also cause unstable and direction related of the FOG’s output. Above conclusions may be useful for understanding the effect of actual magnetic field.

In this paper, a refractive index insensitive PbS fiber temperature sensor based on Sagnac interferometer is proposed. Firstly, the sensing mechanism of refractive index and temperature is analyzed. Then a large amount of sensors with different length are fabricated. Comparing the transmission spectrum of these sensors, the PbS fiber with the length of 4mm and 10mm are chosen for sensing experiments. Finally, the experiment platform is established to measure temperature and refractive index. Under the condition of different temperature and refractive index, the relationship between the interference spectrum, temperature and refractive index is analyzed, respectively. In temperature experiment, the temperature range is 30℃-65℃. The experimental results show that the interference spectrum is red shifted. When the PbS fiber length is 4mm, the temperature sensitivity can be up to 78.23pm/℃. When the PbS fiber length is 10mm, the temperature sensitivity is 59.16pm/℃. The refractive index range is 1.3525-1.4505 corresponding to the glycerite solution concentration of 10%-80%. The experimental results show that there is no wavelength shift in the interference spectrum. So this PbS fiber sensor is almost insensitive to refractive index.

In order to improve the equilibrium between fiber sensor performance and cost, a curvature sensor based on Few Mode Fiber(FMF) is proposed. A length of FMF is spliced with waist enlarge between two Single mode Fibers(SMFs) to form two spherical- shape structure. Fiber core mode interfere with clad mode due to the excite and couple function of spherical-shape structure, respectively. The phase difference between the cladding and core regions of the fiber changes with the external strain increase, and then the interference spectrum changes. Two sensors with different length of FMF are fabricated, and the transmission spectrum are obtained. The result shows the optical power at certain wavelength is increasing with the curvature increasing. When the curvature range is 0~0.42m^-1 and the FMF is 5.7cm, the curvature sensitivity can be 11.22dB/m^-1. When the FMF is 5.9cm, the curvature sensitivity can be climbed to 14.08dB/m^-1.

An automatic target detection method used in long term infrared (IR) image sequence from a moving platform is proposed. Firstly, based on POME(the principle of maximum entropy), target candidates are iteratively segmented. Then the real target is captured via two different selection approaches. At the beginning of image sequence, the genuine target with litter texture is discriminated from other candidates by using contrast-based confidence measure. On the other hand, when the target becomes larger, we apply online EM method to estimate and update the distributions of target's size and position based on the prior detection results, and then recognize the genuine one which satisfies both the constraints of size and position. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented method is accurate, robust and efficient.

A tension sensor of Photonic Crystal Fiber(PCF) is presented based on core-offset splicing and waist-enlarged fiber taper. The tension response characteristics of the sensor are studied experimentally. To analyzing the modal interference, many samples with different PCF lengths between the two splicing areas, different core-offset distances and different waist-enlarged fiber taper diameters are fabricated and tested. When the tension range is 0 to 4000με, the results show that the spectrum is blue shift with the increasing of the axial tension. The sensitivity is-2.1 pm/με. The experimental results show that the tension sensitivity can be not influenced by the PCF lengths, the core-offset distances.The waist-enlarged fiber taper diameters and the tension sensor is very sensitive to axial tension and the relationship between the wavelength shift and tension is linearity. To determine the number of the interfering modes, the transmission spectra of these sensor is transformed by the fast fourier transform (FFT) method. There are several peaks in the spatial frequency spectra at these sensors. Only one cladding mode is dominantly excited, while the other cladding modes are weak. The spatial frequency is proportional to the differential mode group index. Compared with the traditional fiber sensor, this sensor has some advantages including the easily fabricated, simple structure and high sensitivity. It can be used in industrial production, building monitoring, aerospace and other fields.

With the network scales rapidly and new network applications emerge frequently, bandwidth supply for today’s Internet could not catch up with the rapid increasing requirements. Unfortunately, irrational using of network sources makes things worse. Actual network deploys single-next-hop optimization paths for data transmission, but such “best effort” model leads to the imbalance use of network resources and usually leads to local congestion. On the other hand Multi-path routing can use the aggregation bandwidth of multi paths efficiently and improve the robustness of network, security, load balancing and quality of service. As a result, multi-path has attracted much attention in the routing and switching research fields and many important ideas and solutions have been proposed. This paper focuses on implementing the parallel transmission of multi next-hop data, balancing the network traffic and reducing the congestion. It aimed at exploring the key technologies of the multi-path communication network, which could provide a feasible academic support for subsequent applications of multi-path communication networking. It proposed a novel multi-path algorithm based on node potential in the network. And the algorithm can fully use of the network link resource and effectively balance network link resource utilization.

The free space optical (FSO) communication system has attracted many researchers from different countries, owning to its advantages such as high security, high speed and anti-interference. Among all kinds of the channels of the FSO communication system, the atmosphere channel is very difficult to deal with for two typical disadvantages at least. The one is the scintillation of the optical carrier intensity caused by the atmosphere turbulence and the other is the multipath effect by the optical scattering. A lot of studies have shown that the MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology can overcome the scintillation of the optical carrier through the atmosphere effectively. So the background of this paper is a MIMO system which includes multiple optical transmitting antennas and multiple optical receiving antennas. A number of particles such as hazes, water droplets and aerosols exit in the atmosphere widely. When optical carrier meets these particles, the scattering phenomenon is inevitable, which leads to the multipath effect. As a result, a optical pulse transmitted by the optical transmitter becomes wider, to some extent, when it gets to the optical receiver due to the multipath effect. If the information transmission rate is quite low, there is less relationship between the multipath effect and the bit error rate (BER) of the communication system. Once the information transmission rate increases to a high level, the multipath effect will produce the problem called inter symbol inference (ISI) seriously and the bit error rate will increase severely. In order to take the advantage of the FSO communication system, the inter symbol inference problem must be solved. So it is necessary to use the channel equalization technology. This paper aims at deciding a equalizer and designing suitable equalization algorithm for a MIMO free space optical communication system to overcome the serious problem of bit error rate. The reliability and the efficiency of communication are two important indexes. For a MIMO communication system, there are two typical equalization methods. The first method, every receiving antenna has an independent equalizer without the information derived from the other receiving antennas. The second, the information derived from all of the receiving antennas mixes with each other, according to some definite rules, which is called space-time equalization. The former is discussed in this paper. The equalization algorithm concludes training mode and non training mode. The training mode needs training codes transmitted by the transmitter during the whole communication process and this mode reduces the communication efficiency more or less. In order to improve the communication efficiency, the blind equalization algorithm, a non training mode, is used to solve the parameter of the equalizer. In this paper, firstly, the atmosphere channel is described focusing on the scintillation and multipath effect of the optical carrier. Then, the structure of a equalizer of MIMO free space optical communication system is introduced. In the next part of this paper, the principle of the blind equalization algorithm is introduced. In addition, the simulation results are showed. In the end of this paper, the conclusions and the future work are discussed.

Recently, Fano-resonance photonic crystals (PhC) have been employed within a wide variety of nanophotonic structures for different applications, including imaging, filtering, switching, sensing, and so on. In this paper, we propose a convenient and compact fiber-optic sensor based on optical fiber-tips integrated with Fano-resonance pillar-array PhC. The quality factor 1.04×10⁴ and refractive index sensitivity of 226 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) have been demonstrated. In addition, the proposed Fiber-PhC integrated senor structure can be used for nanoparticle detection by checking the reflection spectrum shift with a narrow line-width. Using this method, we demonstrate that the detection of polystyrene nanoparticles with dimensions down to 50 nm in radius can be achieved. Thus, we believe that the design and results presented here are promising and enable the implementation of simple but functional fiber-optic sensors and devices.

Due to various moving parts inside, when a spacecraft runs in orbits, its structure could get a minor angular vibration, which results in vague image formation of space camera. Thus, image compensation technique is required to eliminate or alleviate the effect of movement on image formation and it is necessary to realize precise measuring of flutter angle. Due to the advantages such as high sensitivity, broad bandwidth, simple structure and no inner mechanical moving parts, FOG (fiber optical gyro) is adopted in this study to measure minor angular vibration. Then, movement leading to image degeneration is achieved by calculation. The idea of the movement information extracting algorithm based on self-adaptive sparse representation is to use arctangent function approximating L₀ norm to construct unconstrained noisy-signal-aimed sparse reconstruction model and then solve the model by a method based on steepest descent algorithm and BFGS algorithm to estimate sparse signal. Then taking the advantage of the principle of random noises not able to be represented by linear combination of elements, useful signal and random noised are separated effectively. Because the main interference of minor angular vibration to image formation of space camera is random noises, sparse representation algorithm could extract useful information to a large extent and acts as a fitting pre-process method of image restoration. The self-adaptive sparse representation algorithm presented in this paper is used to process the measured minor-angle-vibration signal of FOG used by some certain spacecraft. By component analysis of the processing results, we can find out that the algorithm could extract micro angular vibration signal of FOG precisely and effectively, and can achieve the precision degree of 0.1".

3D printing technology is a rapidly developing manufacturing technology, which is known as a core technology in the third industrial revolution. With the continuous improvement of the application of 3D printing products, the health monitoring of the 3D printing structure is particularly important. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology is a new type of optical sensing technology with unique advantages comparing to traditional sensing technology, and it has great application prospects in structural health monitoring. In this paper, the FBG sensors embedded in the internal structure of the 3D printing were used to monitor the static and dynamic strain variation of 3D printing structure during loading process. The theoretical result and experimental result has good consistency and the characteristic frequency detected by FBG sensor is consistent with the testing results of traditional accelerator in the dynamic experiment. The results of this paper preliminary validate that FBG embedded in the 3D printing structure can effectively detecting the static and dynamic stain change of the 3D printing structure, which provide some guidance for the health monitoring of 3D printing structure.

With the rapid growth of 4G mobile network and vehicular network services，mobile terminal users have increasing demand on data sharing among different radio remote units (RRUs) and roadside units (RSUs). Meanwhile, commercial video-streaming, video/voice conference applications delivered through peer-to-peer (P2P) technology are still keep on stimulating the sharp increment of bandwidth demand in both business and residential subscribers. However, a significant issue is that, although wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology have been proposed to fulfil the ever-increasing bandwidth demand in access network, the bandwidth of optical fiber is not unlimited due to the restriction of optical component properties and modulation/demodulation technology, and blindly increase the wavelength cannot meet the cost-sensitive characteristic of the access network. In this paper, we propose a software defined multi-OLT PON architecture to support efficient scheduling of access network traffic. By introducing software defined networking technology and wavelength selective switch into TWDM PON system in central office, multiple OLTs can be considered as a bandwidth resource pool and support flexible traffic allocation for optical network units (ONUs). Moreover, under the configuration of the control plane, ONUs have the capability of changing affiliation between different OLTs under different traffic situations, thus the inter-OLT traffic can be localized and the data exchange pressure of the core network can be released. Considering this architecture is designed to be maximum following the TWDM PON specification, the existing optical distribution network (ODN) investment can be saved and conventional EPON/GPON equipment can be compatible with the proposed architecture. What’s more, based on this architecture, we propose a dynamic wavelength scheduling algorithm, which can be deployed as an application on control plane and achieve effective scheduling OLT wavelength resources between different OLTs based on various traffic situation. Simulation results show that, by using the scheduling algorithm, network traffic between different OLTs can be optimized effectively, and the wavelength utilization of the multi-OLT system can be improved due to the flexible wavelength scheduling.

Quality of service and customer perception is the focus of the telecommunications industry. This paper proposes a low-cost approach to the acquisition of terminal data, collected from LTE networks with the application of a soft probe, based on the Java language. The soft probe includes support for fast call in the form of a referenced library, and can be integrated into various Android-based applications to automatically monitor any exception event in the network. Soft probe-based acquisition of terminal data has the advantages of low cost and can be applied on large scale. Experiment shows that a soft probe can efficiently obtain terminal network data. With this method, the quality of service of LTE networks can be determined from acquired wireless data. This work contributes to efficient network optimization, and the analysis of abnormal network events.

Sensing principles and main problems to be solved for optical voltage sensors are briefly reviewed. Optical effects used for voltage sensing usually include electro-optic Pockels and Kerr effects, electro-gyration effect, elasto-optical effect, and electroluminescent effects, etc. In principle, typical optical voltage sensor is based on electro-optic Pockels crystals and closed-loop signal detection scheme. Main problems to be solved for optical voltage sensors include: how to remove influence of unwanted multiple optical effects on voltage sensing performance; how to select or develop a proper voltage sensing material and element; how to keep optical phase bias to be stable under temperature fluctuation and vibration; how to achieve dc voltage sensing, etc. In order to suppress the influence of unwanted optical effects and light beam coupling-related loss on voltage sensing signals, we may pay more attention to all-fiber and waveguide voltage sensors. Voltage sensors based on electroluminescent effects are also promising in some application fields due to their compact configuration, low cost and potential long-term reliability.