This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10556, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

Military diving operations are routinely conducted in what can be one of the most inhospitable environments on the planet, frequently characterized by zero visibility. The inability to clearly see the immediate operational environment has historically been a serious limitation to manned diving operations – whether the mission is ship husbandry, underwater construction, salvage, or scientific research. U.S. Navy diving is an integral part of the nation’s defense strategy with a continuing requirement to conduct manned intervention in the water column. To ensure technical superiority across the entire spectrum of diving operations we must identify, exploit, and develop technology to advance the state-of-the-art in diving equipment. This can only be achieved by investing in, and supporting, focused research and development with specific goals to further diving capabilities. Under a project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), the Naval Surface Warfare Center-Panama City Division (NSWC PCD) has developed a prototype see-through head-up display system for a U. S. Navy diving helmet - the Divers Augmented Vision Display (DAVD). The DAVD system uses waveguide optical display modules that couple images from a micro display into a waveguide optic, translate the images through a series of internal reflections, finally exiting toward the diver’s eye. This provides a magnified, seethrough virtual image at a specific distance in front of the diver. This provides high resolution color; see through display capability of critical information and sensor data including sonar images, ship husbandry and underwater construction schematics, enhanced navigation displays, augmented reality, and text messages. NSWC PCD is the U.S. Navy’s leading laboratory for research, development, testing, evaluation, and technology transition of diver visual display systems; with unique facilities for rapid prototyping and manufacturing, human systems integration and extreme environment testing. Along with NSWC PCD, the Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU), and Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center (NDSTC) are co-located tenant commands at the Naval Support Activity Panama City (NSA PC). This paper provides a brief background on the development of diver head-up display systems, waveguide optical display technology, development of the DAVD prototype, results of diver evaluations, and recommendations for accelerated development of this game changing capability.

Three-dimensional (3D) displays have various shapes such as plate, pyramid, cylinder, sphere and etc. Every shape has its characters. One of them, the spherical shape is totally symmetric around the center. We design our system in order to display the image inside of the crystal ball. Even though the spherical crystal ball has perfect symmetry, there are some significant difficulties in designing optics since the crystal ball has severe spherical aberration. To display 3D contents, we generate many views by digital micromirror device in high speed and change the propagation direction of each view by 2-axis scanning mirrors and relay lenses. Theses plural images correspond to views of 3D object inside of the crystal ball.

Recently, various light-field displays with special structures have been suggested. Among them, the cylinder-shaped display has distinct advantages in providing 360-degree field of view. In this paper, we propose a cylindrical light-field display which consists of panoramic projection optics and a cylindrical screen with several long vertical narrow openings. The projected scene is imaged on the inner surface of the cylinder and the contents are watched through the slit on the side of the cylinder during it rotates. Therefore, horizontal-parallax-only light field is formed to display threedimensional contents inside of the cylinder.

In this paper, a new type of light field display by combining additive and multiplicative light field displays is proposed. Combination of the two types of compressive light field displays makes the system compact, improves the light efficiency, and alleviates the diffraction effect. The system implements four physical image planes to widen the depth range. Layer image optimization algorithm suitable for the proposed system is introduced. In result, the target light field is decomposed into four different layer images. We explain the principle of the proposed system and verify its feasibility with simulation and experimental results.

We introduce a simple method for fast switching of vertically-aligned nematic liquid crystals (LCs). When an electric field is applied to a patterned vertical alignment (PVA) LC cell, virtual walls are formed in the middle of the gaps between and at the center of the patterned electrodes. These virtual walls formed in a PVA cell results in the turn-off time being dependent on the pitch of the patterned electrodes as well as the cell gap. Therefore, a short response time can be achieved by fine patterning of pixel electrodes without requiring additional fabrication steps or complicated drive schemes. A similar behavior has been observed in switching of vertically-aligned LCs with positive dielectric anisotropy by an in-plane electric field.

Ambient contrast ratio (A-CR) is a critically important characteristic for mobile displays. For transmissive and emissive displays (such as liquid crystal display, light-emitting diode, and organic light-emitting diode), A-CR decreases dramatically as the ambient light increases, which degrades the image quality, especially for outdoor applications. Moth-eye-like structure greatly reduces the surface reflection and improves A-CR. For a touch panel display, the surface should be robust enough to resist possible mechanical scratches and to self-clean possible contaminations from fingerprints and dusts. In this paper, we demonstrate the moth-eye-like structure fabricated on a hard-coating layer with additional surface treatment for self-cleaning property upon the flexible film. By laminating the film unto a display device, the luminous reflectance is reduced to ~0.23%, which improves the A-CR by ~4X under the sun. Note that although the surface reflection is reduced, the haze remains negligible, implying that the image quality is not blurred. The nanostructure was fabricated on the hard-coating layer which is typically used as the protective film of the mobile display and hence it is anti-scratched. Typically, nanostructure exhibits hydrophobic and olephobic properties. With suitable surface treatment by amphiphilic molecules, such characteristics are further improved with excellent self-cleaning properties. Besides, our nanostructured hard-coating film can be fabricated on different flexible films, such as TAC and PET, which means this broadband antireflection film can be used for flexible displays.

We have developed a negative dispersion retarder using self-organization of smectic reactive mesogen molecules. The dispersion of retardation of the film was studied with various constituent molecules structure, orientation, and fabrication conditions. The negative dispersion of retardation was promoted with more fraction of molecules located at the interlayer space absorbing longer wavelength of UV light.

Optical technology is crucial to the heads-up displays used in wearable virtual reality and augmented reality goggles. However, the implemented technology can be challenging to implement. It must form a magnified image, focused at infinity, for imaging with the relaxed human eye, and it must be compact. The proposed work does this using coupled microlens arrays. The coupled plano-concave and plano-convex microlens arrays together act as a superlens that meets the requirements of heads-up displays. The required plano-concave and plano-convex microlens arrays are implemented using a technique of dispensing and in situ ultraviolet-curing of polymer microdroplets. It is shown that the planoconcave and plano-convex microlens arrays can be formed to enable imaging in a compact package with an excellent resolution, corresponding to a spatial modulation transfer function beyond 20 cycles/mm.

According to a survey conducted in France and Germany[1], the situation that causes the most stress to car drivers is the glare from the headlamps of oncoming vehicles. Valeo developed a solution to reduce glare, Les Lunettes by Valeo. The study described here aims at establishing the perceived benefits for the end-user and their acceptance of such solutions. The study combined questionnaires and a scientific evaluation to establish the benefits and acceptance of the system.

High Dynamic Range (HDR) and Wide Color Gamut (WCG) displays are now commonly available on the market of TVs. The standard color characteristics are no more adapted for this type of display. In this paper, we use the ICtCp color space recently proposed by Dolby laboratories for new HD video standards to analyze color measurements made with a Fourier optics viewing angle instrument. We evaluate the viewing angle dependence of the color gamut and color volume of two HDR/WCG displays, one QLED TV and one OLED TV. The analysis is also made using the standard L*a*b* color space. The interest of the ICtCp color space for direct comparison of the displays is discussed.

Three-dimensional (3D) information acquirement in integral imaging (II) is becoming popular with the development of inexpensive digital image sensors. In this study, we present a real-time II pickup system in which multiple video streams are recorded, compressed, transmitted, and synthesized for II display. The system consists of an 8×8 network camera array, three Gigabit Ethernet switches, a single PC, and an II display. With the help of multi-thread technology, multi-view video streams from the network camera array are first captured in real-time. Then, we adopt camera array calibration and image alignment methods based on planar parallax to achieve good image quality. Finally, the aligned video streams are interweaved to synthesize the elemental image array (EIA) for the II display. We also present a remapping algorithm to accelerate the generation of the EIA. In the remapping algorithm, the mapping matrices from original parallaxes to the EIA are directly calculated. Therefore, the camera array calibration process, the parallax alignment process and the synthesizing process are simplified into a simple remapping operation. The video stream processing is fully performed on a graphics processing unit (GPU). Our proposed system achieves high-quality II video rendering at up to 37fps depending on rendering parameters. Experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system and high-quality EIAs synthesized from dynamic 3D scene.

We the tool for measurement of the stress in Generation 6 Flat Panel Displays (G6 FPD) and larger by observing the distortion of image of the light emitting device pattern reflected in the substrate. The observed topography is used to calculate stress in film. The metrology does not involve any moving parts. Tool has repeatability and accuracy of the order of 5 MPa for the glass and film thickness of 0.7 mm, and 5 μm respectively. The measurement time is smaller than 100 s. Tool does is fully compatible with standard robot based glass handling technology.

We developed a craft kit of "Color Mixer" to understand easily the principle of reproducing colors while enjoying the craftwork with mixing colors using three LEDs. We will report on the composition of the kit and its outreach activity.

We report high resolution (873 x 500), active-matrix, GaN-based LED microdisplays with a pixel pitch of 10 μm. They exhibit the highest resolution for the smallest pixel pitch ever reported for GaN microdisplays. High-density GaN μLED arrays were first patterned at 10-μm pitch on sapphire substrates. Arrays were then hybridized on CMOS active-matrix using the microtube technology. Blue and green monochrome prototypes have been realized. Full video, high-resolution images have been obtained. The performance of these GaN-based microdisplays make them suitable for a wide range of applications from augmented reality and head-up displays to pico- and compact projectors.

In this research, the fabrication of Blue-light micro-LED display, high contrast and with resolution is 64  32 pixels, is developed and improved. In traditional micro-LED technique, some parts of LED light may be scattered caused by total reflection effect is produced in the inner structure of sapphire substrate, part of light may be absorbed by epilayer and metal electrodes in the sapphire structure. The contrast of LED is reduced caused by total reflection effect. Black photoresist is used to fill in the gaps between pixels for preventing leakage. And the light shielding property of black photoresist is also be used to separate each pixel LED to raise the contrast of micro-LED display. The luminous efficacy of this new blue-light micro-LED can be raised by below three LED fabrication improvements. Polishing sapphire substrate till it is as transparent, coating metal wires, which are with good reflectivity, are as p-electrodes, and electrodeless design is applied on n-electrodes.Driving mode of this display is multi-electrodes addressable controlling, series resistance is a key factor for the photoelectric characteristics and homogeneity of micro-LED display. There are several different types metal wires and electrodes developed in this study to analyze the photoelectric characteristics of micro-LED display with different wires and electrodes, performance of blue-light micro-LED display can be improved.

Luminance is a key factor for outside displays because of background light interference. Many methods have been used to enhance the luminance of backlit display systems. The key to enhancing the luminance of a backlit system is to increase the light coupling between the light guided plate (LGP) and the light source. In this paper, we present an effective method to enhance light trapping and boost light harvesting by introducing cross-grooved textures on the side surface of the LGP. Elevated light coupling between the line laser and the LGP with a cross-grooved texture has been observed in both 3 mm and 4 mm thick LGPs, respectively. A light trapping mechanism has been proposed in which greater interaction surface area between the LGP and line laser source and an elongated light traveling channel contribute to overall light trapping. As a result, reduced reflection loss boosts light harvesting. A nearly 100% luminance efficiency enhancement has been achieved using this simple technique.

We have previously proposed the see-through retinal projection type super multi-view head-mounted display (HMD). The smooth motion parallax provided by the super multi-view technique enables a precise superposition of virtual 3D images on real scene. Moreover, if a viewer focuses one’s eyes on the displayed 3D image, the stimulus for the accommodation of human eye is reproduced naturally. To realize the super multi-view condition, multiple parallax images must be projected onto the retina. However, in the previous proposed HMD, since the respective parallax images were spatially divided and were projected onto the retina, the image resolution was low and the optical system was complicated. In order to overcome these problems, we propose the improved see-through retinal projection type super multi-view HMD by using the time division projection optical system. The proposed HMD consists of a multiple exposure holographic lens with multi-convergence points, a high frame rate display device, and a high-speed optical shutter. Multiple parallax images are displayed by time division and are converged on respective points by the holographic lens. The optical shutter which synchronized to the display device passes only one convergence light corresponding to the right parallax image. Therefore, proposed HMD realizes the pseudo super multi-view condition and displays the virtual image at the distance within ability for focusing on the human eye. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed HMD, we confirmed the depth range of the 3D image by the prototype of the proposed HMD was more than 250 mm in front of the pupil.

The three-dimensional point cloud registration is a key technology of augmented reality and three-dimensional reconstruction. Also the Interactive Closest Point (ICP) is one of the most widely used algorithms of three-dimensional point cloud registration. However, the current ICP algorithms often come with an inaccurate initial value of the rotation matrix and the translation vector and cannot be used in scenarios with multiple objects. Therefore, we propose an ICP algorithm for multiple objects, which has an accurate initial rotation matrix and a translation vector. Firstly, the point cloud segmentation is applied to get multiple objects based on the Pass-through Filter and the Normal Estimation algorithms. The main spatial features involved are geometry and texture features. Secondly, the centroid of the regular point cloud data model such as cups, desks, etc. of each segmented point cloud, is calculated. Moreover, the singular value decomposition algorithm is used to obtain the rotation matrix of each point cloud model respectively. Finally, the translation vector of each point cloud model is obtained by combining the centroid and the rotation matrix. Experimental results show that the proposed method solves the problem of the inaccurate initial position and can be used for three-dimensional point cloud registration with multiple objects being compared with the existed ICP algorithms. At the same time, the ICP registration efficiency of a three-dimensional point cloud with single object using the proposed method is also improved about 5 percent.

Partially coherent light source has been used in holographic display due to less speckle noise and lower cost. Different from laser, it has a low temporal and spatial coherence. The reconstructed image would be blurred by the illumination properties such as size, wavelength bandwidth and divergence angle range of partially coherent light source. However, due to the limitation of the pupil diameter and the human eye’s sensitive wavelength, the blur of the reconstructed image cannot be recognized within a confined limit. The mathematical model of diffraction intensity distribution for holographic display is derived. The relationship between the illumination properties of partially coherent light source and the reconstruction results is simulated. The results suggest a criterion for the maximum size, wavelength bandwidth and divergence angle range.