A computerized atlas of molecular iodine-127 is presented. Reference data for some practically interesting lines are presented.

Requirements for the accuracy of measurements performed by laser instruments regulate the frequency stability of measuring lasers. Primary emphasis is laid on a He-Ne/J₂- laser that operates on several lines. We use laser on the vibration protecting system.

We observed positron (e⁺) production for the first time on the basis of the new idea that (gamma) -rays produced via Compton scattering of laser lights off electron (e^-) beams of 1.26 GeV/c provided by the ATF damping ring can create pairs of e⁺ and e^-. It is verified that the production rates of e⁺- and (gamma) -rays are consistent with each other as well as in good agreement with theoretical predictions. We also attain a conceptual design of a polarized e⁺ source for the future linear collide JLC which requires high intensity e⁺ beams with a complicated time structure of multi-bunching.

Theoretically and experimentally is considered the frequency stability and reproducibility of the single-frequency He-Ne laser for linear measurements with ultra-short optical resonators of internal mirrors and double contour of a thermal control. Limiting values of the disturbing factors are established.

This paper presents a laser-optical fiber system which allows us to estimate continuously and 'in situ' the evolution of the adsorption layer at the interface solid-liquid. Locally, the kinetics of the evolution of the adsorption layer at the interface between a mineral and a xanthate organic solution, is investigated. In this case, the knowledge for the kinetics of the adsorption process is extremely important for explaining the intimate mechanisms of the flotation industrial processes. The monitoring system for the kinetics of the adsorption of xanthate organic molecules on the mineral support is based, during its run, on the variation in the relative reflectance of the interface due to the adsorption layer evolution. The method, designed to study the evolution kinetics of the adsorption layer at the interface between a xanthate solution and a sulphuric mineral, is based on the proportionally link between the evolution of the adsorption layer and the relative variation of its refraction index. The experimental appliance used a coherent and monochromatic unpolarized laser radiation, with its wavelength (lambda) equals 0.89 micrometer, which corresponds to the near IR range. This wavelength has been chosen both for physical performed using an Al mirror as standard for maximum (100%) reflectance, and by immersing it into different xanthate solutions having successively the following concentrations: 25 mg/l; 50 mg/l; 100 mg/l and 3 g/l, respectively. This procedure allowed to observe that the reflection given by the mirror, in these cases, has a relatively narrow spectral range in UV, for which it has values greater for 4 - 6%. The following ones have been used: isobutyl xanthate, amyl xanthate and ethyl xanthate. The reflection spectrum on the mirror (if neglecting the attenuation in liquid and the transmission spectrum) was measured by means of a spectrophotometer SPECORD M40 (made in Germany), and the determinations were performed in the range from 200 to 950 nm.

Interferometric fiber optic sensors (FOS) are often used for the nondestructive precision measurement of wide spectrum of physical units such as temperature, pressure, acoustic and electromagnetic fields. Their pinpoint accuracy and high dynamic range are aptly combine with unique advantages of fiber optic element base. One of the most essential factors, limiting sensitivity of such sensors is noise of radiation source (laser). Thought for design and development sensors it is necessary to know a spectrum of laser noise in the range of measured influences. Noise features of semiconductor lasers are sufficiently well known. Gas lasers, by reason of their high coherence, are often used in interferometric FOS. However, information about their amplitude noise spectrum is relatively little. In given work are shown results of intensity noise measurements for serially produced small-size gas lasers, suitable for FOS. Besides, sensitivity can be greatly affected by increasing of noise, caused by the light, reflected back in the laser from different optical components of scheme. For this reason in work are brought measurements results of influence back-reflected light upon amplitude noise of laser.

The fiber optical interferometers (FOI) are widely applied in various measuring systems. They can be used for temperature, pressure, magnetic and electrical fields, acoustic waves measurement. Using of multimode light-guides simplifies an adjustment of optical scheme, reduces the requirements to element basis, allows to lead into fiber more optical power. However signal fading in multimode FOI reduces their practical significance. If the influence on multimode FOI monotonically varies, the behavior of a signal is described by two processes: by fast informative changes of light intensity, connected to a modification of a difference of phases of interfering waves, and slow changes of signal amplitude, defined by a changing of contrast of an interference picture. Then the signal parameters became casual variables.

The brain represents one of the most complex systems that we know yet. In its study, non-destructive methods -- in particular, behavioral studies play an important role. By alteration of brain functioning (e.g. by pharmacological means) and observation of consequent behavior changes an important information on brain organization and functioning is obtained. For inducing local alterations, permanent brain lesions are employed. However, for correct results this technique has to be quasi-non-destructive, i.e. not to affect the normal brain function. Hence, the lesions should be very small, accurate and applied precisely over the structure (e.g. the brain nucleus) of interest. These specifications are difficult to meet with the existing techniques for brain lesions -- specifically, neurotoxical, mechanical and electrical means because they result in too extensive damage. In this paper, we present new laser technique for quasi-non- destructive anatomical-functional mapping in vivo of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of the rat. The technique is based on producing of small-size, well-controlled laser- induced lesions over some areas of the MPFC. The anesthetized animals are subjected to stereotactic surgery and certain points of the MPFC are exposed the confined radiation of the 10 W cw CO₂ laser. Subsequent behavioral changes observed in neonatal and adult animals as well as histological data prove effectiveness of this technology for anatomical- functional studies of the brain by areas, and as a treatment method for some pathologies.

The fanning influence on the characteristics of double phase- conjugate mirror was investigated. The time laws of basic, conjugated laser beams and fanning were obtained. It was shown that the generation of conjugated beam could exist under zero seed.

The possibility of using time-frequency distribution for close signals recognition was discussed. Two simple signals were considered.

Metal inner and outer ring of railway carriages wheels bearing unit surfaces laser testing and PC controlled inspection system is based on laser beam normally incident on rotating ring surface scattered intensity measurement. Its operation is in the surface scattered image recording consequently to changes in surface defect passing through laser beam for certain time duration. PC image processing, filtering and data array statistical treatment allows to get scattering coefficients dispersion histograms and measure the defects square in ring surface.

The dust-absorber effective work is characterized by the relation between an exit and entrance dust concentrations and its dynamics. Dust concentration level changes are direct indicator of its technical status. The IVA-3M type dust concentration measurement laser instrument allows to provide automatic continuous diagnosing of aerosol-dust-air flows. Integrated laser radiation Mie scattering on particles moving in an air flow method lies in a basic of this optical instrument work. It is created as uniform optical-electronics module which is usually established directly on a wall entrance and exit of gas pipes of a dust-absorber. IVA-3M instrument output signal is equal to the dust mass concentration level. The IVA-3M testing and certificate verification were made on the special laboratory apparatus carried out as dust air flow closed ellipsoid form pipe of 4 X 6 m. The IVA-3M instrument application as dust concentration level recorder provides the whole operative information about aerosol-dust-air flows condition.

Quantum coherence and interference in atomic systems can lead to interesting optical phenomena such as nonabsorbing resonances, lasing without inversion, generating an ultrahigh index of refraction without absorption, propagation of light pulses without losses. In the last-named is given the title transparency. Up to now it is known some types of transparency in multi-level resonant media. One of them is electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The phenomenon of EIT in the propagation of laser radiation through an absorbing medium has been recently investigated and explained in terms of quantum coherence and interference for multi-level atomic system. For instance in the (Lambda) -system, if the atomic medium is prepared in a quantum superposition of states, matched pulses, i.e., a pair of optical pulses whose amplitude and phase have a well defined relation, propagate without absorption. The mechanism of coherent population trapping is responsible for EIT in a (Lambda) -system. There is another, well known mechanism for creating transparency in a two-state atom: self-induced transparency, or SIT. Here, a single pulse whose area (the integral of its Rabi frequency over time) is 2(pi) is applied to the medium. Such a pulse causes the atoms to cycle smoothly from the ground to the excited state and then back again. In principle, such a pulse can propagate over long distances. SIT can be generalized to multi-level systems and multiple quasi-monochromatic fields. Generalization of SIT in a (Lambda) -system was obtained in reference 2. In this report we present a new type of transparency (combined transparency). This type describes propagation of laser pulse through a (Lambda) -type medium where the initial atomic state is prepared in the form of spatially varying coherent superposition of low-energetic states (initial coherency gradient). The common envelope behaves as usual 2(pi) hyperbolic secant pulse, but the ratio between the components of frequencies transitions 1> yields 3> and 2> yields 3> changes due to coherent Raman scattering so (phi) equals atan(E1/E2) equals (pi) /2-Gz, where z is the coordinate, G is the constant determined by both the incident pulse parameters and the initial coherence between the atomic states. Our solution demonstrates a direct connection of EIT in adiabatic regime to the SIT effects. This type of a transparency is given the title screw-type transparency, because for the given form of incident pulse (pitch of screw) medium is transparent, if medium's the initial coherence gradient is correspondingly prepared (thread on a engine nut). Besides a transparency, this phenomenon contains a transformation of the incident pulse frequency during the process of the propagation. This property of the phenomena can be result in a complete conversion of the frequency.

Cone-like electrostatic potential (Phi) equals 1n[tg((gamma) /2)], where (gamma) is the polar angle of the spherical system of coordinates, is being discussed. It is known to be suitable for energy analysis of flat beams of charged particles emitted from the point source in one plane or close to it. Now, time-of-flight features are examined of the hypothetical energy analyzers based on (Phi) , with an eye to future application of such devices in coincidence electron or ion spectroscopy. It is shown that their temporal characteristics could be several times better than the same values of the cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA).

In the present work the frequency characteristics of a two- frequency stabilized laser, when the strata appears in the active medium, are given.

The design and operating of a portable holographic interferometer for residual stress analysis by creating a small scratch along with a new mathematical algorithm of calculations are discussed. Preliminary data of the stress investigations on aluminum and steel alloys have been obtained by the automatic processing of the interference pattern using a notebook computer. A phase-shift compensation technique in real-time reflection interferometry is used to measure the out-of-plane stress release surface displacement surrounding a small scratch (25 micrometer depth and 0.5 mm width) in a plate with residual stress of around 50 MPa. Comparison between theoretical models for a rectangular and triangular shaped scratch with the experimental data are presented.

The well-known electrostatic energy analyzer of charged particles, so-called 'Spherical Mirror Analyzer' (SMA) has been examined. A new regime of its working is found, very suitable for coincidence spectroscopy. Angular distribution of the particles emitted from the point source is recorded simultaneously on the surface of a position sensitive detector (PSD), while energy resolution, not worse than 0.1%, is achieved due to the dependence of the time of flight of the particles on their energy.

The recent development of the many-body theory methods when applied to the study of structure and photodetachment characteristics for a series of negative ions (He^-, B^-, C^-, Cr^-) are reported. The aim of this work is to investigate many-electron effects which are known to play significant role in photodetachment from negative ions. The main attention is paid to the resonant processes in negative ions with open subshells, where the collective phenomena happen to be most pronounced.

Quantum hydrodynamic equations are applied to the description of the self-consistent electron motion in space with the background continuous positive charge. Simple dynamic model of many-particle systems is discussed.

We present the findings of the single-hole and pair-hole tunneling into the negative-U centers at the edges of the self-assembly longitudinal silicon quantum wells which are realized using the surface injection of self-interstitials and vacancies controlled in the process of non-equilibrium boron diffusion into the Si(100)-wafer.

We present the findings of quantized conductance (QC), Coulomb staircase (CS) and local tunneling spectroscopy (LTS) techniques which reveal the single-hole confinement and charging phenomena in the smooth and modulated quantum wires created electrostatically inside self-assembly longitudinal (SLQW) and lateral (SLaQW) silicon quantum wells. The current- voltage (CV) characteristics obtained are in a good agreement with the data of the theoretical calculations taking account of quantum interference effects in the field-dependent value of the transmission coefficient through the quantum wires that exhibit the different degree of a modulation.

The electronic spectrum of icosahedral quasicrystal with central atom decoration of Amman-Mackay network is investigated in the tight-binding approximation. Quasicrystal is described as a structural limit of the optimal cubic approximants with increasing period. The electronic spectra for the first four optimal cubic approximants do not contain hierarchical gap structure which is typical for Cantor set of the spectrum of one-dimensional quasicrystal. At the same time the spectrum with increasing the order of approximant becomes singular on the whole energy scales.

The numerical simulation of infrared reflection and transmission spectra for nonuniformly doped semiconductor structures (P and As in Si and Zn in GaAs) was performed. The radiation interaction with free electrons as well as phonons was taken into account. The possibility of determination of the carrier effective mass m* and relaxation time (tau) concentration dependencies from the spectrophotometrical measurements was established.

Ag impurity exists in ZnSe as interstitial atoms Ag_i and substitution atoms Ag_zn. The structure of photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the ZnSe crystals doped with Ag depends on quantitative ratio of these defects in the crystal. Evidently, this is a cause of significant difference of PL spectra of n-ZnSe crystals doped with Ag either in the growing process or in the process of annealing in the Zn+Ag melt. The questions of electron configuration and of a charge state of Ag impurity in ZnSe is discussed also in the literature. Theoretical analysis of this problem allows the existence possibility of Ag multi-charged states in ZnSe, while the authors assume that Ag in ZnSe exists only in the single-charged state with d¹⁰-electron configuration. In this work, the PL spectra and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of n-ZnSe single crystals annealed in Zn melt with Ag contents from 0.1 at.% to 20 at.% are investigated in the temperature range from 82 K to 300 K. The annealing was made at the temperature of 950 degrees Celsius during the 100 h. At the termination of annealing the quartz ampoules were immersed in cold water for the sharp cooling of the samples. Luminescence was excited either by radiation of LGI-21 laser with the wavelength of 337 nm (E_excit equals 3.68 eV) or by monochromatic light from VSU-1 monochromator with the halogen lamp. The investigation of PL spectra was carried out using MDR-23 monochromator with the line dispersion of 1.4 nm/mm in the wavelength region from 430 nm to 700 nm.

Magnetoresistance (MR) measurements are known to be used for the determination of electron density and mobility in bulk semiconductors and also in a wide variety of multi-layers fabricated devices. By use of the synthetic diamond plungers MR of high pressure phases have been measured for Mercury, Cadmium and Zinc Chalcogenides etc. up to 30 GPa. At pressure- induced phase transformations in some materials (HgSe, HgTe, HgO, CdTe) the inversions of MR sign were observed due to electron structure reconstruction and changing the electron scattering mechanisms. In the vicinity of the phase boundary MR effect was sufficient to the content of phase inclusions, so HgSe, HgCdSe and HgSeS crystals had unusual electrical and galvanomagnetic properties at high pressures. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the influence of phase inclusions on the Hall effect, MR, value of resistivity (rho) and its temperature dependence.

Molecular dynamics study of polyethylene extension is presented. The simulations were made using a model of a polyethylene globule containing 500 carbon and 1002 hydrogen atoms, which represents a small part of a bulk polymer specimen. The main objective of this work was to analyze the macromolecule structure evolution as well as to obtain stress- strain diagrams for the process. It is found that the stress- strain diagrams consist of three parts. The first part is due to deformation annealing, the second part is associated with work-hardening and the third one is connected with formation of an oriented structure. On the basis of the structure changes a molecular theory of deformation is suggested.

The paper describes goals, functions and principal algorithms implemented in on-line editor for nanotechnology computer aided design (CAD) system. The system is aimed at design of nanomachines via Internet.

In this contribution we will discuss recent results obtained from Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations of early stages of thin film deposition for metal atoms and clusters on metal substrates. As a first example we will discuss the deposition of Cu atoms on a Pb single crystal surface. In this case our MD calculations could verify an experimentally observed new growth mode in deposition, which was named subsurface island growth. As a second example we will discuss the possibilities and processes occurring during thin film deposition, if instead of atoms clusters (consisting of up to a few hundred atoms) are used. As an example we present the deposition of Al cluster of different size (ranging from 60 atoms up to 1000 atoms per cluster) on a Cu surface.

Semiempirical potentials for DO₁₉ type Ti₃Al are derived with use of the modified embedded atom method formalism. The potential function is determined by using the measured lattice constants sublimation energies, elastic constants and vacancy formation energy. The potentials are used to calculate the antiphase boundary energies and (gamma) - surfaces in a basal, prism and pyramid planes.

Blocking of 2c+a superdislocation when part of c+a/2 superpartial dislocation go to the cross slip plane was considered within the context of the isotropic theory of elasticity in Ti₃Al single crystals. The 'roof'-type dislocation barriers formed as a result of resplitting of 1/6< vector 1 vector 1 26> superdislocations of the edge and screw orientations from the pyramid planes of the I and II kinds to their cross-slip planes were shown to be energetically favorable. The activation energy of formation of 'roof'-type barriers on 2c+a superdislocations was calculated.

The results of molecular dynamics calculations of the energetic barriers for phosphorus substitution and different radiation-induced interstitial configurations have been presented. The data on energetic barriers for the transitions between interstitial configurations are presented too. On the base of results obtained the model for phosphorus impurity effective diffusivity estimation in bcc iron under irradiation is proposed. Phosphorus diffusivity is investigated in relation of the temperature and the rate of radiation defects generation.

Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been performed to study the character of disordering atom configurations in Si surface layers. The relaxation of free Si surface was investigated. The main structural parameters were calculated, such as a distribution of angles between chemical bonds, the density of dangling bonds, structural peculiarities of Si surface layers and radiation effects. It was concluded that Si surface at real conditions is a disordered phase similar to a- Si.

Molecular dynamics simulations of model lipid monolayers of 2,3-diacyl-D-glycerolipids [using the nomenclature of M. Sundaralingam, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 195, 324-355 (1972)], that contained stearoyl in the position 3 and oleoyl, linoleoyl or linolenoyl in the position 2, have been carried out. One nanosecond simulations were performed at T equals 295 K. C-C and C-H bond order parameter profiles and the bond orientation distributions about the monolayers normals have been calculated. The relation of the distributions to the order parameters was analyzed in terms of maxima and widths of the distributions. The cis double bond order parameter is found to be more high than those of adjacent single C-C bonds. The bond orientation distribution function widths depend on both the segment location in the chain and the segment chemical structure. The widths of the two distributions of C-H bonds of the cis double bond segment in linoleoyl and linolenoyl molecules are much smaller than that obtained for CH₂ group located between the double bonds.

For strongly anisotropic polymer crystals Peierls barrier for dislocations with the Burgers vector parallel to the molecule axes is so small, that it can be neglected. In such case dissociation of dislocation dipoles should be the basic mechanism of plastic deformation. To study this phenomenon we developed the program, simulating dynamic behavior of a two- dimensional monoclinic polyethylene monocrystal. Numerical experiment has confirmed the theoretical prediction of dissociation stress of dislocation dipole. Effective inertial mass of a dislocation and effective viscosity involved in a dislocation movement were measured.

The paper aims to illustrate three advantages of infrared thermography as a non-destructive, non-contact and real-time technique (a) to observe the progressive damage processes and failure mechanisms of leather, (b) to detect the occurrence of intrinsic dissipation localization, and (b) to evaluate a threshold of acceptable damage. The parameter, investigated in this paper, is the heat generation due to intrinsic dissipation caused by anelasticity and/or inelasticity of leather. It readily describes the damage location and the failure evolution of leather for sport foot-wear.

The rotational model of kink, which can explain the rotation mobility and self-diffusion of linear macromolecules in the crystallites of flexible chain polymers has been proposed. We take into account both the rotation of molecular groups and the deformation of chains in the intermolecular field. The potential energy of kink-like deformation has been found when a chain described by two groups of degrees of freedom.

Molecular dynamics investigation of central impact of thin plate impactor to target form the same material is presented. The particles are interpreted as elements of the mesoscopic scale level. Relation of the strain, velocity, and dispersion inside the material on the longitudinal coordinate z is investigated. It is shown that the particle velocity dispersion is initialized by the shock wave front and follows it with a small delay. From the computer experiments it follows that in spite of the double free surface velocity rise the velocity dispersion on the free surface doesn't increase. Kinetic processes in the zone of the spall fracture are investigated.

Modeling and visualization of architectural space have evolved dramatically in scope and breadth in the course of the last three years. With the advent of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) architectural designers are now confronted with the exciting possibilities of (1) constructing their ideas in virtual 3-D web space, (2) navigating the models involved in diverse fashions keeping continuous dynamic control of perspective in ways unheard of ever before and (3) finding new uses to the models produced such as, in the discernible future, non-destructive simulation and testing applications, a fascinating possibility that underlies the conceptual core of this paper. Yet, to the majority of architects, even to those related with the Internet/WWW, the new potentialities of online VRML-built models remain mystifying and distant yet. This paper attempts to cast some initial light on the subject by providing an overview of VRML in actual architectural applications under different institutions and/or initiatives, seeking a topology that allow to analyze them on a comparative basis and speculating on the potentials of future virtual reality modeling as predictive tools in architecture.

The article presents an algorithmic approach to a problem of real time rain and snow modeling. This problem usually appears in computer games and virtual reality systems development. For solving of a problem of weather effects visualization a new method was developed. In this method a procedural texture of modeling effect is created by using particle system as a model. This texture then is used in the rendering process. The method is quite general and can be used for modeling different weather effects such as snow, rain, etc. Due to high speed of algorithms using this method it is possible to apply it in real-time applications.

The scheduling on a multiprocessors is studied from the viewpoint of guarantees for each task that it will finish execution no later than its deadline. It is considered the problem of the comparative estimation of heuristic scheduling functions with respect to the chosen metric.

The goal of research is to consistently build an animation system for a virtual reality system. At first let us define what animation is and what it does. A natural way supposes that virtual reality systems have characters to move and act within it. Each character is represented as a set of geometry pieces. Such pieces join hierarchically as nodes to form a clump. For a node hierarchical link is associated with a transformation matrix. Such transformation matrix represents three-dimensional space conversion for a node basing upon the node father three-dimensional space. Usually that means that the transformation matrix represents a node position and orientation relative to its father. Let us suppose that we change a single transformation matrix a bit. Because of the construction, some nodes will remain intact and some will shift to another position and/or change orientation. Those nodes that shift are the node where the matrix has been changed and all its descendants down the hierarchy. Now let us suppose that we change several transformation matrices at the same time. More movement will take place. This way we can change one character pose to another and thus create any number of character poses. Organizations of such poses forms an animation system task in terms of a virtual reality system. Maintaining organized change of transformation matrices forms an animation system task in programming terms.

The problem of finding the most meaningful features encountered in pattern recognition applications is studied. The number of features is supposed to be large enough, while the volume of statistical data is limited. In that case the factor analysis procedures to find the most meaningful features turn to be inefficient. Therefore it is suggested to introduce the separation in the space of features equal to the Euclidean distance with positive weighting factors for each component. The zero weighting factor means that the respective feature is not used for classification. The problem posed is that of optimal selection of the weighting factors.

The paper is devoted to cartographic data visualization. Initial data is presented by point coordinate array with the specified altitude values. The purpose of developed algorithm is building topographic maps with automated color placing, where the point color corresponds to the point altitude value. Two types of the maps are considered in the paper: physical maps and schematic terrain relieves. Algorithm is based on the primary data handling with Delaunay triangulation and sequential approximation of the altitudes of raster image points (or grid nodes for terrain relief). As post-processing, B-splines blending is applied to increase visual quality of the map.

During pulsed laser deposition ions with kinetic energies of the order of 100 eV can already cause intermixing of nm- periodical multilayers followed by non-conventional phase formation in the transition layers. In the present paper experimental studies of concentration profiles in Ni/C, Fe/Al, Co/Cu multilayers prepared by pulsed laser deposition are compared with ballistic simulations of the deposition process. It was found that generally the ballistic simulation provides the right order of magnitude of the real transition layer width. Unusual phase formation in transition layers including supersaturation, amorphization, pseudomorphism, demixing, and interface coarsening are considered to be a result of solid- state processes directed towards minimization of the free energy of the system.

The (SiC)_1-x(AlN)_x binary system is widely investigated now. In reference 1 the possibility of using of ion implantation (Al⁺ and N⁺) in 6H-SiC under high temperatures to create (SiC)_1-x(AlN)_x is first reported. The samples having been heated to 200 degrees Celsius, 400 degrees Celsius, 600 degrees Celsius and 800 degrees Celsius have been irradiated by ions, and after it the RBS-profiles of generated defects have been obtained. Then the samples have been annealed at 1200 degrees Celsius and RBS- spectra have been obtained again. The main results obtained in reference 1 and 2 are presented. In reference 2 - 4 we suggested the model of defect structure evolution in silicon carbide under ion irradiation. The aim of this work is to develop this model taking into account internal stress field.

Recently, nanostructural materials attract large attention. In these materials nanoparticles have a sizes from several nanometer up to several tens nanometer. Among these materials the special place belongs to materials such as metal or semi- conductor nanoinclusions (NI) in dielectric matrix, in particular, in oxides. These substances have unique electrical and optical properties (for example, due to size quantization) and can present a basis for a new class of microelectronic and optical devices. The systems with NI in oxides can be received by manufacturing oxides with excess cation components and subsequent precipitating these components. Such oxides are formed either by direct introduction of excess atoms (ions) into oxide or creation of oxygen depletion (restoration) of an initial material with stoichiometric composition. One of the basic methods of creation of such systems is ion implantation. Dioxide of silicon with NI of silicon (SiO₂:Si) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with zirconium NI [ZrO₂ (Y):Zr] serve as examples of oxide systems with NI and are among the most promising materials of this class. The method of creation SiO₂:Si is based on ion implantation of silicon in SiO₂ and subsequent annealing. As to creation of system ZrO₂ (Y):Zr, it is necessary to note, that the irradiation of YSZ by He⁺ and Zr⁺ leads to formation NI of zirconium without subsequent annealing. In the present work some new data concerning formation and properties of the above pointed systems are presented.

Numerous investigations demonstrated experimentally the possibility of ion irradiation to affect the structure and properties of solids in the layers that are as far from the surface as several micrometer or more ('long-range effect,' LRE). The special kind of LRE is the throughout penetrating alteration of mechanical properties of metal foils (10 - 100 micrometer thick) under low doses (10¹³ - 10¹⁶ cm^-2) of ion irradiation ('low-dose long-range effect,' LDLRE). At such doses and ion fluxes used (j less than 10 (mu) A/cm²), substrate heating is small. Therefore, the mechanisms involving macroscopic temperature rise may be excluded (deep diffusion of impurities, plastic strain due to temperature gradients, etc.). As some investigations show, similarly phenomena take place not only for ion irradiation but for many other actions on surface layers of solids: friction, lapping, polishing, chemical and chemical-mechanical etching, plasma-etching, etc. Recently, we established that even such a 'soft' irradiation as one with 0.95 micrometer light causes the increase of microhardness on the back side of 20 micrometer-thick permolloy-79 foil. This phenomenon presents actually the long-range effect for light irradiation; it was named by us 'the effect of mechanical photo-memory of metals' (EMPMM). In this report, we briefly review the regularities of LDLRE and EMPMM. Further, we discuss models of these effects and give some arguments in favor of suggested model of EMPMM basing on our results of molecular-dynamical computation.

The radiation stability of AlN polycrystals with wurzite structure and BN polycrystals with hexagonal and rhombohedral structure irradiated with Ar⁺ and Kr⁺ ions was studied experimentally and by computer simulation for normal and oblique incidence. Absolute values of the sputtering yield from AlN were measured for the first time and used to choose the binding energy in the simulation model. Radiation strength of BN to ion irradiation is much higher than that of AlN. The effect of low-energy electron irradiation on surface structure was studied. It was found that, in contrast with BN, the surface of AlN is not modified by electrons.

The new approach for the determination of displacement threshold energies (E_d) of impurity atoms in multicomponent targets has been proposed. The approach combines an experimental SIMS-profiling technique and a computer simulation by a dynamic DYTRIRS code. The developed approach was applied for the determination of E_d the for Al and In impurity atoms in GaAs targets.

The work is devoted to the investigation of the interaction of light particles with 1s- and 1p-nuclei. The knock-out reactions (x,xy) on these nuclei at the energy range 30 - 200 MeV were studied. The nuclear wave functions of different theoretical models (shell model and cluster model) were used in the analysis. The interaction of incident particle x and intranuclear particle y was described in the frame of t-matrix approximation. The nonlocal separable two-particle t-matrixes were used in the calculations. These t-matrixes were obtained from the xy-elastic scattering data analysis. The results indicate the adequacy of t-matrix approximation for (x,xy) reactions.

The new software package RANGE for the calculation of the statistical parameters of range and deposited energy depth distributions in atomic collisions cascade caused in multicomponent media by ion bombardment is presented. Possible primary energies covers the range from 100 eV to 1000 MeV/a.m.u. This code is based on the specially developed new numerical method of solving of the Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation. Unlike others similar approaches the presented method permit us to extend this approach to include directly the case of homogeneous compound targets without of the losses of calculation accuracy. It is possible to take into consideration any ion-target combination both for mono- and polyatomic homogeneous targets (such as gases, metals, semiconductors, chemical compounds, and many others) containing up to 10 of different kinds of the atoms. Also RANGE code make possible the selection of the models of elastic cross-section and electronic stopping power (including ZBL ones which being used in very known TRIM code). Testing of RANGE code have shown a good quantitative agreement of the calculation data on the ranges and damages depth profiles both with the many experimental ones and with the corresponding calculations in the frame of Monte-Carlo technique at same selection of the stopping and scattering models.

Interest of conductive cluster physics is stimulated by its possible applications to nano- and micro-electronics. Modification of Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) properties by introduction of metallic nanoclusters (e.g. copper) is of great interest because of the possibility to vary useful properties of the material and to give deeper insight into its structure. One of the way to make DLC film is to grown it by ion co-sputtering of graphite and copper. The grown films have been investigated by electron microscopy (TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) and optical absorption. In present work the model is proposed of evolution of copper nanoclusters during DLC film growth. The size distribution function of these clusters have been obtained with satisfactory agreement with experimental results. The value of surface activation migration energy of copper has been estimated. The main assumptions of the model are the following: (1) Numerical estimations show that during film growth copper and carbon atoms fall on film surface with low energy insufficient to deep penetrate into the sample. Therefore only surface processes are taken into account. (2) Copper atoms may diffuse only on film surface, because copper diffusion in bulk DLC is negligible. So all diffusion processes occur during growth of one or two monolayers of the film. (3) Diffusing copper atoms may create bi-clusters and join to already existing clusters to form clusters with bigger sizes. So copper clusters with different sizes exist in the film.

A fractal-cluster model of condensation based on the approaches developed for nonequilibrium plasma dynamics is presented. A model enables to describe the main properties of the metal particles forming under nonequilibrium conditions in the fast expanding plasma and vapor jets.

Multifunctional coatings from materials with amorphized microcrystalline or nano-phase structure cause a considerable scientific and practical interest. With their help it is to manufacture heat resistant neutralizers of harmful ejections, to produce ecologically clean sources of electric current, to design electromagnetic protective shields and to fabricate a lot of other technical products. The variety of application and a unique complex of operating characteristics (ductility, strength, magnetic and chemical properties) are governed by the basic peculiarity of material in amorphized state -- its thermodynamic instability. In comparison with traditional thermodynamically equilibrium metallic alloys, the kinetics of structure changes in amorphous materials is quite different. Thus, it is suggested, that they have peculiar defects (phasonics) which are not typical of materials in crystalline state, they have no translational symmetry and elementary cells. In the process of coatings forming with non-equilibrium structure states can be realized in them, which are characterized by a fluctuation type of origin, entropy export, appearance of space or temporary symmetry uncertainty of the transition direction 'order $ARLR disorder' in bifurcation points. The aforesaid explains a great scientific (not only practical) interest in the structure study of disordered medium. Functional coatings with amorphized, nano- and microcrystalline structure components formed on copper substrate by plasma spraying of dispersed (to 50 mcm) Ni-Al powder. According to the constitutional diagram it was expected to obtain a mixture from equilibrium intermetallide phases NiAl₃ + Ni₂Al₃. The experimental results and investigations performed by X-ray structure, X-ray spectrum and electron microscopy techniques have shown it is possible to obtain phases of variable composition (Ni)_m(Al)_n with Ni content from 25 to 75 vol.%, including NiAl. It turned out that in the process of spraying the dispersed particles of the size 3 - 70 mcm were generating at the coating surface, which differed significantly in morphology, crystallinity degree and chemical composition. Thus, equiaxial and scaly particles stand out in their morphologic characteristics among particles. Scales are fixed as isolated aggregates on the whole coating, including the surface of equiaxial formations. It has been determined the internal structure of thin scales is amorphous of they contain above 50 vol.% Ni. This fact is illustrated by a typical diffusion halo around the central reflex in microdiffractional picture. Massive scales and equiaxial particles are classified as nano- and microcrystalline objects of variable chemical composition. On the basis of the obtained experimental data it is possible to state that the amorphized state can be detected with a high probability in particles containing above 50 vol.% Ni, having a scaly appearance and relief contour with a fractional space dimensionality. The latter agrees with the principle of the existence of a close correlation between stoichiometry and geometrical peculiarities of the phase solidified. The experimental results were used as the base of formation process model for amorphized particles.

In the paper an opportunity to initiate martensite transformation under ultrasound action is shown. The mathematical model for calculation of this effect has been applied.

In our paper an opportunity to initiate the shape memory effect (SME) with the help of ultrasonic vibrations (US) is shown. Influence of an ultrasound on the plastic deformation of the NiTi-wire under the action of a one-directed stretching is investigated. The behavior of the 'nitinol' is shown when T approximately equals M_s different from Langenecker's effect.

Several years ago, the use of shape memory alloys (SMA) in industrial applications gained a real interest. Even if SMA suppliers can produce a wide variety of materials, the elaboration of efficient and optimized applications remains quite hazardous due to the lack of computer-aided design tools. To fill this gap, a new phenomenological material law based on kriging was recently developed. From a single formulation constructed with isothermal tensile curves, the model calculates the thermomechanical behavior of SMA including superelasticity, one-way and assisted two-way shape memory effects among others. The paper presents the concepts that are used to generalize the model from a uniaxial to a tensorial formulation. Equivalent values defined from a Prager criterion are adapted from plasticity. Numerical results are validated by a series of experimental curves obtained with SMA samples for different loading conditions. The generalized material law is intended to be implemented with finite elements in order to calculate the thermomechanical behavior of complex shape memory devices.

In the presented report the basses of the theory of nonelasticity with cross-links are formulated, which theory is a result of developing the ideas of Novozilov's statistical theory of nonelasticity. All postulates of the new case of the theory are analyzed and discussed in details. The questions of thermodynamically consistency of the theory and selection of active flow surfaces are discussed. The initial boundary value problem for this theory is formulated as weak Cauchy of the corresponding subspace of the Banach's space. The theorem of existence of initial boundary value problem solution and its uniqueness is formulated, the limitations on the theory parameters are represented. At the first part of report the principle of construction and implementations of constitutive equations are presented. For the illustration of model properties for one theory cases a rheological model for the constitutive low is given. The detailed analytically analyses for simple cases of loading are given. As one of the results the analytically investigations are limitation on the material constants, depending of its behavior under the cyclical loading. The methods of detecting the material parameters, by the experimental data are given. The stress-strain diagrams represented results of computation for complex cyclic loading paths. The good correspondence between the experimental data and computer simulation is shown. The description of effects of super elasticity and shape memory effects is given. The rules for computing jumps of material parameters in the points of phase transactions are given. The effects of depend the flow limit and material constants from the temperature are taken into account. Such effects of phase transformations under the temperature influence as shape memory are presented. It becomes possible in the scope of mathematically simple equations to describe a lot of effects induced by temperature.

An account of crystallographic features of fcc $ARLR hcp transformations as well as of plastic accommodation of martensite has allowed to describe accumulation of strain under a constant stress at cyclic variations of temperature. The model also gives the recovery of this strain at subsequent thermal cycles when the stress is removed.

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is used for investigation of magnetic structure in steels Fe - 28 Mn - 8.5 Al - 1C - 1.4Si under the different regimes of isotermic aging. A theoretical model for the MFM image of such a structure is developed. Also the calculation method of the van der Waals forces is considered which may be used for the interpretation of the topography measurements. The utility of MFM data is demonstrated for testing of micromagnetic structure of steels and conditions are formulated which should be fulfilled to look into its details.

Many-dimensional technology simulation in microelectronics is the extremely actual problem. Here it is important to know how random fluctuations of the technological parameters affect on the impurity concentration profiles. We used the pattern recognition method as one of the effective tool for the solution of this problem. Expert analysis system as an effective tool for numerical calculation database processing is discussed.

In this contribution we report on a study of the phase transformation in variously structure defect density constructional steel at isothermal conditions near Ac1 temperature. Using TEM and microhardness methods it demonstrated that in isothermal conditions Ac1 temperature does not depend on structural imperfection of steel. The increase of steel structure defect density result in reduction of incubation period of phase alpha-gamma transformation.

The reverse time of flight technique, used by the High Resolution Fourier Diffractometer at the IBR-2 pulsed reactor of the FLNP in Dubna, Russia, is exploited to approach the neutron diffraction measurement of Residual Stress (RS) state in a UNI-Fe510D (Italian code) ferritic steel welded plate. Stresses very near to the yield strength have been found and an inevitable intergranular microstress state overlaps to the weld process stresses. A constant uniaxial stress along the axis transversal to the weld also overlaps to weld stresses. The former brings to oscillations in the total stress behavior and to unphysical values, and is unfortunately not directly detectable. Results are nevertheless in good agreement with previous works and with the theoretical consideration which have to be done to calculate the unstrained lattice parameter. This has been found not to vary from the parent material to the welded zone.

With a gas carburizing treatment processed to a pearlitic spherical graphite cast iron, investigations were carried out about its high cycle fatigue characteristics and wear resistance. The high cycle fatigue characteristics were evaluated by its rotary bending fatigue test, and fatigue strength was improved about 20 MPa greater than in test pieces before they are carburized. The starting point of fracture is from graphites in the vicinity of surface or from microdefects in casting, and a fracture mechanism of which starting point is in its internal part was not found. Furthermore, a better result was obtained in the wear resistance test than in that of austempered spherical graphite cast iron. Those were expressed by the difference of matrix structures.

The method is described which enables to determine microtexture, that is orientation distribution within individual grains of polycrystal. The microtexture is evaluated on the base of X-ray pole distributions measured for separate reflections, referred to as microscopic pole figures (MPF). The procedure for treatment of experimental MPF and the following computation of orientation distribution function is described in detail. The precision of the microtexture evaluation and possible ways of its improvement are discussed. As an example of the method application, orientation distribution within a single grain of aluminum polycrystal deformed by uniaxial compression up to 32% has been examined. Mean rotation of the grain lattice differs from that predicted theoretically. Furthermore, the orientation spread inside the grain develops with increasing plastic strain, that is of the same order of magnitude that the mean grain rotation.

It was studied mechanism of creating nanodefects on Au and Cu surfaces under load by scanning tunnelic microscopy. The defects look likes a print of triangle prism with angle about 70 degrees. The defects appear, grow and then disappear. If the value of the depth does not reach a critical value (about 20n nm for Au and 15n nm for Cu where n is integer) the time of their life is not more 1 - 10 min. When the depth of the defects reach the critical value, the time of their life increases more than three order. Appearing and evolution of the defects is caused by shift the bands of material width from 5 to 50 nm on several nanometers in direction to planes of easy sliding.

The peculiarities of stress and deformation behavior of polycrystalline materials and unambiguous influence of a grain size on their strength are determined by a dual role of grain boundaries. On one part, they are sources and barriers for moving dislocations, on the other part, under certain conditions they may serve sinks of infinite capacity for them. As strong barriers grain boundaries limit the dislocations free path and thereby promote the process of more intensive accumulation of dislocations in grains and additional strain- hardening of a polycrystalline aggregate compared with a monocrystalline solid. As sinks and the places where dislocations annihilate they, opposite, favor decreasing the dislocation density in grains and promote thereby the process of strain-softening and falling deformation stresses. With the first role of grain boundaries are linked such characteristic features of the strength of poly-crystalline materials as the dependence of their yield stress (sigma) _0.2 and microhardness H on a grain size d (the Hall-Petch law, (sigma) _0.2, H approximately d^-1/2) and the grain size dependence of a dimension of cells (Lambda) in cell dislocation structure, (Lambda) approximately d^1/2.

Relaxation of misfit stresses in heteroepitaxial systems occurs in many cases via the generation of either perfect or partial misfit dislocations (MDs). The formation of a row of parallel partial MDs has been theoretically described with the help of the simplified energetic approach do not taking into account interactions of MDs with the free surface and pre- existent misfit stresses as well as dislocation-dislocation interactions. However, these interactions are expected to essentially influence on behavior of partial MDs as it is the case with perfect ones. The main aim of this work is to theoretically examine the energetics of partial MDs located in the tips of V-shaped stacking faults with the above interactions being taken into account.

Changes of surfaces {100} of single crystals LiF, KCl, NaCl by the actions on them a constant electrical field in air have been experimentally found. The changes are displayed as microscopic drops of a viscous liquid formation, which undergo changes during long-duration aging.

The contribution is intended to present some of the porosity and residual stress measurements of the plasma-sprayed sheets of free-standing ceramics (Al₂O₃ + 4%TiO₂ + 1%Fe₂O₃). The following relationships have been studied: porosity vs. sheet thickness, porosity vs. spray distance, residual stresses vs. porosity and residual stresses vs. sheet thickness. The correlation between the residual stresses on the free surface of the sheets and on the surface that was in contact with the steel substrate has been investigated.

In this paper we describe the possibility to define a homogenized constitutive law for periodic assemblies of elastic bodies in contact. Such a law is constructed starting from a large number of numerical experiments, then the global properties of the material are derived from the experiments and used in global computations which give results in good agreement with usual 'heterogeneous' computations.

Constitutive equations if expressed in corotational variables have one significant privilege: they satisfy to the principle of material objectivity identically. They also satisfy to the second law of thermodynamics if we use the method of rheological models for their composition.

Stress-strain plane state of granular-elastic layered media is under investigation. Several horizontal granular layers are laying on an elastic one, which is weakened by a round hole. The attention is paid to evaluating the upper surface displacements. The Kandaurov's model of stresses in granular medium is used. The displacements of grains are described by the generalized Litwiniszyn-Muller's model. Authors have introduced the stresses into the stochastic equations for the trajectories of grains. General problem is reduced to three sequentially solved ones: (1) evaluating stresses in the granular layers; (2) solving stress-strain problem for the elastic layer; (3) calculating the displacements in granular layers.

Let ^tT be a bounded 3D domain with Lipschitz boundary (Gamma) , (sigma) equals (pi) R ² is a prescribed displacement on (Gamma) (volume forces are absent). We denote by A(u,v) equals integral_(Omega ) L(epsilon) (u) (DOT) (epsilon) (v) dx bilinear form corresponding to the first elasticity problem where L is a tensor of Hooke's law written in the tensor form (sigma) equals L(epsilon) (isotropic case will be the subject of consideration) and by V a subspace of Sobolev space W₂¹((Omega) ,R³) that is V equals {v equalsV W₂¹((Omega) ,R³) v equals 0 on (Gamma) }. We assume that g_i equalsV W₂^1/2((Gamma) ) and A(u,v) is V-elliptic bilinear form. A weak solution of the first elasticity problem is a vector- valued function.

We consider a uniformly infinite cylindrical indentor of large radius rolling in one direction across the surface of a viscoelastic half-space, the response of which is modelled as that of a standard linear solid. We adopt the non-inertial approximation. An integral equation is derived together with subsidiary conditions and an algorithm for their numerical solution is developed. Alternately accelerating and decelerating periodic motions are considered and results compared with those for the steady-state solution.

The experimental-theoretical research of the plastic deformations of thin-walled tubular specimens was executed. The results of experience and forecasts of the kinematical hardenings model, multisurface model and one of structural model of a material were compared. The adequacy of models with the complexity of researched processes was established proceeding from sufficient accuracy of forecasting of deformations, stresses, saved and dissipative deformations energies. The researches are executed for complex periodic loading paths, containing partial and complete unloadings.

The direct modeling of fatigue cracks propagation with nonlinear paths is carried out on the base of continuum damage mechanics concept. The crack initiation and propagation is assumed to occur within the current plane of maximal damage. The various damage measures are introduced and compared for the prediction of the crack growth direction. The influence of the crack configuration on the effect of crack closure and propagation rate is investigated for the different types of crack trajectory. Elasto-plastic finite element analysis of the steel sharp notched specimens with a single crack under plane cyclic bending is performed for the different cases of loading. Comparison of numerical results and experimental data has been presented and discussed.

This paper presents new approach to the fracture analysis of laminated composite structures (laminates). The first part of the paper is devoted to the general algorithm, which allows to obtain critical stresses for any structure considering only the strip made from the same laminate. The algorithm is based on the computation of the energy release rates for all three crack modes and allows to obtain macro-failure parameters such as critical stresses through the micro-fracture characteristics. The developed algorithm is also based on the locality principle in mechanics of composite structures and sequential heterogenization method. The algorithm can be applied both for classical models of laminates with homogenous layers and new 3D finite element (FE) models of interfacial cracks in multidirectional composite structures. The results of multilevel, multimodel and multivariant analysis of 3D delamination problems with detailed microstructure in the crack tip zone are presented.

The second part of the paper is devoted to the implementation of the presented algorithm. To validate the proposed general algorithm several problems are computed. One is the fracture analysis of 4-layered symmetrical laminate with respect to stacking angles. The other is the prediction of the most probable interface and the critical stresses for the onset of delaminations. The results of multilevel, multimodel and multivariant analysis of 3D delamination problems with detailed microstructure in the crack tip zone are also presented.

In present work, the stress, vibration and buckling finite element analysis of laminated beams is performed. Review of the equivalent single-layer (ESL) laminate theories is done. Finite element algorithms and procedures integrated into the original FEA program system and based on the classical laminated plate theory (CLPT), first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), third-order theory of Reddy (TSDT-R) and third- order theory of Kant (TSDT-K) with the use of the Lanczos method for solving of the eigenproblem are developed. Several numerical tests and examples of bending, free vibration and buckling of multilayered and sandwich beams with various material, geometry properties and boundary conditions are solved. New effective higher-order hierarchical element for the accurate calculation of transverse shear stress is proposed. The comparative analysis of results obtained by the considered models and solutions of 2D problems of the heterogeneous anisotropic elasticity is fulfilled.

The role of problem of computer synthesis of a human motion for a traditional problem of control generalized and muscular forces determination is discussed. It is emphasized significance of computer model choice for adequate analysis kinematic and dynamic experimental data. On the basis of an imitation computer model influence of model's parameters values is demonstrated. With help of non-stationary constraints we can simulate human motions that satisfy to the most significant parameters of the concerned class of motion. Some results of simulation are discussed. We arrive at a conclusion that for correct interpretation of an experiment mixed problem of bodies system dynamics must be solved.

Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is a standard tool for interactive 3D graphics content of WWW pages, like HTML is for 2D pages. The main problem restricting use of this tool is a low performance rate: too long downloading VRML models through low bandwidth channels and slow rendering on personal computers. The paper summarizes our techniques to cope with the problem.