This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10387, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

The Lyncean Compact Light Source (CLS) is a true miniature synchrotron x-ray source with undulator output x-ray characteristics (inherently monochromatic, tunable, high flux). The compact size (8m x 4m) is accomplished by employing a low energy (45 MeV) electron beam storage ring combined with a sub-micrometer period “laser undulator” replacing the permanent magnets of traditional undulators. The output beam of the Lyncean CLS is axially symmetric with 4 mrad beam divergence, a 4% bandwidth and tunable from 8 to 35 keV by changing the energy of the stored electron beam. It delivers 1010 photons per second to experimental end stations located outside of the CLS shielded enclosure. The first commercial installation of a Lyncean CLS is at the Technical University Munich (TUM) in Germany. Applications pursued there are primarily Talbot grating based multi-modal imaging and tomography (quantitative absorption/phase contrast, dark field) and high-resolution x-ray tomography. The Lyncean CLS is very well matched to these measurements due to the inherent coherence property, Monochromaticity (no beam hardening + quantitation) and the high flux. Analytical applications using specifically developed multilayer focusing optics have been demonstrated at the Lyncean factory in the USA. Protein crystallography with freely selectable x-ray energy to enable advanced phasing techniques such as single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) are possible. Other examples include powder diffraction and small angle scattering to name a few. Operating the Lyncean CLS has been made extremely simple for users. The complexity of the system is packaged into easy to use interfaces enabling non-experts to run the machine after one week of training. The special characteristic of the Lyncean CLS of producing a truly symmetric and monochromatic beam without contamination by higher x-ray energies (compared to traditional synchrotrons) allows very simple beam transport systems and experimental stations with relaxed shielding requirements to be utilized.

Conventional synchrotron light sources and Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) utilize permanent magnet undulators with periods on the order of a few centimeters, and to generate X-rays they need GeV scale electron beam energies. Such facilities are very large and expensive. Inverse Compton scattering sources use a laser beam as an undulator with micrometer periods and produce X-ray energies on the order of tens of keV. These sources operate with MeV scale beam energies, and therefore they are much more compact. However, their average photon flux is typically small, especially in the EUV and soft X-ray regime. We present a novel compact linac-driven light source, which could produce both incoherent and FEL radiation depending on its configuration. This source is based on a mm-period RF undulator. The RF undulator is a mm-wave cavity resonating at a deflecting mode. The source operates as follows: a train of electron bunches is generated in a thermionic X-band RF injector. These bunches are accelerated in an X-band linac and then interact with the RF undulator. The RF power that feeds the undulator is extracted from the electron beam in a decelerating RF structure, located downstream of the undulator. As an example, a light source with a 91.392 GHz RF undulator and a 129 MeV electron beam can generate incoherent EUV radiation at 13.5 nm. Such a light source could be less than 6 m long, and potentially be used for EUV mask metrology. Similar approach will enable soft X-Ray imaging.

The limitations to achievable x-ray brightness within the laboratory1 for x-ray spectra is a well-known problem for improving the throughput, sensitivity, and resolution of a wide variety of x-ray techniques. Specific examples of such challenges include: throughput in Talbot-Lau interferometry for medical applications, limits to sensitivity in micro x-ray fluorescence (microXRF), and resolution in x-ray microscopy. We will present our patented x-ray source technology and recent developments. The major innovations in our x-ray source are the x-ray anodes, which are comprised of arrays of microstructured metal x-ray emitters embedded within a diamond substrate. The diamond substrate enables highly localized large thermal gradients that passively and rapidly cool the metal microstructures as heat is generated under the bombardment of electrons. Electron power densities, 4X higher than conventional solid metal targets can be achieved on the target even greater for metals of lower thermal conductivity. The thermal advantages of the anode design enables the use of many elements that were previously unsuitable as x-ray source materials, and will enable access to new x-ray characteristic lines to optimize performance in monochromatic x-ray analysis. In addition, we will review practical benefits of our patented FAASTTM (fine array anode source technology) x-ray source over both conventional x-ray sources and newer schemes such as liquid metal anodes2. Advantages include the ability to produce a patterned microbeam optimized for Talbot-Lau interferometry (phase contrast imaging) and the ability to produce various characteristic lines through the incorporation of novel materials (e.g. Au, Pt, Cr) for dual energy capabilities.

Moxtek has developed an integrated 120 kV X-ray tube with high voltage power supply intended for use in portable devices. This small device, with photon energies ranging from 30keV to 120 keV, expands the accessibility of miniature X-ray sources for the XRF, NDT imaging, and security markets. The low weight of 1.3kg, self-shielding radiation, and battery-powered design make it ideal for portable handheld devices. The bipolar transmission window eliminates the heel-effect and its associated detriments in some imaging applications that are typical of reflection anodes. This also enables the X-ray output to be easily configured for either cone or fan beam.

ThomX is a compact Compton based X-ray source under construction at LAL in Orsay (France). The ThomX facility is composed of a 50-70 MeV linac, a transfer line and an 18 meters long storage ring. Compton scattering between 50 MeV, 1 nC electron bunches and 10 mJ laser pulses stacked in a Fabry-Perot cavity results in the production of photons with energies up to 90 keV with a maximum flux of 10¹³ photons per second. The ThomX building is close to be finished. The installation of the accelerator will start in 2018, followed by the optical table and the Fabry-Perot cavity.

This paper will discuss three 1D heat transfer problems associated with both conduction and radiation, which are mathematical models for a CNT used as a field electron emitter. CNT has attracted an increasing attention as a potentially excellent material for an electron emitter since around mid-90's. Predicting the current density and the temperature profile of CNT caused by the Joule heating associated with the current density is the key to understanding the physics of CNT as a field electron emitter. Thus, this is the focus of the paper.

Many applications in the field of X-ray analytics require an X-ray beam with a high flux density at the sample position. Examples for these applications are single crystal diffraction or micro-diffraction to name but a few. An X-ray system comprising of an X-ray source with a small electron beam spot size combined with a diffracting 2-dimensional multilayer mirror is the ideal source for these applications. The mirror collects many photons from the small source, especially when it is mounted as close to the source as possible.

To achieve the goal of a high flux density the spot size on the anode of the X-ray tube should be as small as possible with a simultaneous increase of the X-ray power. A risk is the melting of the anode due to weak heat dissipation. At the same time the figure error of the multilayer mirror should be as low as possible. Large figure errors will increase the spot size of the X-ray beam at the sample position.

We report the high energy radiography of dense material using MeV all-optical-driven inverse Compton x-ray source. The properties of the inverse-Compton x-ray source are controlled by means of electron energy, electron charge, scattering beam focal spot size and pulse duration to obtain optimized x-ray energy and high flux for dense material radiography. In this experiment, the x-ray has a photon energy of 8 MeV for maximal steel penetration depth, and a flux of 1011 x-ray photons per shot. With this novel x-ray source, we are able to demonstrate radiography of a 10 cm thick “kite” object through a steel shielding with thickness up to 40 cm in a single exposure. The radiography image of the “kite” object though the 40 cm steel has signal to noise ratio of 2 and image contrast of 0.1, and the “kite” object can be clearly distinguished in the image. Combining its tunability, ultrafast pulse duration and micron meter resolution, the all-optical-driven inverse Compton x-ray source provides unique capacities for flash radiography of dense material, and is of interest for ultrafast nuclear physics study.

Imaging in EUV, SXR and XR spectral bands of radiation is of increasing interest. Material science, biology and hot plasma are examples of relevant fast developing areas. Applications include spectroscopy, astrophysics, Soft X-ray Ray metrology, Water Window microscopy, radiography and tomography. Especially Water Window imaging has still not fully recognized potential in biology and medicine microscopy applications. Theoretical study and design of Lobster Eye (LE) optics as a collector for water window (WW) microscopy and comparison with a similar size ellipsoidal mirror condensor are presented.

The use of channel-cut crystal monochromators has been traditionally limited to applications that can tolerate the rough surface quality from wet etching without polishing. We have previously presented and discussed the motivation for producing channel cut crystals with strain-free polished surfaces [1]. Afterwards, we have undertaken an effort to design and implement an automated machine for polishing channel-cut crystals. The initial effort led to inefficient results. Since then, we conceptualized, designed, and implemented a new version of the channel-cut polishing machine, now called C-CHiRP (Channel-Cut High Resolution Polisher), also known as CCPM V2.0. The new machine design no longer utilizes Figure-8 motion that mimics manual polishing. Instead, the polishing is achieved by a combination of rotary and linear functions of two coordinated motion systems. Here we present the new design of C-CHiRP, its capabilities and features. Multiple channel-cut crystals polished using the C-CHiRP have been deployed into several beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). We present the measurements of surface finish, flatness, as well as topography results obtained at 1-BM of APS, as compared with results typically achieved when polishing flat-surface monochromator crystals using conventional polishing processes. Limitations of the current machine design, capabilities and considerations for strain-free polishing of highly complex crystals are also discussed, together with an outlook for future developments and improvements.

With emergence of focusing X-ray optics many configurations of X-ray microscope have been developed. In this paper we report on a laboratory X-ray microscope based on refractive X-ray optics and microfocus laboratory source. In our experimental setup we use parabolic Compound Refractive X-ray Lens (CRL) made of beryllium and capillary spherical CRL made of epoxy. A copper 2000 mesh grid with 13 μm period and the width of the wire of about 4-5 μm has been clearly resolved with good enough contrast in transmission full-field X-ray microscopy mode. The advantages of the two-lens design have been shown experimentally for both transmission full-field and scanning X-ray microscopes. The discussion of the optimal distances between optical elements in the X-ray microscope is presented.

The XRF and XRD benchtop instrumentation face increasing demand for lowering the detection limits and increasing the accuracy and precision of the measurements. The x-ray tube is a vital component of XRF instruments, which affects the aforementioned characteristics. Moxtek is a leader in developing miniature X-ray sources for portable and handheld XRF instruments. We will present on our current x-ray sources which run from 4 to 70 kV and up to 12 watts. Additionally, we will presenting on prototype x-ray tubes. In this presentation we will be covering some of the basic functionality of each one of these sources, as well as some of the intended applications.