This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume10546, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

Single-pixel cameras are both elegant and intellectually appealing, but can they outperform a camera based upon a focal-plane detector array? Single-pixel cameras use a digital mirror device to apply a time varying mask to an image of the scene, and a single-pixel detector to measure the light transmission through each of these masks. Given knowledge of the mask patterns and the measured transmissions, an image of the object is calculated.

Over the past decade, single-pixel imaging (SPI) has established as a viable tool in scenarios where traditional imaging techniques struggle to provide images with acceptable quality in practicable times and reasonable costs. However, SPI still has several limitations inherent to the technique, such as working with spurious light and in real time. Here we present a novel approach, using complementary measurements and a single balanced detector. By using balanced detection, we improve the frame rate of the complementary measurement architectures by a factor of two. Furthermore, the use of a balanced detector provides environmental light immunity to the method.

Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs) are used for wavefront shaping and complex optics testing, including aspherical and free-form optics. Today, CGHs are recorded directly with a laser or intermediate masks, allowing only the realization of binary CGHs; they are efficient but can reconstruct only pixilated images. We propose a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) as a reconfigurable mask, to record rewritable binary and grayscale CGHs on a photochromic plate. The DMD is composed of 2048x1080 individually controllable micro-mirrors, with a pitch of 13.68 μm. This is a real-time reconfigurable mask, perfect for recording CGHs. The photochromic plate is opaque at rest and becomes transparent when it is illuminated with visible light of suitable wavelength. We have successfully recorded the very first amplitude grayscale CGH, in equally spaced levels, so called stepped CGH. We recorded up to 1000x1000 pixels CGHs with a contrast greater than 50, using Fresnel as well as Fourier coding scheme. Fresnel’s CGH are obtained by calculating the inverse Fresnel transform of the original image at a given focus, ranging from 50cm to 2m. The reconstruction of the recorded images with a 632.8nm He-Ne laser beam leads to images with a high fidelity in shape, intensity, size and location. These results reveal the high potential of this method for generating programmable/rewritable grayscale CGHs, which combine DMDs and photochromic substrates.

Flapping flight has drawn interests from different fields including biology, aerodynamics and robotics. For such research, the digital fringe projection technology using defocused binary image projection has superfast (e.g. several kHz) measurement capabilities with digital-micromirror-device, yet its measurement quality is still subject to the motion of flapping flight. This research proposes a novel computational framework for dynamic 3D shape measurement of a flapping flight process. The fast and slow motion parts are separately reconstructed with Fourier transform and phase shifting. Experiments demonstrate its success by measuring a flapping wing robot (image acquisition rate: 5000 Hz; flapping speed: 25 cycles/second).

Traditionally temporal phase unwrapping for phase measuring profilometry needs to employ the phase computed from unit-frequency patterned images; however, it has recently been reported that two phases with co-prime frequencies can be absolutely unwrapped each other. However, a manually man-made look-up table for two known frequencies has to be used for correctly unwrapping phases. If two co-prime frequencies are changed, the look-up table has to be manually rebuilt. In this paper, a universal phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed to unwrap phase flexibly and automatically. The basis of the proposed algorithm is converting a signal-processing problem into a geometric analysis one. First, we normalize two wrapped phases such that they are of the same needed slope. Second, by using the modular operation, we unify the integer-valued difference of the two normalized phases over each wrapping interval. Third, by analyzing the properties of the uniform difference mathematically, we can automatically build a look-up table to record the corresponding correct orders for all wrapping intervals. Even if the frequencies are changed, the look-up table will be automatically updated for the latest involved frequencies. Finally, with the order information stored in the look-up table, the wrapped phases can be correctly unwrapped. Both simulations and experimental results verify the correctness of the proposed algorithm.

In this work, we present a new confocal laser scanning microscope capable to perform sensorless wavefront optimization in real time. The device is a parallelized laser scanning microscope in which the excitation light is structured in a lattice of spots by a spatial light modulator, while a deformable mirror provides aberration correction and scanning. A binary DMD is positioned in an image plane of the detection optical path, acting as a dynamic array of reflective confocal pinholes, images by a high performance cmos camera. A second camera detects images of the light rejected by the pinholes for sensorless aberration correction.

Digital micromirror devices (DMDs), which offer high speed and high degree of freedoms in steering light illuminations, have been increasingly applied to optical microscopy systems in recent years. Lately, we introduced DMDs into digital holography to enable new imaging modalities and break existing imaging limitations. In this paper, we will first present our progress in using DMDs for demonstrating laser-illumination Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) with shotnoise limited detection. After that, we will present a novel common-path quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) system based on using a DMD. Building on those early developments, a DMD-based high speed optical diffraction tomography (ODT) system has been recently demonstrated, and the results will also be presented. This ODT system is able to achieve video-rate 3D refractive-index imaging, which can potentially enable observations of high-speed 3D sample structural changes.

A custom near infrared VCSEL source has been implemented in a confocal non-mydriatic retinal camera, the Digital Light Ophthalmoscope (DLO). The use of near infrared light improves patient comfort, avoids pupil constriction, penetrates the deeper retina, and does not mask visual stimuli. The DLO performs confocal imaging by synchronizing a sequence of lines displayed with a digital micromirror device to the rolling shutter exposure of a 2D CMOS camera. Real-time software adjustments enable multiply scattered light imaging, which rapidly and cost-effectively emphasizes drusen and other scattering disruptions in the deeper retina. A separate 5.1” LCD display provides customizable visible stimuli for vision experiments with simultaneous near infrared imaging.

Glaucoma is a disease characterized by progressive and irreversible vision loss leading to blindness. This vision loss is believed to be largely determined by the biomechanics of the optic nerve head region. Optic nerve head biomechanics, in turn, is determined by the properties of the constituent collagen. However, it is challenging to visualize and quantify collagen morphology and orientation in situ, and therefore often studies of the region collagen have used histological sections. Here we describe SPLM, a novel imaging technique that combines structured light illumination and polarized light microscopy (PLM) to enable collagen fiber visualization and fiber orientation mapping without requiring tissue sectioning.

We developed a custom automated SPLM imaging system based on an upright microscope and a digital micromirror device (DMD) projector. The high spatial frequency patterns were used to achieve effective background suppression. Enhanced scattering sensitivity with SPLM resulted in images with highly improved visibility of collagen structures, even of tissues covered by pigment. SPLM produced improved fiber orientation maps from superficial layers compared to depth-averaged orientation from regular PLM. SPLM imaging provides valuable information of collagen fiber morphology and orientation in situ thus strengthening the study of ocular collagen fiber biomechanics and glaucoma.

LiDAR (laser based radar) systems are a major part of many new real-world interactive systems, one of the most notable being autonomous cars. The current market LiDAR systems are limited by detector sensitivity: when output power is at eye-safe levels, the range is limited. Long range operation also slows image acquisition as ight-time increases. We present an approach that combines a high sensitivity photon number resolving diode with machine learning and a micro-mechanical digital mirror device to achieve safe and fast long range 3D scanning.

Glare avoidance and marking lights are two of the many functionalities offered by advanced automotive headlamps such as Matrix-LED systems. DMD-based headlamps offer resolution enhancements to these two adaptive lighting functionalities. This is achieved via a precise optical system that exhibits high marking and glare avoidance efficiencies. This work evaluates two concepts for an optical system that enables fully adaptive light distributions.

Light distributions from automotive headlamps are characterized by a wide aspect ratio and a centrally located hotspot marked by a high luminous intensity. Due to the popular use of DMDs in video projectors, DMD properties counter-productive to automotive applications are regularly encountered. For example, DMDs for projectors require to be illuminated homogeneously in order to obtain a homogeneous projection whereas headlamps require a hotspot centric distribution. It is possible to digitally create a hotspot with conventional projection optics but the results come with a significant loss in optical efficiency.

The two concepts for an optical system compared in this paper are: anamorphic optics and optics with pincushion distortion. This comparison is conducted using optical simulations. Photometric measurements are then taken from a vehicle headlamp based DMD and distorting optics and compared with the simulation as a validation step. Due to the strong distortion of the lens system the relation between the DMD image and the final light distribution is highly non-linear. The paper is concluded with key observations with regards to this non-linearity.

The Digital Micromirror Device (DMD), typically used in projection screen technology, has utility in instrumentation for astronomy as a digitally programmable slit in a spectrograph. When placed at an imaging focal plane the device can be used to selectively direct light from astronomical targets into the optical path of a spectrograph, while at the same time directing the remaining light into an imaging camera, which can be used for slit alignment, science imaging, or both. To date the use of DMDs in astronomy has been limited, especially for instruments that operate in the near infrared (1 - 2.5 μm). This limitation is due in part to a host of technical challenges with respect to DMDs that, to date, have not been thoroughly explored. Those challenges include operation at cryogenic temperature, control electronics that facilitate DMD use at these temperatures, window coatings properly coated for the near infrared bandpass, and scattered light. This paper discusses these technical challenges and presents progress towards understanding and mitigating them.

Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) applications require the combination of synthetic images with the real world. In some cases the real world images are acquired by an image sensor that is then combined with synthetic images and presented to the user to enhance the immersive experience. In the current state of the art, the displays are often mobile phone screens or some smart glasses. As an alternative, we propose to augment the world by projecting synthetic images on real surfaces. To do so effectively, virtual scenes must be properly rendered to match the tilt and position information of the projector which can be acquired from a multitude of sensors. One benefit of this type of AR it that the experience is not only lived by the person holding the projector, but for the people at the surroundings as well. So, a group of people can be aware of the augmentation, leading to a full range of new applications.