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The reward for doing a survey of commercially available optomechanical laboratory hardware is a stack of glossy covered thick
catalogs over a foot tall. On top of that you will have an additional foot of smaller catalogs and booklets. With a number of
selected articles written over the last few years you will have an excellent coverage of the field. Over the last thirty five years
(my coverage in the field) the amount and range of hardware has grown tremendously. As a first step, this paper presents an
organization of the field in nine main topics. The second level down (only partially covered to conserve space) gives a
number of sub topics which would appear in each of the main topic levels.
The reams of index pages in every catalog were surveyed in order to produce this two level organization. As a natural follow
on to the organization charts are the terminologies. It was felt that in a paper of this nature (again particularly to conserve
space) that "one-lines" would be in order. In an earlier paper (Fine adjustment for optical alignment) a number of little
controversies were stirred and it is assumed that will occur again. The words listed are defmed because of their frequent use in
this field. There are many times that definitions in the world of engineering are slightly "bent" to fit a particular field.
Therefore, "one-liners" are only a quick reference with further investigation and clarification obtained in a number of available
dicüonaries. Now that things have been organized and defmed, a section has been provided for comments "of special interest".
This will consist of industrial experiences, particular hardware worth mentioning and technical coverage, all related to the field
of optomechanical laboratory hardware.
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As precision engineering has been improved in recent years, precision positioning systems
withnanoineter accuracy are also required. Experimental precision dual positioning apparatus,
consisting of friction drive and piezoelectric actuator", was made in Toshiba laboratory. In
this apparatus, the piezoelectric actuator, designed for fine positioning, is mounted on top
of the friction drive slide , designed for coarse positioning . Individual loops were closed
by laser interferometer systems with 2.5nm resolution. The friction drive and piezoelectric
actuator moved together , using a kind of inchworm movement method. The method made it
possible for this positioning system to have an over 100mm stroke with 2.5nzn resolution and
no backlash.
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The "concentric-aplanatic" method used for lens design is described in many papers.
While many shapes and forms of these lenses have been shown, performance evaluation of these
lenses has never been published. How good is the method? Can one design optical systems using
this technique that have acceptable image quality? This paper will deal step by step with these
questions, both from first principles and by the basis of third order theory. Performance
evaluations will be given for the lenses designed.
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An optical lens system with varying magnification has been designed for a 70-mm image format. Twenty optical
elements were needed to provide for the 345- to 1050-mm focal length zoom range as well as the proper color correction
over the visible spectrum. A 4-in diameter port window limits thef/# of the optical lens system. Operation of the lens
system is done by actuating stepping motors through a MacPlus computer.
This lens system was designed for Los Alamos National Laboratory Group M-8, because no commercial zoom lens
existed that would change its reduction from 1/15 to 1/4 at a focusing range of 5 meters. Additionally, we required a larger,
non-standard image size that could be recorded by a rotating mirror streak camera. A Nikkor lens sales manual does offer a
long focal length, 35-nun lens only upon special order. The closest focusing range of this Nikkor lens is 6 meters.
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Reflection microcirculation microscope has wide application value in studyiny microcirculation and microrheology
, and joining with different equipment can do many ways of the studies , So research and improvement
the instrument and development advanced appendant technology will produce a active sence to
the study of biomedicine. In this paper , We introduce mainly the design idea of reflection microcirculation
microscope which was studied by us ,and discuss some prombles.
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This paper introduced a new type of tenses with approximate bite lecentricity
for photolithography.It has the quasi-diffraction Limited image quality in
the range of large field size and keeps fine overlay accuracy as well.The
corrections of sagittal aberrations and higher order aberrations are considered
in the optical design. Finaty, the MTF of two results, with NAO•2,
magnification x, field diameter 140mm, and NAO•28, magnification lOX, field
diameter 140mm, were given.
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Computer simulation has become a useful tool in the design, testing, and evaluation of
Michelson-type interferometric spectrometers. Although the general characteristics of these
instruments can be evaluated using standard textbook algorithms1 ,2 it is difficult to estimate
spectral accuracy for non-ideal instruments experiencing one or multiple operational
perturbations. Relatively simple computer simulation techniques enable display of
recovered spectra for both ideal and multiply-perturbed instruments, thereby affording the
evaluator a preview of spectral accuracy as a function of the instrument's design and
operating parameters.
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Laser induced damage to optical components severely limits the operating
fluence of high peak power lasers used for fusion research such as the Nova laser
at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. In particular, surfaces and
optical thin films often damage at a lower fluence than bulk materials in large
aperture, high quality optics. We have designed and are fabricating new 94 cm
turning mirrors for Nova as part of the "Precision Nova" program to improve
beam quality. A new design has been optimized for updated optical performance
specifications including increased damage resistance. The new mirror design
will operate at all turning angles required by the ten Nova beamlines. This
flexibility reduces mirror inventory and fabrication cost. A process of
"conditioning" the mirror coating has been developed that is permanent and
increases the damage threshold by as much as a factor of 2-3x.
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For the 8m astronomical telescopes which will see first light in the '90s, interest in adaptive optics correction of the
wavefront degraded by atmospheric Wrbulence is very great. A wavefront corrector is described in this paper, in
which we present an approach based on liquid crystal material. Some of the properties in favor of using this technique
are analyzed, together with some experimental results on a prototype. The great advantage of the liquid crystal
approach is that a large number of actuators can be obtained in a 1-2 inch device, at a cost orders of magnitude
lower than the conventional mirror-piezoactuator device.
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Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, which is derived from the classical Hartmann
testing method, is one of the most convenient methods available for the opt1a1
testing of telescopes on site on natural stars!'2'9 It also has many applications
in adaptive optics, active optics and CAM of optical mirror.' Figure 1 shows
the principle of the method. Light source (1) which is from tested system and
source (2) which is diffraction-limited are close enough. Light from tested source
(1) and reference source (2) are both collimated by lens a and incide upon S-H
plate which is a lens array. Each lenslet forms two point images, one is of surce
(i), the other of source (2). The distance vector between each pair of images
reflects the angular aberration of the tested wavefront over the subaperture as
given by
(formula available in paper)
where W-wavefront function, d, d-..distances between the ith pair of images in x and y directions
respectively, f-..focal length of lenslet.
There are several methods to manufacture the S-H plate . In 1987, we pointed
out the method of producing S-H plate with GRIN rod lenses in our active optical
system with primary diameter 530mm. Following are the design of our S-H pla
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The limitations of a Hartmann type wavefront sensor are theoretically and experimentally
studied based on photon counting technique. An experimental set-up for
simulation of single subaperture adaptive astronomical telescope is described. The
results of experiments and analyses show that a star of the 8th magnitude can be
dealt with by this kind of wavefront sensors within 1 ms of time and with A/1O of
wavefront distortion detection sensitivity. As for calibration of experiments, an
algorithm related to luminous flux at entrance pupil of telescope and its corresponding
photo-electron rate detected by the wavefront sensor is presented and yenfied
by experiments.
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Many foundamental astronomical problems need much higher resolution than is afforded
by atmospheric seeing or the differaction limit of even the largest telescope being
planed. The only way to meet these demands is by a distrbuted array of telescopes similar to
those used in radio astronomy, or the long baseline stellar interferometry.
China is planning to build a small aperture long baseline stellar optical interferometer
for three purposes. One purpose is to clear up some problens before building a large and
expensive interferometer. The second is to measure angular diameter of star and angular
distance of double stars. The third is to modify it for astrometry use in the future. In this
paper, the design tolerance and specifications of the interferometer are discussed based on
the astronomical requiements.
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Waveguide and Defractive Optics, and Microlithography
Submicron etched and diffused gratings are produced on ionexchanged
glass waveguides. Efficient interaction between the guided
light and the grating is observed. Propagation properties of these
components are thoroughly investigated.
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We report here results from an ongoing micro-optical assembly program. This program addresses the application
of a micro-assembly technology to the production and use of modular components for the rapid assembly of fiberoptic
systems. This technology makes use of a master substrate to ensure the support and precise positioning of
materials and components during the optical assembly process. Recently we have completed the development of
a modular directional coupler, which makes use of this approach and is applicable to the implementation of the
modular concept on a systems level. The coupler is formed by optical fibers in a crossed, planar geometiy. A
partially reflecting platelet is physically inserted into a narrow gap through the fiber junction. The resulting
structure functions as a guided-wave beamsplitter. The fibers are mounted on a patterned substrate that has
photolithographically defined blocks to guide the fiber placement. The excess loss in such couplers has been
measured to be less than 0.5 dB, and the directivity has been observed to be less than -35 dB. The performance
of the coupler is discussed and compared with theory. The observed performance and other diagnostic measures
are used as a basis for evaluating the precision and overall quality which are attainable with this approach. The
prospects for applying this technology to systems-level fabrication and assembly are discussed.
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Multi-beam mixing in diffusion-driven media is presented in this paper as a
diagnostic for the study of nonplane wave photorefractive interactions. Coupled, nonlinear
differential equations are derived which describe the interactions of the intensities as they
couple through the medium. These equations were numerically solved using a Runge-Kutta
algorithm to gain insight as to how the beams interact in the medium. Three beam
interactions in BaTiO3 at 514.5 nm were studied experimentally to verify the analysis.
Results indicate that phase aberrations affect intensity distributions in the enhanced beam.
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In this paper, we find out the distribution of diffraction field
of a zone plate on the axis, obtain the conclusion that the
diffraction intensity of a zone plate's foci are almost the same for
the front several secondary foci and give a locus of the foci's
intensity that declines slowly and gradually when going towards the
plate along the axis.
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In this paper, it is pointed out that the sampled imaging systems are not
spatially invariant in single sampling area unit, but they are spatially invariant
in large field on the basis of integral sampling theory in optics. The concept and
the measurement method of equivalent modulation transfer function (MTFe) are first
given. The experiment results prove that this evaluation method can overall and
correctly show the imaging quality of sampled imaging systems, and the MTFe can be
measured conveniently.
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A nematic liquid crystal Fabry-Perot interferometer (NLC-FPI) based on nematic material in a parallel configuration
is described, for applications in astronomy. This device allows spectral chopping for an efficient removal of background
radiation, when the source is embedded in a strong background such as the solar corona or IR sources. The
primary design is intended for two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging. This method is also very useful for precision
spectropolarimetry. The NLC-FPI is a tunable, double-channel filtec we present some theoretical and experimental
results obtained on a first generation pmtotype.
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The optomechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) blocks imposed to indentation pressure are
investigated. The intensity of a He-Ne laser beam transmitted through the blocks is found to fade down to zero (cutoff point)
in an oscillatory manner as the indentation enlarged. The indentation pressure at cutoff is independent of the specimen's
thickness and length (optical path). This pressure can threfore be used to account for the specimens hardness in
plastic-elastic regime.
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A evaluation system of space muttispectrat sensor in earth resources remote sen-
sing is estabtished in this paper. This system is expressed as a evaluation function
which can be consisted of some factors such as data fineness, measuring means or
capability, reliabitity and service life.
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Waveguide and Defractive Optics, and Microlithography
Creation of the elements with minimum 1 i near dimensions demands of the presence of definite knowledges about photoresist's behavior dunngal 1 technological process and about any element of the equipment and it's influence on photoresist 1 ayer.
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A new method for correcting comatic aberration in holographic optical
systems which uses constant optical path(COP) has been developed. The sum of
the optical path lengths from an object wavefront to an image wavefront remains
constant, and achromatic holographic systems can be easily calculated. Using COP,
a new focusing triplet was designed with wavelength tolerance of 9 nm for
entrance and exit numerical apertures of 0.5. This is 15 times larger than that
for conventional single holographic lens.
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Theoretical description of phase discretization and quantization is provided for coaputer generated optical
eleients (CGOK). Suitable estiiations of seanaquared and iaxiaui aberrations, Strehl nuaber and aean wavefront
deviation are derived in dependence of discretization and quantization paraieters. A diffractive aberration corrector
for thin len5 and also phase diffractive coipensator for aspheric wavefront foriation are investigated as
exasples,
1 . PROBLEM OF CGOE D ISCRETI ZAT ION AND QUANTI ZAT ION.
Wide-range possibilities of coaputer generated holograis and optical eleients1' are soietiies liiited by
discretization of their phase transfer function. The known aethods for studying phase nonlinearities treat
quantization as a superposition of iany diffraction orders but do not take discretization into account.
In this paper coibined studying of discretization and quantization is perforied for siooth phase functions such as
of zoned phase plates, coipensators, Fresnel lenses and siiilar type CGOK.
Digital holography applications provide us coiputer generated optical elesents including kinoforis' with purely
phase-type t'ransfer function
r (t) exp{L.treod25rrrt (p(a)] (1)
where • : (u,v) are 2-D Cartesian coordinates in the CGOI's plane, 'f (ii) is the phase shift perforied in point IT,
iod2,,,tf ) is the value of 'p the aodulo (2ira), 1:1 or another positive nuiber. Coiputer-aided design of CGOK
includes calculation of digital saiples for 'P function brought to [O,2%a) interval, driving suitable nak generator
to access grey-level or binary iasks. Grey-level iasks used in bleaching or photopolyaer technology yield a CGO with
variable iicrorelief thickness. Optical lithography with a set of binary aasks or iulti-stepped electron-beaw
lithography yields aulti-level COOK described by quantization of 'P . Raster scanning iask generator set up all saska
iI the field G fros so called resolution cells G7that are centered in i;point, enuierated by double index
1 : (i,,i) froi J set and obey the equations
Q=,U G; , &!;flp=O if T (2)
Mask's spatial resolution is fully deteriined by the size of cell. This is the way that discretization of takes
place and results in piecewise approxiiation of 1'.
Thus discretization and quantization are specific for CGOK and cannot be resoved. It should be noted that
quantization take place also in holographic optical elesents lithographically fabricated fro. physical holograss used as
aasks. Next parts of this paper are placed in the following sequence. For the first, zoie iatheaatical iodel is
presented for phase discretization and quantization in CGOK. For the second, phase fluctuations are evaluated only on
the CGOK's plane. For the third CGOK's light field is transforied to the plane at a soie distance fros CGOK's plane,
soae characteristic are evaluated in general case and for such applications as iiage foriation and aspheric wavefront
foraing.
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The need for microlenses with a wide-range of focal lengths from 1O to 100mm and with a diameter
varying from 1Oi to 1mm lead to the development of various techniques which are able to generate these
lenses in a photoresist substrate or in special glasses . The existing techniques are reviewed and a new one
proposed. In this technique a positive or negative photoresist layer is exposed to a tailored light intensity
distribution. After development of the photoresist, its surface is identical to the spatial intensity light
distribution. Photoresist with an index of refraction of n=1.6 in the visible spectrum, can be used as a
lens. Furthermore this surface can be transferred to substrate like glass, silicon germanium etc., by etching
techniques.
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A novel method for the simulation of atmospheric turbulence degraded wavefronts is shown. The
computer generated wavefronts contain all the statistical and spatial properties predicted for Kolmogorov
type turbulence. The technique enables the generation of wavefronts from two separated
point sources while maintaining the correct correlation. rfhe techniques was used to check the effects
of anisoplanitism on the performance of wavefront compensation by adaptive optics using the
modal correction. The dependance on the order of correction was estimated as well. It is shown
that for strong turbulence, for extended sources, there is no benefit of correction beyond the third
order (tilt).
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Waveguide and Defractive Optics, and Microlithography
Photorefractive gain is measured in poled, 1% tantalum-doped Potassium Niobate (KNbO3).
Two-wave mixing experiments are presented which exploit the r42 coefficient of KNbO3 by employing
non-symmetric geometries which rotate the grating vector away from the optic axis. The effect of this
rotation on the exponential gain coefficient is showr. Experimental results are compared to an analytic
expression derived for this parameter. The experiments were performed using an Argon laser
stabilized at X=51 4.5 nm. The light was extraordinarily polarized and ihe beams were incident on the
b-face of the crystal. The absorption and the response time of the crystal were measured. Losses due
to scattering and self-pumped phase conjugation were also investigated.
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