This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 12126 including the Title Page, Copyright information, and Table of Contents.

According to the results of the research, established that the varnish layer influence on the color indicators of the prints for triad paints of different colors are quite stochastic. In general, it is possible to allocate some dependence of color change indicators of prints under layer of a matte varnish Soft Touch influence. The most expressed change in color is characteristic of mixed test fields, which visually reflected by a decrease in color saturation the image becomes brighter. Composite gray and black colors, based on the triad, lose saturation in deep shadows, and as a result become lighter. A black color, incompatible, when applying a layer of varnish acquires a chromatic part. Based on the analysis of experimental data, recommend use a comprehensive approach when varnishing printed products with Soft Touch varnish. First, it is necessary to carry out test printing on new materials to set up the effect of the varnished coating on color change. Secondly, having information about the nature of the color change, make them at the stage of prepress preparation of the original layouts. Thirdly, to select for reproduction of the image, after varnishing have minimal color differences.

Energy spectrum, wave functions and binding energies of the electron to the donor impurity ion located in the center of a multilayer spherical quantum dot (MSQD) consisting of a core (GaAs) and two spherical shells (Al_xGa_1–xAs and GaAs) were studied within the effective mass approximation. The magnetic field influence on the energy spectrum and wave functions of the electron is calculated by the diagonalization method. It is shown that the decrease of the external shell thickness as well as the increase of the magnetic field induction changes the electron localization in the nanosystem and it significantly affects the binding energy of the electron with the impurity, photoionization cross section (PCS) and intersubband absorption coefficient. The position of the PCS peak associated with the quantum transition of an electron from the ground state to the 1p⁰ state shifts to the region of higher energies, and its height decreases. At the same time, the height of PCS peaks associated with quantum transitions to higher excited states increases.

For demonstrate nonlinear behavior we used new one-dimensional modified logistic system. Analysis, equation and system conditions are presented. For analysis of the iteration series with different parameter r and computer modelling was used one of the modern software environment LabView. Programming code and nominal components are also presented. For visualizing and practical realization of the new modified nonlinear logistic map we used Arduino Uno board and ten light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with ten resistors for each part of segment of the range [0;1]. The Arduino was connected to a computer through the USB port and programmed using a language similar to C++. Sketch was uploaded into Arduino using program software ArduinoIDE.

A systematic study of the effect of anomalous deformations and anisotropy of elastic properties on the formation of auxetic properties of stable (α- and β-quartz, α- and β-cristobalite) and metastable (coesite and stishovite) silicon dioxide single crystals was carried out. The characteristic surfaces of Young's moduli, angular distributions of Poisson's ratios and indicating auxeticity surfaces of the above single crystals were constructed. It was found that there is an unambiguous correlation between the anisotropy parameters of the characteristic surfaces of Young’s moduli and the auxeticity of single crystals. It is shown that when approaching the points of phase transformation of α- and β-quartz (T_Φ = 846 K), α- and β-cristobalite (T_Φ = 1050 K) the auxeticity degree Sa = 1.0, and the extreme values of Poisson's ratios μ_min and μ_max take negative values and single crystals become absolute auxetics.

In this paper, the circuit of a non-autonomous generator that realizes chaotic behavior is presented. This oscillator-circuit contains four resistors, one capacitor, one inductor, two diodes, one operational amplifier, one bipolar voltage source and one sinusoidal source. All nominal of components are shown. The proposed circuit was modeled by utilizing NI’s MultiSim software environment. The system’s behavior was investigated through numerical simulations, by using wellknown tools of nonlinear theory, such as phase portrait, chaotic attractor and time distributions of two chaotic systemvariables. Spectral analysis are also presented.

Optical Speckles has many extraordinary applications like subwavelength focusing, aberration-free imaging, etc. which are not possible even with a highly coherent optical field. This makes it necessary to study the fundamental properties of such Optical Speckle fields. In the recent past, the polarization correlation vortex phase was experimentally realized in vector speckle field generated by scattering of Poincare beam. Higher-order correlations have also been studied in such vector speckle fields. Moving further into this direction, we have studied the first-order polarization correlations in the focused vector speckle field. We have generated a vector speckle field by scattering of Poincare beam. Which is then allowed to be focused using a spherical and a cylindrical lens. The focused vector speckle field intensities at different planes around the focal plane were recorded to get polarization correlations at each plane. It was observed that the charge of the input vortex beam before scattering is still present in the polarization correlation of the focused vector speckle field. We have also observed charge inversion of polarization correlation vortex focused through a cylindrical lens. The importance of this study relies in the fact that it provides, with supporting experimental and simulation results, that the polarization correlation obeys the wave equation. It could find application in optical image processing while analyzing any optical data, to find information about the source of the speckles, etc.

The condenser is one of the most important components in many transmitted light compound microscopes. In this Letter, was shown that such a condenser can be replaced by a solution of liquid crystal in a polymer matrix (PDLC) and back light lamp to achieve greater imaging flexibility and functionality. By changing the voltage applying to the PDLC, we change the amplitude ratio of the non-scattered and the singly forward scattered interfering components significantly affects the spatial-frequency filtering by PDLC. Without mechanically scanning the sample or changing the microscope setup, the proposed approach can be used for dark-field imaging, bright-field imaging, microscopy sectioning, and digital refocusing. Images of a starfish embryo were acquired by using such an approach for demonstration.

At present, liquid crystals – polymer (LC-P) composites such as polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC), polymer stabilized liquid crystals (PSLC) and polymer networks in liquid crystals (PNLC) are widely used as operating elements of optical devices such as microlens and elements, whose principle of operation is based on light scattering. LC-P composites light refraction features depend on shape and size of liquid crystal (LC) drops as well as on director orientation inside of drops. LC anisotropy influences polarization characteristics of refracted radiation. We have investigated desined as the tunable microlens on LC-P with different components concentration ratio. We have used LC E7 by Merck, dispersed in the polymer NOA 65 by Norland Inc. as the object of research. They have close refractive indeces which provide the posibility to shange the focal length of such LC lens in wide range. We change focal length by change of applied voltage and by rotation of polarization plane of illuminating beam. Partial beams passed through LC droplets and polymer matrix may be considered as plane waves passing different optical pathes and interfering in the far zone. Changing the voltage results in changing the LC effective refractive index leading to a change of the path difference between the interfering beams. The effect of interference decreases of some spectral components of the radiation passing through LC-P sample can be used as a tunable chromatic lens.

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams have the potential to increase the information-carrying capacity because of the extra degrees of freedom associated with them. Traditional methods for mode detection and de-multiplexing are complex and require expensive optical hardware. We propose a very simple and cost effective deep learning based model for demultiplexing OAM modes at the receiver. In this method we have used a random phase mask of known inhomogeneity to generate a scattered field of OAM mode and the intensity images of these scattered field are used as an input to the Convolutional Neural Network. The model is trained for various Laguerre-Gaussian (𝐿𝐺_𝑝𝑙) modes carrying OAM with 𝑝 = 0 and 𝑙 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. The model is tested for various set of images and the overall accuracy of each dataset is <99%. To demonstrate the proof of concept we simulated an experiment to generate the speckle field at the receiver of optical communication system for demultiplexing OAM modes and decoding the 3-bit information.

TiN thin films were deposited are deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The effect of annealing on the electrical and optical properties of the thin films was investigated. Temperature dependences of the resistance R of the TiN films were measured within the temperature range T ÷ 295-420 K. There was established that all samples under investigation had n-type of conductivity. Based on the dependences (αhν)² = f(hν), the presence of direct allowed interband optical transitions in the TiN thin films is established and the optical band gap values before and after annealing are determined. Annealing in nitrogen atmospheres led to an increase in the optical width of the band gap, which may be due to deviations from the stoichiometric composition of thin TiN films during heat treatment.

The article contains the results of light scattering investigation on a trapezoidal prism. Numerical simulation showed the formation of photon nanocurrents after scattering by an isosceles trapezoidal prism. It was found that the curvature of the photon nanocurrent depends on the large prism angle, and the maximum value corresponds to 180 . For the formed photon nanojet, the optical forcesthat act on the nanoparticle were calculated. To simplify the modeling, the nanoparticle was presented in the form of an electric dipole

The article contains the results of the investigation of light scattering on a half cylinder. As a result of numerical modulation, the formation of a zigzag photon jet was shown. was demonstrated. It was demonstrated that he zigzag shape of the photon jet is stable in a wide range (38⁰- 41⁰ ) of the angle of rotation of the half-cylinder. It was found that the minimum value of the half-width of the photon jet is approximately equal tо the diffraction limit, which opens up prospects for the use of the half cylinder as advanced optical tweezers.

In the paper described is a method of transmission of phase information by an optical signal which propagates through an optically inhomogeneous medium. Phase information is represented as an interference pattern of two states of an object that is deformed between state fixations. It is proposed to pass signal and reference beams through an optically inhomogeneous path in the same direction when recording holograms of states. In this implementation, an optical signal which carries information in the form of a system of interfering beams (holograms) is subject to minimal interference. And these holograms contain undistorted information about the wavefronts of the beams. Further mathematical processing (image addition and noise separation) allows to obtain the desired information about the deformation of the object. Optical inhomogeneities in the work are represented in thin diffuser approximation (Random Phase Diffuser), where RPD is described as an ensemble of point retranslates. Each of these retranslates at any point of the cross section of the beam transmit the amplitude of the field and at the same time adds a random stationary change to the phase. This model of optical inhomogeneities is of practical interest, because such a representation corresponds to the description of a single-mode regular fiber bundle, which can be used in real experiments to obtain information about the state of the object from hard-to-reach places.

The problem of holographic associative memory in the framework of the correlation-optical approach is discussed. Analysis of models of referenceless holograms and nonlinearly registered off-axis holograms, reconstructed in associative method, shows a wide range of useful properties of such holograms. Not only to reconstruct the missing part of the stored data set but also to detect small changes ("errors") in the recorded picture an array of data with error correction for an incomplete version of the array as well as for the implementation of high-performance heteroassociative reconstruction based on the non-interference mechanism of partial signals. It is shown that the visually assessed quality of the reconstructed associative response can approach the image quality achieved in conventional off-axis holography.

Thermal image is used to visualize the crack forming and progressing process in mortar prisms added with carbon fibers of five different percentages of 0.0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 % and 2.0% in volume, with the time variations of the surface temperature of the prisms while applying forces through a universal testing machine. The surface temperatures are smoothly increasing as the force increases but they reveal sudden temperature increases at the time of crack forming in the prisms. It turns that the sudden temperature increase in the prisms is appeared at the aggregated carbon fibers along the crack paths. The time of increasing matches closely to the crack on-set time determined by a panchromatic camera. Since the fibers along the crack path are more stressed for the given force because they resist more to the force than the mortar itself, their temperatures increase much more than the neighboring mortar. Hence the temperature variation in the aggregated fibers along the crack path informs before the actual crack appearance.

Using the continuous NQR method with synchronous detection in the sweep mode, in melt-grown layered InSe single crystals, the 115In NQR spectra were studied for four ¹¹⁵In resonance transitions with spin 9/2, the average values of which only approximately satisfied the ratio v₁:v₂:v₃:v₄ = 1: 2: 3: 4. It is established that for higher-order transitions there is a deviation of the frequency multiplicity. In particular, it is shown that additional lines are observed in multiplet groups for higher-order transitions, which, in our opinion, is due to the presence of hexadecapole interaction of ¹¹⁵In nuclei with the electric field gradient in InSe.

A Sagnac interferometer’s ring structure enables counter propagating light modes to periodically encounter the same optical elements, effectively simulating infinite periodic potential of a one dimensional crystal. This discrete translational symmetry causes the dispersion of counter propagating beams to acquire a band structure. The band gap between modes arise when their degeneracy is lifted by introducing non-reciprocal effects such as rotation of the interferometer which breaks the time reversal symmetry for all but certain discrete values of angular rotation frequencies at which the two bands cross each other. The coupling between counter propagating modes is examined in a two dimensional state space. We study the interplay between these optical level crossings and Berry curvature to show the accumulation of wave vector dependent Berry phase

Ellipse fields and vector fields refer to the electric fields with predominant states of polarization as elliptical and linear, respectively. Singularities in these ellipse fields (C points and L lines) and vector fields (V points) refer to points where some of the parameters related to polarization are not defined. A simple technique for transforming a C point to a V point is suggested by diffracting a higher order integral C points from a fork grating. The fork grating transfers the orbital angular momentum (OAM) in each of the diffraction orders yielding polarization singularities with different OAM and spin angular momentum (SAM) compositions. A V point singularity is obtained in one of the diffracted orders depending on the OAM content in each of the superposing circular basis of the input C point, and the charge of the fork grating. The index of the desired V point and the order in which it occurs can be engineered by appropriately choosing the input C point beam and the charge of the fork grating. Therefore, this diffraction technique can be used for the transformation of an ellipse field singularity to a vector field singularity through just a single element, i.e., a fork grating.

The defects structure, charge collection, and detection efficiency of the Ni(NiO)/p-CdTe/Au/Cu Schottky-diode detector have been investigated. The spectroscopic properties of the obtained heterostructures have been studied experimentally and analyzed theoretically. The optimal reverse bias voltage for higher performance of the detectors under study was determined. The reasons of poor charge collection in the detectors and low detection efficiency of photons emitted by an ²⁴¹Am (59.5 keV) radioisotope have been established and discussed. The techniques of increasing the functional parameters of Ni(NiO)/p-CdTe/Au/Cu Schottky diodes have the investigated and the optimal ways for improvement of the detector performance have been formulated.

Classical stochastic electromagnetic field assumes that the number of steps is infinite, but in practice, the number of steps for random walk is limited, even though the number of steps is large. Therefore, the statistical properties of finite-step random phasor sums are different from those of classical ones. As an example, the negative exponential probability density function of classical intensity speckles is not suitable for speckles with limited steps. In some applications, including but not limited to synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imagery, wireless communication and wavelet analysis, when the probability density function of the classical speckle is used to calculate, the acquired result is often biased, and can’t provide appropriate estimation with reasonable accuracy. In this paper, we make the statistical analysis of the Stokes parameters of the random polarization phasor sums with a limited number of steps. The statical properties for the stochastic optical fields generated with a limited number of steps are presented with different applications in optical engineering

This study examines a model for analyzing the behavior of carbon nanoparticles in speckle field under the influence of optical forces. As a result of computer modeling, optical parameters of carbon nanoparticles were calculated, which made it possible to assess the optical forces (gradient, absorbing and scattering components) acting from internal energy flows in the optical field on carbon nanoparticles. The influence of size of carbon nanoparticles on the ratio of components of optical force is analyzed. Conditions are defined when the amount of gradient force will be significant, which will set the spatial movement of carbon nanoparticles in the area of the minimum, in particular in singular points.

In this paper, a three-dimensional representation of the probability density distribution of the Stokes parameters in polarization speckle was developed. Following the electron cloud model used widely to visualize the hydrogen atomic orbitals, we present the density of the dots sculptured in the Hilbert space shows the probability density of finding the Stokes parameters in polarization speckle. Advantages of the electron cloud presentation for the statistics of the Stokes parameters are also discussed.

The current state and prospects of development of methods of obtaining and analyzing images of the retina in important eye diseases and systemic diseases have been considered and analyzed. A method of fractal analysis of the retinal image based on the k-mean algorithm for the task of computer diagnostics and automated screening of hypertensive retinopathy has been developed and tested. The coefficients of wavelet decomposition of images of pathological conditions of the retina in angiopathy, macular degeneration, retinal degeneration and hypertensive retinopathy were calculated. An algorithm for finding the uncertainty of the quantitative values of the maximum modules of the wavelet decomposition coefficients in the presence of distorting obstacles is proposed.

The aim of this work is to improve the diagnosis of cervical cancer by introducing laser polarimetry and spectro polarization methods of investigation. We have proposed a novel approach for the differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma and cervical adenocarcinoma using laser optics. Obtained by the method of laser polarimetry by Stokes parameter S4 of native smear with adenocarcinoma of the cervix and squamous cell carcinoma, as well as scraping of the mud canal with endometrial adenocarcinoma and flat cell cancer allows to reliably differentiate the norm from cancer in the native smear and adenocarcinoma from the flat cell cancer in the smear-imprint. The method of spectropolarimetry allows reliably accurately distinguishing the normal epithelium of the cervix from cancer of the cervix, and the parameters of linear dichroism during the spectropolarization study, reliably (р=0,001) differentiate between normal, adenocarcinoma and flat cell cancer of the cervix.

The purpose of the work was to demonstrate the possibility of optical diagnosis in the consideration of sexually transmitted infections in the development of inflammatory processes of the cervix using spectral and polarization methods. Comparison of cervical specimens with and without coilocytosis, irradiated with a range-shifted polarized radiation, showed significant differences in the values of linear dichroism and its spectral dependences. The difference between the coilocyte response characteristic in the range 400-420 nm was calculated using computer programs. As a result, the use of spectropolarization studies and the fluorescence method will improve the accuracy of patient selection for a costly procedure - high-carcinogenic DNA diagnostics of HPV by the standard method of polymerase chain reaction.

In this paper, we study a three-dimensional Lorenz system that demonstrates chaotic behavior. We present the state equations and mathematical analysis of the system. We use a system-design platform, like LabView, to study and analyze main information properties, such as chaotic attractors, time series, bifurcation diagram, and dynamic behavior of the overall system. We implemented an Arduino Uno based design to display chaotic attractors of the Lorenz system. The Arduino is connected to a computer through the USB port, while graphs were uploaded using program software ArduinoIDE. Finally, the connection scheme and programming code are also presented.

In this paper a new approach that enables to analyze the structure and reconstruct a rough surface with inhomogeneities is suggested, for which the heights distribution from the trough to the upper point is about 20 nm. For such diagnostics, carbon nanoparticles are used, which are characterized by luminescence in the yellow-green region of the spectrum and such a value of the dipole moment, which makes it possible to control the distribution of nanoparticles over the surface even in the presence of an external electric field. As a probe for diagnosing nanoparticles, it is suggested to use structured light with a significant longitudinal field component, which largely removes the limitations imposed by the transverse resolution of the optical system. The recorded luminescence of carbon nanoparticles with dipole moment oriented parallel to the longitudinal component of the field, enabled not only to reproduce the location of maxima and minima of the surface with an accuracy of 12.9%, but also to reconstruct the landscape of the studied surface itself at a level of 6.76% error.

The investigation of color reproduction in offset printing in field of stabilization optical and halftone characteristics can affect to quality of pressrun. Therefore this research devoted to analysis of quality parameters at offset printing for neutral tone reproduction at different technology modes. The dynamics of changing printing parameters and levels of quality press run was investigated. As a result the effective modes of prepress and press technology for offset printing were found.

Under optimal conditions, the division of unicellular cyanobacteria lasts 6-12 hours, so during the growing season there is an avalanche of reproduction. It also leads to increased exports of their metabolites to the environment. The toxins of Cyanobacterial after the destruction of these cells enter the aquatic environment and cause poisoning of aquatic organisms and animals and people who consume poisoned water. To avoid the release of toxins, it is necessary to control the rate of accumulation of cyanobacterial biomass. It is proposed to use titanium oxide (IV) as an adsorbent to regulate the number of cyanobacteria. TiO₂ has a number of advantages: chemical and biological inertness, non-toxicity, high photostability. The aim of the work was to involve methods of microscopy of native and stained drugs to assess the physiological state of Microcystis pulverea (H.C. Wood) Forti under the action of TiO₂. Microcystis pulverea was grown on Fitzgerald medium in the modification of Zender and Gorham №11, at a temperature of 21 ° C and a 16-hour photoperiod in a climatic room. To the cell biomass (4.5 x 106 cells / ml) was made white powder TIO₂ in different concentrations: 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%. To assess the condition of M. pulverea cells after exposure to titanium (IV) oxide, microscopy of objects was performed. Native cells were analyzed for the presence of protective mu-cous formations. The localization of mucous formations on the surface of TiO₂ was evaluated. Differential staining was used to determine the presence of living and dead cells and the number of metabolically active cells. These indicators make it possible to assess the condition of cyanobacterial cells under the influence of various environmental factors. To deter-mine the number of dead cells, the cells were stained with vital dyes (methylene blue and neutral red - 1: 5000). To determine the number of physiologically active cells and cytochrome oxidase test were performed according to standard methods. In both cases, cells were counted using a Fuchs-Rosenthal camera and a Micromed XS-3300 trinocular microscope. In samples with high concentrations of titanium dioxide, the cells remained unprotected. It is noted that the mucus was adsorbed around TIO₂. The lowest degree of adsorption was characterized by samples containing 0.5% TiO₂, and the highest degree - with 5% TiO₂. When using TiO₂, more than 2.5% can completely release cells of cyanobacteria in the aqueous medium from the mucous that protects their cells, and then use other drugs for lysis. An increase in the number of dead cells was observed in cyanobacterial culture. In M. pulverea culture, the number of metabolically active cells decreases sharply with increasing concentration of TiO₂. Incubation with TiO₂ led to a gradual decrease in the number of metabolically active cells: from 96% (in the control sample) to about 9% in the presence of 5% TiO₂. Although this culture remains relatively alive, but loses the ability to actively metabolize. It can be predicted that over time the number of M. pulverea cells will decrease sharply, which will lead to the death of the culture as a whole.

The article presents the results of the formation of a polychromatic edge dislocation. A complex Bragg hologram formed as a complex of two gratings with similar characteristics is used as a device employed for this purpose. It is shown that, under resonant illumination of such a grating in the direction of the zero order, two waves are formed with practically equal intensities, forming a low-frequency interference pattern, at the minima of which edge dislocations are observed. The main idea of the method for the formation of a polychromatic edge dislocation is that such a grating is illuminated by a converging radiation beam with a sufficiently wide spectrum. In this case, the structure itself chooses the resonance angles of illumination of the hologram, and identically localized partial spectral gratings are formed in the zero order. The data of experimental studies are presented. The discussion considered the prospects for the formation of polychromatic azimuthally and radially polarized beams

The research work presents the results of the investigation of changes in the composition and structure of materials containing isopropanol, in photochemical processes in offset flat printing. The influence of wetting isopropanol solutions on a state and functional properties of an offset rubber blanket was researched. It was investigated of mass-spectrometric analysis for surface of rubber blanket and analyzed the action of isopropanol — water system at a rubber blanket.

Billions of banknotes in their daily circulation are determined as one of the important spreading ways of thousands of different microbes among the world's population. Therefore, the main factors influencing the degree of microbiological contamination of banknotes are considered. The influence of varnishing technological parameters, in particular the type of varnish cure on the surface, anilox roll line count, and anilox roll transfer volume, on the resistance of banknotes contamination, was studied to determine the option of UV varnishing, which will be the most optimal to improve the resistance of banknotes against to contamination. Also, the innovative technological processes of banknote surface antibacterial protection are proposed, in a particular banknote surface coating with varnishes that include silver nanoparticles, which have great bactericidal action. Methods of synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and organic solvents used for the inclusion into water-soluble and UV varnishes are considered. Conditions for the inclusion of silver nanoparticles in water-soluble and UV varnish have been established. The morphology and spectral characteristics of the obtained silver nanoparticles were studied. The methodology of decolorization of aqueous solutions of silver nanoparticles was developed in the paper, it was proposed to use such polymers as polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium polyphosphate to increase the stability of nanoparticles. The influence of varnish compositions - water-soluble and UV varnishes - on the stability and spectral characteristics of silver nanoparticles has been studied.

In the model of effective masses and rectangular potentials, the influence of a homogeneous electric field on the energy spectrum, electron wave functions, and oscillator strengths of intraband quantum transitions in a semiconductor (GaAs/Al_xGa₁-xAs) quantum dot-quantum ring nanostructure is theoretically investigated. In the presence of an electric field, the stationary Schrödinger equations for quasiparticles are not analytically solved. For their approximate solution, the unknown wave functions are sought in the form of an expansion over a complete set of cylindrically symmetric wave functions, and the electron energy is found from the solution of the corresponding secular equation. It is shown that the electric field significantly affects the localization of the electron in the multilayer nanostructure. In this case, both the electron energy and the strength of the oscillators of intraband quantum transitions depend nonmonotonically on the magnitude of the electric field strength.

Wavefront shaping technique makes it possible to overcome limitations for optical imaging in strongly scattering media. Various wavefront shaping algorithms are used in order to find an optimal incident optical field. However, in many cases such experiments appear to be very time consuming and suffer from instability of the scattering media. So, it seems reasonable to use computer simulation in this field. In this paper we use two different approaches to simulate the light focusing through scattering media. The first approach consists in numerical solution of Maxwell equations for the set of spherical particles in random positions, which represent the scattering media. The result of the solution represents the scattering matrix of the media. This matrix is used to simulate propagation of spatially modulated light in the “frozen” stochastic media. As entries of the scattering matrix appear to be random variables with Gaussian distribution, they could be set heuristically for modeling purposes. This makes possible modeling of the wavefront shaping with large number of orthogonal modes of incident light. We considered four focusing techniques: continuous sequential algorithm and focusing using useful properties of Hadamard matrix with a phase-only and binary amplitude modulation (BAM). We represent results on convergence of the algorithms and focal intensity enhancement. We examined spatial variations of intensity enhancement, while scanning the focal point in observation plane. We found, that the intensity enhancement strongly correlates with the speckle from unmodulated illumination, when the BAM is used for wavefront shaping. In the case of phase-only modulation, only weak correlations were observed.

The article is devoted to the study of complex technological environment interference parameters printed contact and method of stabilization for the normalization of color reproduction images of porous and non-adsorbent materials. There were grounded technological parameters stable color reproduction by minimizing the ratio ink transferring on non-adsorbent and porous materials. There were developed for a special purpose additions to regulate the offset printing process and method of their leading into the technology environment and its control that allows to improve the quality of printed production. Effect of technological environment components for color reproduction stability were determined. Measurements of the imprint's optical characteristics such as the reflectance spectra were taken depending on the inks and substrate.

We demonstrate a simple scheme for generation and control of microbubbles using a focused beam of a continuous infrared laser. The main mechanisms of manipulation of microbubbles are based on thermal and optical phenomena. The bubble moves towards the maximum heat and towards the minimum light intensity. We adjusted the ratio between thermal and optical forces, the values of the energy density of the focused beam, at constant laser power. In this case, the bubbles moved from the periphery of the beam to its center and vice versa. Displacements of bubbles also occurred during the change of azimuth of linear polarization of the incident beam.

Peculiarities of the spatial behavior of the amplitude zero resulting from scattering of coherent radiation at random rough surfaces are studied. The optical correlation technique is proposed for diagnostics of phase singularities at a complex speckle field. It is shown that the coordinate distribution of the phase singularities at the field with coaxially imposed reference wave provides visualization of strongly scattering objects.

We proposed an experimental method for determining the localization of phase field singularities. The method consists in measuring the correlation functions of the field and intensity for local fields by several pixels, calculating the ratio of their correlation radii and pixel-by-pixel binding of these parameters to the entire field. Computer simulations and experimental studies have shown that for practically all developed speckle fields, the ratio of the correlation radii saturates in the far detection zone at a value of about 0.64–0.7.

The electrical and spectroscopic properties of the CdTe-based p-n junction-diode X/γ-ray detectors have been studied by the measurements of I-V characteristics and emission spectra of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁵⁷Co, and ²⁴¹Am radioisotopes. The In/CdTe/Au diodes were fabricated by the frontside laser irradiation doping technique. Detector-grade p-like CdTe(111) crystals, pre-coated with an In dopant (electrode) film, were irradiated with nanosecond KrF laser pulses in distilled water. Laser stimulated solid-phase doping was attributed to generation and propagation of stress and shock waves, barodiffusion of In dopant atoms into the thin CdTe surface region and thus, creation of high concentration donors. The second contact (quasi-ohmic) was formed on the opposite (Cd-terminated) crystal side by vacuum evaporation of Au. In addition, some diodes were created on CdTe crystals, which were preliminary annealed in vacuum prior to deposition of metal films. The I-V characteristics of the In/CdTe/Au p-n junction diodes evidenced that the reverse dark current in the initial part was described by the Sah-Noyce-Shockley theory. Creation of the favorable conditions for efficient collection of photogenerated charge carriers, decrease in the reverse dark current in the In/CdTe/Au detectors ensured obtaining the high-energy resolution spectra. Based on the electric field dependence of the ¹³⁷Cs isotope spectrum, it was established that the applied bias V = 800 V was the optimal for the diodes formed on preliminary annealed CdTe crystals which ensured the energy resolution FWHM = 0.62 % at the 662 keV line

The influence of the helicon discharge on the formation of the relief and chemical composition of the surface of single phase brass L63 is investigated. Two stages of formation of the structure of the sprayed layer of brass substrate during processing are revealed - smoothing of the surface relief and selective spraying of phase components of brass, which will create a surface with the necessary parameters to increase the adhesion of protective CrN coating..

Variants of optical systems of precise positioning of the mobile ground robotic complex of special purpose are offered. The main option includes dround-based optical beacons which form a triangular structure together with the complex and surveillance object . Changing the angles of this structure makes it possible to establish the precise position of the complex relative to the object. The design features of optical devices and analytical dependences for establishing the presice position of the complex are given. Simplified versions of optical devices using surface light sources (LEDs) are considered. Methods for determining the precision positioning and the complex by angular coordinates are proposed

The article is devoted to research on determining the roughness parameters of antifriction composite parts based on tool steel R6M5K5 grinding waste for high-speed printing equipment by optical profilometry using an optical profilometer ProfilControl 7S. It is shown the granularity, the elbor wheel’s bond material and the modes of fine elbor grinding significantly affect the surface roughness parameter Ra. The roughness parameter Ra best values, which meet the high requirements for the surface quality of the antifriction parts for printing machines, provide elbor LO grinding wheels with a grain size of 14–28 μm on a bakelite-rubber bond and fine cutting modes. It is recommended to carry out the flat elbor grinding at a wheel speed of 22 m/s, longitudinal feed of 2 m/min, cross feed of 0.1 mm/double stroke and cutting depth of 2 μm. Studies have shown the use of high-precision profilometric equipment allows obtaining not only accurate data on the surface roughness, but also helps to regulate the technological modes of fine elbor (cubonite CBN) grinding of working surfaces to obtain high quality parameters. Using the most up-to-date optical profilometric analysis for studying the surface quality parameters allowed correctly choosing the modes of new composite antifriction parts' processing and also to provide reliable results.

With the help of optical methods of fish functional state diagnostics the possibility of using DON-1R, a drug that contains γ–crotonolactone, in recirculating aquaculture system was proven. It was stated that adding DON-1R to granulated feed while feeding sturgeon fish stimulates the raise in mass accumulating velocity. Moreover, microscopical analysis of histological cuts and detailed analysis of their photomicrographs with the use of various approaches in contrasting images showed that feeding with feed with DON-1R is accompanied with reactive changes to the liver. In particular, fish that received the tested drug had the inequable liver cytoarchitectonics, chaotic hepatocytes placement, radial character of liver channels and undefined sinusoids. Hepatocytes of experimental fish had large hyperchromatic nuclei with 4,5 μm diameter with multiple tiny defined nucleoli. Control fish’s nuclei were 1,5 times smaller, had even coloring and 1-2 nucleoli. Moreover, fish from experimental group had signs of partial acidophilic coagulation, such as occurrence of homogenous pink lumps in cytoplasm (Mallory bodies). It is worth noting that the application of DON-1R does not lead to deep destructive changes in liver structure, such as necrosis of fibrosis. Taking all of the above into consideration, DON-1R is the most effective for growth stimulation if applied for a short period of time for commercial growing. Optimal period of use is 20 days.

The technology of quantum cryptography, based on the quantum properties of light, allows a random sequence of bits to be transmitted over an unprotected communication channel in such a way that an intruder's interference in the transmission process generates additional noise in the channel and is detected by legitimate users. One of the important elements of the quantum key distribution system is a single photon detector. In this work proposed quantum cryptographic system that generates only an orthogonal basis (vertical and horizontal) has one semiconductor diode laser used to generate information and synchronization photons and functional diagram of the device for registration of single photons. The developed device allows increasing the quantum efficiency of registration up to 45%.

This study proposes a new approach for correlation-optical diagnostics of a complex optical field created by light scattering on a rough surface. The possibility of using fluorescent nanoparticles of a size of about 30-120 nm for diagnosing the distribution of optical flows in the speckle field has been analyzed. A model experiment for investigation motion of carbon nanoparticles in a speckle field is demonstrated. Under the influence of gradient optical forces, carbon nanoparticles move in an optical field and are captured by the singularities of the field. The change of particle position in time in a three-dimensional field due to the action of longitudinal and transverse component of optical force is demonstrated.

In statistical problems of optics to assess the nature of the distribution of random variables and in modern research in the field of signal processing, there is an interest in using Chebyshev-Hermit functions for coding and decoding of signals, since signal components can be described by Gram-Charlier distribution, which has universal properties, can substitute of all known distributions of random variables, and in the case of symmetry takes the form of a Gaussian distribution. A striking feature of skewness and kurtosis is their property of geometric interpretation. It is shown that the application of these parameters in decoding makes it possible to identify the overlapping signals. In statistic problems of rough surface optics, the use of distribution allows to explain some effects, in particular the spectral decomposition of white light observed at grazing angles, and the shift of the maximum specular reflection from the direction of specular luster to the right or left depending on the asymmetry sign.

We have developed a model of the medium color of the image, according to which the image moves away from the viewer at a certain distance, at which all the colors of the image are mixed, forming an inseparable color spot. That is, the image is converted into a conditional pixel, which is a mixture of colors of all its pixels. Based on the proposed model, it is possible to estimate the degree of closeness of the optical characteristics of the two images by the deviation of the average color. The method of medium color was realized with a specially designed program application for Kazakh Tenge as well as for Ukrainian Hryvnia evaluation. The measurement of optical characteristics was performed in the non-printed area near the watermark on both the face and reverse of the banknotes. The results show that the evaluation of the image by the deviation of the medium color according to the developed model is a fairly accurate indicator of wear of the printed layer, has an arithmetic mean error less than traditional optical evaluation methods - brightness change and color difference. Thus, the deviation of the medium color describes the human perception of banknote soiling fairly well. This method of medium color, which aims to eliminate the subjectivity of image evaluation, can be used to process both digital images and imprints.

Optical microscopy is an effective tool for observation of biological samples without any negative disturbance of the specimen. Due to weak absorption of such objects, implementation of advanced microscopic method is necessary for acquiring the image with satisfactorily high contrast. Thanks to modern technologies, new contrast enhancing methods are still developed. Recently, advantages of the microscopic system with spatially structured waveplate (SWP) was demonstrated for fully coherent monochromatic light. In imaging applications, however, is incoherent illumination of higher demand. In this paper images of phase objects obtained with optical microscope complemented by SWP operated under partially coherent LED illumination are presented.

This article describes a computer system for increasing the local contrast of railway images obtained with digital video cameras. The local contrast of the images increases within the rectangular windows, for each of which the minimum and maximum brightness values are determined. Based on such extreme brightness values, the lower and upper envelope brightness of the image are calculated. By smoothing of the envelopes the artefacts that appear in the image after increasing the local contrast based on its envelopes are significantly reduced. The images are read to the control computer from USB video cameras. The software implementation of image processing is created in Python.

The features of the use of polarized radiation in the problems of metrology of optical-geometric and structural parameters of light-scattering objects of various physical and chemical nature are described. Experimental situations are revealed that are most relevant for the study of optically anisotropic dispersed media containing particles of various shapes, sizes and orientations. The analytical dependence of the value of the fourth Stokes parameter of circularly polarized radiation passing through a layer of oriented particles with an optical thickness τ < 3 on the degree of their orientation is determined. A method is proposed for assessing the degree of orientation of macromolecules in polymer films, the conformation of biopolymers from the values of f₂₂ components at any scattering angles, and determining the shape of macromolecules at scattering angles greater than α > 30°. Experimental conditions and methods of matrix polarimetry of the process of corrosion of the free surface of a metal and its corrosion under a paint-and-lacquer coating are presented.

The article presents the results of a study of the regularities of the scattering of polarized light by fish mucus and fish scales in order to identify matrix elements that are most sensitive to changes in the conformation, shape and size of protein macromolecules of fish mucus, and to identify the structural features of fish scales.

This paper reports the results of an investigation of the electrical and photoelectrical properties of the Graphite/PEDOT:PSS/n-CdZnTe organic-inorganic heterojunction formed by the deposition of thin films PEDOT:PSS on CdZnTe substrates. The Cd1–xZnxTe solid solution with low Zn content was grown by the Bridgman method at low cadmium vapor pressure and had a low resistivity ρ ≈ 102 Ohm•cm. The values of the series resistance Rs and shunt resistance Rsh of the Graphite/PEDOT:PSS/n-CdZnTe organic-inorganic heterojunction were determined from the dependence of their differential resistance Rdif. The temperature dependencies of the height of the potential barrier of the Graphite/PEDOT:PSS/n-CdZnTe organic-inorganic heterojunction was determined from the I-V characteristics. The dominating current transport mechanisms through the Graphite/PEDOT:PSS/n-CdZnTe organic-inorganic heterojunctions were determined.

Schottky graphite / p-InP diodes were first fabricated by transferring the drawn graphite film to an InP substrate with a hole-type conductivity. As a result of research, the main mechanisms of current transfer through Schottky diodes graphite / p-InP were determined: these are multistage tunneling-recombination processes involving surface states at the graphite / p-InP interface and tunneling, which is described by Newman's formula at direct displacement; tunneling with reverse displacement. The studied heterojunctions have pronounced diode characteristics with a rectification coefficient k ≈ 10² (at V = 1 V). It is shown that the created graphite / p-InP Schottky diodes have a potential barrier height of 0.71 eV

Crystal and magnetic domain structures of iron garnet films with different thicknesses are studied by means of atomic and magnetic force scanning microscopies as well as by means of high-resolution Х-ray diffraction. The model of the garnet films as a set of vertical columns with certain lateral sizes is proposed and substantiated. Within this model, X-ray intensity distributions in the vicinity of the reciprocal lattice points are calculated using the Monte Carlo approach to determine densities of two dislocation types with different Burgers vectors.

The defect structure of p-CdTe:Cl single crystals and MoOx/p-CdTe/MoOx heterostructures based on them were investigated by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry methods. Different models of dislocation systems were applied, according to which the densities of dislocations were estimated from the Wilson-Hall plot. It is shown that the application of the MoOx layer significantly affects the density of dislocations and their influence on the electrical and spectroscopic properties of heterostructures is estimated

Аn analysis of the structure formation of concrete composites, compressive strength of which exceeds 120 MPa and a quantitative analysis of their qualitative composition and hydration products by X-ray diffraction, x-ray spectral analysis and electron microscopy. The main factors affecting the physicomechanical parameters of the complex of various nanofillers and the formation of a denser cement stone structure, which mainly includes calcium hydrosilicates, calcium silicate hydroaluminates and hydroaluminates of various basicity, are studied.

Values of average deformations in local regions of synthesized diamonds are determined using the power Fourier spectrum in the analysis of Kikuchi pattern. The degree of bands blurring on image is related with the deformation, which are quantitatively described through the changes of average radial period of the energy spectrum. The planar distribution of deformations is allowed to determine anisotropy by the magnitude and direction in the crystal.

The paper describes the stabilizing effect of random phase diffuser applied at recording or synthesis of Fourier hologram. The stabilizing effect is meant here as ability to keep quality of the image formed by Fourier hologram or kinoform in terms of preserving the main structure of intensity distribution under wavefront distortions of different scale in restoring beam. A theoretical explanation to the effect is given as converting of convolution of ideal image with hardware function of the system from coherent to non-coherent. Demonstrated are the results of computational and real experiments with synthesized Fourier hologram and SLM device. A test random wavefront distortion is taken for the experiments. Stabilization is demonstrated for the scale of distortion as large as approximately 5π of amplitude.

Volume holograms have high angular and spectral selectivity and diffraction efficiency (DE) up to 100%. Media for recording volumetric holograms must have high resolution, high photosensitivity, low noise level, write stability to storage and reading, reversible recording capability, and the material itself must be cheap and easy to manufacture and use. In the proposed work, for the registration of three-dimensional holograms, a photosensitive emulsion containing heterophase microsystems "nuclei of homogeneous CaF₂ particles with a size of ~ 40 nm - an AgBr shell with a thickness of ~ 5 nm" is proposed.

Spatially inhomogeneous fields of electromagnetic guided modes exhibit a complex of extraordinary dynamical properties such as the polarization-dependent transverse momentum, helicity-independent transverse spin, spin associated non-reciprocity and unidirectional propagation, etc. Recently, the remarkable relationship has been established between the spin and propagation features of such fields, expressed through the spin–momentum equations [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118 (2021) e2018816118] connecting the wave spin with the curl of momentum. Here, the meaning, limitations and specific forms of this correspondence are further investigated, involving the physically transparent and consistent examples of paraxial light fields, plane-wave superpositions and evanescent waves. The conclusion is inferred that the spin–momentum equation is an attribute of guided waves with well defined direction of propagation, and it unites the helicity-independent “extraordinary” transverse spin with the spatially-inhomogeneous longitudinal field momentum (energy flow) density. Physical analogies with the layered hydrodynamic flows and possible generalizations for other wave fields are discussed. The results can be useful in optical trapping, manipulation and the data processing techniques.

We study the energy and momentum of the surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) excited in a symmetric 3-layer “insulator-metal-insulator” structure, which is known to support the symmetric (S) mode with the negative group velocity as well as the antisymmetric (AS) mode with only positive energy flow. The electric and magnetic field vectors are calculated via both the phenomenological and the microscopic approach; the latter involves the hydrodynamic model accounting for the quantum statistical effects for the electron gas in metal. Explicit representation for the energy and momentum constituents in the dielectric and in the metal film are obtained, and the wavenumber dependences of the energy and momentum contributions for the whole SPP are analyzed numerically. The various energy and momentum constituents are classified with respect to their origin: “field” or “material”, and the physical nature: orbital (canonical) and spin (Belinfante) momentum contributions. The pictures characteristic for the S and AS modes are systematically compared. The results can be useful for the studies and applications of the SPP-induced thin-film effects, in particular, for the charge and spin dynamics in thin-film plasmonic systems.

As the inhomogeneity of the paper structure in the areas of watermarks increases, the accuracy of the colour characteristics on the original print changes, as well as the uneven ink showing through on the back of the print, what causes unjustified withdrawal of suitable banknotes due to misjudgement of their condition as worn out. Therefore, to ensure the proper quality of automated sorting of banknotes, a methodology for predicting changes in the colour of the print return on special purpose paper should be developed taking into account its structural characteristics and a methodology for determining quantitative values of paper clearance characteristics with halftone watermarks.

The transmission spectra of ZnO:Al films and I-V-characteristic of the isotype heterojunction ZnO:Al/n-Si fabricated by the method of RF magnetron sputtering of thin ZnO:Al films onto n-Si crystalline substrates were investigated and analyzed. The mechanisms of electron tunneling through the energy barrier of the heterojunction at forward and reverse biases are analyzed. The influence of temperature on the parameters of the heterojunction is determined. The photoelectric properties of the heterostructure are analyzed.

In this presentation, we discuss the implications of increasing requirements on angular resolution in measuring the BRDF, the Bidirectional Reflection Diffusion Function, in particular for the control of manufactured artefacts. To account for fast angular variations with respect to the direction of illumination or to the direction of observation, coherence requirements increase, and speckle appears. However, speckle should not be considered as part of the BRDF. Means to adjust the definition of the BRDF and to circumvent the effect of speckle include an analysis of spatial and temporal coherence in the characterization instruments. In particular, the effects of spectral width on the speckle features in scattering diagrams are discussed qualitatively.

The I-V and C-V–characteristics of the isotype Zn1_-xCox_O/n-GaP heterojunction fabricated by spray pyrolysis of Zn_1-xCo_xO thin films on n-GaP crystalline substrates have been investigated and analyzed. The mechanisms of electron tunneling through the energy barrier of the heterojunction at forward and reverse currents and the conditions of generating reverse current are analyzed. The dynamics of changes in the capacitive parameters of Zn_1-xCox_O thin film based on the C-V–characteristics is established. The photoelectric properties of the heterostructure are analyzed.

The level of silicon p-i-n photodiodes responsivity depending on thickness of the chromium sublayer on the back side of the device crystal, which is deposited to improve adhesion of gold, was studied. Transmission spectra of the chromiumfilm at its different thicknesses were obtained. It was found that starting from the sublayer thickness of 17 nm and less, the transmittance changes by one percent, which does not lead to an increase in photoresponsivity with a further decrease in the thickness of chromium.

It is theoretically proved the possibility of spectral selection of optical signal using the Michelson interferometer, one of the mirrors of which moves, providing the time variation of the path difference of one of beams of the interferometer according to a sawtooth law. It is shown that even a small displacement of the movable mirror (on the order a wavelength), at a predetermined controlled speed, due to the selective amplification of the received total power of the signal allows to detect the spectral density of optical radiation of a specified wavelength and to expand spectral range of the measurements, consistently changing, while maintaining the linearity of the offset mirrors, the speed of its movement. The limit value of the resolving power of the spectrometer is calculated, which in the optical range is 103 - 104 Hz, and is associated with the value of the time constant of the amplifier.

The possibility of simultaneous measurement of the refractive index and the thickness of optically transparent films in a classical interferometer with a modified illuminator is shown. The illuminator includes a source of coherent and incoherent lighting. Analysis of the correlation and interference fringes makes it possible to simultaneously determine the parameters of the refractive index and thickness for the considered region of the film. The method eliminates errors associated with the need to use different methods for measuring parameters.

This paper is a review of our recent work on frequency analysis of polarization imaging system. To study the effects of partial polarization and partial coherence in a polarization imaging system, we perform frequency domain analysis of the Fourier spectra of the Stokes images by using a four-dimensional frequency domain approach. We begin with the relations of the generalized Stokes parameters in the frequency domain and calculate the spectra of the Stokes images as a generalized treatment of polarization imaging system. Then, we explore the frequency response for diffraction-limited polarization imaging system in the coherent and incoherent limits. The Optical Transfer matrix (OTM) which is a transfer matrix to the spectral Stokes vector has been introduced for the diffraction-limited incoherent polarization imaging system. Some general properties associated with OTM are presented and one example of diffraction-limited OTM is provided with their comparison with the conventional Mueller matrix to reveal their intrinsic relationship.

Various aspects of pathology of the pancreas (PP), functional insufficiency of which causes the development of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type I and type II diabetes mellitus have attracted considerable attention among researchers. Among the exogenous influences that can have a negative effect on metabolic processes in this organ, an imbalance of macronutrients in the diet and drug-induced organ injury due to uncontrolled consumption of commonly available antipyretic analgesics, of which paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most common are of great importance [1].

Optimizing effect of pulsed laser radiation on the structure of the In₄Se₃ and In₄Тe₃ epitaxial layers obtained by liquid phase epitaxy was studied by SEM, AFM, and EDS techniques. Ordered quasi-periodic micro- and nanostructures were created on the samples by laser melting. When studying the transverse chips of the structures based on the In₄Se₃, it was found that laser treatment leads to the formation of both narrow band gap and wide band gap phases of the In – Se system in the epitaxial layer. The action of laser treatment leads to the inversion of the conductivity type and to the formation of the laser photosensitive surface-barrier structures, reduces the influence of recombination processes on the heteroboundary. Optical studies have shown the efficiency of controlled laser action on the structural-phase state of the In₄Se₃ and In₄Тe₃ layers and improving their optical characteristics and photosensitivity. An increase in the sensitivity of the FTO-GaP diode structure at the wavelength 254 nm, as well as in the entire spectral range is observed with the laser treatment action

The structural-logical diagram and research design by the methods of polarization-phase tomography of linear dichroism of the polycrystalline structure [1-5] of histological sections of the brain are presented. Differential diagnosis of the formation of hemorrhages of traumatic genesis, cerebral infarction of ischemic and hemorrhagic genesis by the method of differential Mueller-matrix mapping of amplitude anisotropy - linear dichroism maps (ALD) of histological brain sections and operational characteristics of the method of their statistical analysis. Differential diagnosis of the prescription of the formation of hemorrhages of traumatic genesis, cerebral infarction, ischemic and hemorrhagic genesis by the method of differential Mueller-matrix mapping of amplitude anisotropy - temporal dynamics of changes in the statistical structure of ALD maps of histological brain sections.

The paper presents the results of experimental testing of methods for azimuthal-invariant polarization mapping of laser induced microscopic images of fluorophores in histological sections of the liver of deceased; time monitoring of changes in the magnitude of statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders characterizing the distributions of the azimuth and ellipticity of polarization of microscopic images of histological sections of the liver with different age of damage; determination of the diagnostic efficiency (time interval and accuracy) of establishing the age of damage to human internal organs by digital histological methods of mapping maps of azimuth and ellipticity of polarization of microscopic images of samples of histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as myocardium and lung tissue.

The article contains the results of experimental testing of methods of azimuthal-invariant Mueller-matrix microscopy (Mueller-matrix invariants - MMI) of optically anisotropic fluorophores of samples of histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as myocardium and lung tissue; temporal detection of variations in the magnitude of the statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders, characterizing the distributions of the MMI value of linear birefringence and optical activity of samples of histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as myocardium and lung tissue with different age of damage; determination of the diagnostic efficiency (time interval and accuracy) of establishing the age of damage to human internal organs by digital histological methods of MMI mapping of optical anisotropy of fluorophores in histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as myocardium and lung tissue.

The article presents the results of algorithmic approbation of digital histological research methods of the age of damage to the tissues of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as the myocardium and lung tissue on the basis of polarization reconstruction of linear birefringence maps of protein fluorophores of fibrillar networks; determining the relationship between the temporal change in the magnitude of the statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders, characterizing the distribution of the magnitude of the degree of crystallization of histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as the myocardium and lung tissue, and the duration of damage; establishment of time intervals and accuracy of determining the duration of damage to human internal organs by digital histological methods of polarization reconstruction (tomography) the degree of crystallization of samples of histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as myocardium and lung tissue.

The paper presents a structural and logical diagram and an analytical description of the differential diagnosis of aseptic and septic loosening of the cup of an artificial hip joint endoprosthesis using spectral-selective laser autofluorescence microscopy of coordinate distribution maps (MIF) and correlation (MCF) fluorescence intensity of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid (SF). The results of the statistical analysis [1-5] of the distributions of the MIF and MCF values of polycrystalline SF films of patients from the control group and groups with different severity of pathology of the hip joint are presented. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy [6-9] of the method of spectral-selective laser autofluorescence microscopy MIF and MCF of the fluorescence intensity of polycrystalline films of hip joint CF have been established.

Main directions of the application of the mathematical methods in medical diagnosis are analyzed, their drawbacks are evaluated , principles of diagnosis, based on fuzzy logic are formulated. Mathematical models and algorithms, formalizing the process of diagnostic decisions making on the base of fuzzy logic at quantitative and qualitative parameters of the patient state are developed; mathematical models of the membership functions, formalizing the presentation of quantitative and qualitative parameters of the patients state in the form of the fuzzy sets, used in the models and algorithms of diagnosis and determining the diagnosis in case of diabetic ketoacidosis are developed. Aim of the study is realization of the computer-based expert system for the solution of the problems, dealing with medical diagnosis on the base of fuzzy logic in case of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

The article presents the results of a study of the possibilities of 3D Stokes-polarimetric mapping of microscopic images of protein fluorofors of the prostate. Polarization-holographic measurement and analysis of layer-by-layer maps and histograms of the distribution of the polarization ellipticity of microscopic images of biological preparations of the prostate. Determination of the relationship between statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders, which characterize layer-by-layer maps of distributions of the polarization ellipticity of microscopic images of biological preparations of the prostate and pathological conditions of the prostate. Determination of the operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of the diagnostic strength of the 3D layer-by-layer Stokes polarimetric mapping method.

The paper presents the results of the possibility of a polarization-interference approach to the analysis of microscopic images of biological preparations in the differential diagnosis [1-7] of benign and malignant prostate tumors with different degrees of differentiation. Measurements and analysis of maps and histograms of the distribution of the local contrast value of polarization-interference distributions of microscopic images of biological preparations of the prostate. Determination of the relationship between the statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders, characterizing the distributions of the value of the local contrast of polarization-interference distributions of microscopic images of biological preparations of the prostate [8-12]. Determination of statistical criteria for polarization-interference diagnosis of histological sections of biopsy of adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate with varying degrees of differentiation. Determination of operational characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of the diagnostic power [13-19] of the polarization interferometry method for differential diagnosis of histological sections of biopsy of adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate with varying degrees of differentiation.

The paper presents the results of the possibility of a polarization-interference approach to the analysis of microscopic images polycrystalline blood films of patients of benign and malignant prostate tumours with different degrees of differentiation. Measurements and analysis of maps and histograms of the distribution of the local contrast value of polarization-interference distributions of microscopic images of polycrystalline blood films of patients . Determination of the relationship between the statistical moments of the 1st - 4th orders characterizing the distributions of the local contrast value of the polarization-interference distributions of microscopic images of polycrystalline blood films of patients. Determination of statistical criteria for polarization-interference diagnosis of histological sections of biopsy of adenoma and adenocarcinoma with varying degrees of differentiation. Determination of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of the polarization interferometry method for differential diagnosis of polycrystalline blood films of patients of adenoma and adenocarcinoma with varying degrees of differentiation.

The paper presents the structural-logical diagram and research design of the newest method of 3D Mueller-matrix microscopy of the layer-by-layer structure of the polycrystalline component [1-9] of depolarizing histological sections of the brain. Principles of differential diagnosis of the formation of hemorrhages of traumatic genesis, cerebral infarction ischemic and hemorrhagic genesis by the method of 3D Mueller-matrix microscopy. Layer-by-layer azimuthal-invariant Mueller-matrix images of circular birefringence (MMI OA) of histological brain sections and operational characteristics of the method of their statistical analysis were determined.

Insufficient intake of exogenous proteins under the conditions of irrational nutrition, deficiency of essential amino acids as well as increased loss of endogenous proteins with a characteristic negative nitrogen balance lead to the development of acute or chronic liver diseases. At the same time, the public availability of a wide range of drugs creates the problem of their unsystematic and irrational use for the correction of pathological conditions without proper compliance with the dosage and interval between doses. The consequence of uncontrolled self-medication is increasingly becoming drug induced liver injury.

A model Jones-matrix description of the polycrystalline structure of polymeric polyethylene films (PPF) is presented. Algorithms for Jones-matrix reproduction of parameters of linear and circular birefringence of PPF are obtained. The presented results of the study of the relationship between layered maps of the elements of the Jones matrix and layered PPF maps. The values and ranges of changes in the statistical moments of the 1st - 2nd orders, which characterize the layered maps of linear and circular birefringence PPF, have been determined. Physically substantiated and experimentally determined the effectiveness of the method of 3D layer-by-layer Jones of matrix mapping PPF in differentiating their structure

Algorithms for reconstruction of linear and circular birefringence of optically thin anisotropic акрилового скла layers are presented. The technique of Jones-matrix tomography of polycrystalline acrylic glass layers has been experimentally tested. The coordinate distributions of phase anisotropy of acrylic glass samples with varying degrees of mechanical stress are determined and statistically analyzed. Criteria (statistical moments of 3rd and 4th orders) of differential diagnostics of the presence of mechanical stress were determined.

Polymeric materials based on polystyrene (PS) are one of the most common polygraph materials. It is necessary to differentiate between of optical homogeneity of the polycrystalline structure of PS. We aim to demonstrate the use of a polarization interference method to allow quick and easy practical differentiation between PS samples with different types of deformations. Polycrystalline optically homogeneous and mechanically stressed samples of PS were investigated. We map the local contrast of interference patterns in microscopic images of образцов PS using a set-up polarizing interferometer, based on the superposition of a reference laser beam with the interference pattern of the sample in the image plane. The local contrast distributions can be directly related to the polycrystalline structure of образцов PS. The dependences of the magnitude of the 1st to 4th order statistical moments of the local contrast polarization-interference distribution are determined. To determine the diagnostic potential of the method две groups of polycrystalline образцов PS were formed. The first group contained 16 optically homogeneous PS samples, while the second contained 16 PS samples with residual mechanical stresses.

A collection of layered maps of the depolarisation due to diffuse layers of polyvinyl acetate are produced using a polarization-holographic Mueller matrix method approach. The topography of maps of the diffuse layers of polyvinyl acetate relates to the scattering multiplicity within the volume and the specific of polycrystalline structure. The overall depolarisation map is a convolution of the effects of these two factors. Through statistical analysis, the dependences of the magnitudes of the first to fourth order statistical moments are determined. These moments characterise the changing distributions of the depolarisation values through the volume of diffuse layers of polyvinyl acetate with different concentration. Dehydrated polyvinyl acetate layers depolarisation maps are characterised by larger average and dispersion, and less skewness and kurtosis, compared to the distributions for the diffuse "dehydrated" layers of polyvinyl acetate. This work demonstrates that a polarization-holographic Mueller matrix method can be applied to the assessment of the 3D morphology of diffuse layers of polyvinyl acetate, with applications in diagnosis – differentiation of the degree of adhesion.

The article presents the results of determining the possibilities of the polarization-singular approach to improve the efficiency of Mueller-matrix polarimetry in the differential diagnosis of polycrystalline structure of optically transparent polycarbonate layers. The relationship between the characteristic values of the elements of the Mueller matrix and polarization-singular L - states of microscopic images of polycrystalline structure of optically transparent polycarbonate layers was determined. A technique for the experimental determination of the distributions of the characteristic values of Mueller-matrix images has been developed and tested. Statistical criteria for express differential diagnosis of polycrystalline structure of optically transparent polycarbonate layers with different mechanical stresses were determined.

Among many different domains such as entertainment, healthcare, education and biometrics, computer vision methods can be used in the field of assistive technologies, helping people with visual impairments overcome the challenges encountered in their day-to-day lives. This paper gives an overview of computer vision methods used in both software and hardware for the visually impaired.

X-ray moiré images arising from the interaction of deformation fields formed by two perpendicular rows of concentrated loads on the output surface of the LLL interferometer analyzer are calculated. The dynamics of formation of moiré images in case of change of distance between rows is investigated. The prospect of using the fractal dimension of moiré images calculated on the basis of Fourier spectra is shown.

The article explores the possibility of applying modifications to the R/S- analysis method for pulsogram processing under conditions where the noise level is unknown. It is shown that a fast algorithm for calculating the Hirst coefficient can be used to estimate the noise level in a pulse signal. The R/S-analysis method for pulsogram processing has been improved by optimizing the initial conditions, which makes it possible to select the required pulse wave registration interval.

The main results of RETwix complex development are presented in the paper. RETwix is an universal hardware and software complex for laboratory research, which can be used for investigation both electronic components and arbitrary electrical, thermal, chemical or biochemical processes. Sensors, actuators and signal transducers of the analog front end are used for this purpose. The RETwix complex includes two CV-LAB devices (Capacitance and Voltage LABoratory) and UA-LAB (Universal Analog LABoratory). The principle of measurement transformation and examples of using the RETwix complex are presented.

Breath analysis is an emerging research field with tremendous potential for advance personalized, non-invasive health screening and diagnostics,while new sampling instrumentation tools andanalytical detection methods are developed. Notwithstanding of the quick development of commercially and researcher-built experimental samplers, no robust and repeatable VOCs’ profile technologies have been clinically validated. Such is due to lack of an optimal standard procedure for selective breath sampling which ends in a wide range of contradictory reported results. Challenges of most breath samplers are also related to the substances’ concentrations that are source (oral cavity, oesophageal and alveolar) dependent and their low values (in ppbv - pptv range). Here, we present a suitable and novel technology for selectively sampling exhaled air regarding the subject’s: age, gender, metabolic production of CO2, smoking habits, nutrition and health conditions. The technology was aimed to perform real time flow measurements and collect a pre-determined portion of exhaled air by synchronizing a previously modelled respiratory cycle with the breathing cycle of the user. Through real-time synchronization of breathing cycles, the system can detect optimized sampling instants by machine learning-based algorithm. A first set of tests was conducted to evaluate the robustness and efficiency of the software’s sampling algorithm with two cohorts of participants (n=15 and n=30) with different age groups (2-5 years old and 18-27 years old, respectively). The ability to selectively differentiate exhaled air was also tested through collection and posterior analysis of oesophageal and alveolar air samples obtained from an independent cohort of university students (n=31). Although it requires instrumentation improvements and optimization the breath sampling technology coupled with an efficient analyser device (GC-IMS), the results herein presented suggest a promise step forward in breath sampling adapted to users’ age, genre and physiological condition.

In this paper, a system for read-out sensing and analyzing human brain signals using an encephalograph is considered.Characteristics of human brain signals are considered. Based on this system it is proposed to create a neuro-interface in which the received signals will be analyzed by neural networks.

Laser illumination scattering by blood samples during the thrombus formation and corresponding changes in scattering patterns for visible spectral range have been studied. Diode laser emission bands with central wavelengths of 0.63, 0.50 and 0.40 μm have been utilized in the single-source and combined illumination configurations. Dynamics of the scattering pattern in terms of its central spot characteristic size has been analyzed and referenced with histological examination. The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the scattering pattern analysis for assessment of the blood clot formation stage. The prospects for practical diagnostics of the haemostasis efficiency in the emergency medicine with the help of the proposed method have been discussed.

he paper presents the approximation of the three-dimensional optical transfer function of diffraction-limited non coherent optical systems with axial symmetry. This approximation is based on the analytical expression for identification of three-dimensional spatial cutoff frequencies that specifies the spatial bandwidth in three-dimensional space of spatial harmonics. It does not require numerical integrations. The proposed techniques makes calculation of the three dimensional optical transfer functions accurate, easy and fast. It can be applied for performance evaluation, analysis of spatial resolution, computer simulation of imaging systems etc.

Recently optical imaging is focused on non-invasive methods which could be automated and provide diagnostics in vivo. Coherence and polarization encoding the wave phase transformation create additional channels of information compared with the amplitude-based techniques. The modification of polarization properties like depolarization, birefringence, and diattenuation are the subject of polarimetry. One of the depolarization metrics is the Degree of Polarization (DOP), which represent the fraction of polarized light maintained while light propagates in media, ranging from 1 for fully polarized to 0 for totally depolarized light. After constructing a one-shot Stokes polarimetry probe, we conducted a preliminary clinical trial including 20 benign, 28 malignant skin lesions. Also 59 normal skin sites where tested. Using DOP as a diagnostics criterion we were able to separate Malignant Melanomas against all other lesions. Another depolarization metric tested was the Polarization Memory Rate (PMR) which characterizes the decay of circularly polarized light relative to linearly polarized light as light propagates in a medium. PMR demonstrates a strong diagnostics potential separating all cancer against benign lesions.