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The Hermitian optical phase operator realises Dirac's conception of a phase, conjugate to the photon number for a mode of the electromagnetic field. However, much confusion has resulted from the failure to recognise that the single word "phase" is used to describe distinct concepts in the description of a quantised electromagnetic field mode. We compare and contrast these distinct phase concepts.
Stephen M. Barnett
"Phase in quantum optics", Proc. SPIE 1983, 16th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics as a Key to High Technology, 19830R (26 July 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2308446
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Stephen M. Barnett, "Phase in quantum optics," Proc. SPIE 1983, 16th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics as a Key to High Technology, 19830R (26 July 1993); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2308446