The critical understanding of a science can be carried out with various disciplinary positions -economic, culturological, ethical, psychological and so on. In given paper the problems of a science considered through a prism of philosophy from the point of view of a situation, science, which has usually in philosophy, will be analysed at the end of XX centuries caused establishing historically guided "new philosophy of a science", critically evaluating of orthodoxly —positivistic program "of logic of a science", opening probable horizons of social -cultural, hunianistical and valuel understanding of a science and scientific creativity.

The modem scientific reason which has survived by the end centuries a number fo structural changes, is anxious with searches of methodology answering a new stage of the development A priority direction of this search becomes the problem of roof taking of a science in culture based on representation that the science is one of most complecated kinds of cultural activity.

The dependence of the quality of object imaging through a localized scattering layer is interpreted. IT is shown that this dependence is determined not only by the optical characteristics of the medium, but also by the brightness structure of objects and by the presence (or absence) or an external illumination source.

The paper is devoted to investigation of evolution of angular distribution of electromagnetic waves intensity in a thick layer of a random statistically anisotropic medium. The medium anisotropy is caused by the presence of prolate random inhomogeneities of the refraction index oriented along the normal to the medium boundary. Oblique and normal illumination of the medium by plane electromagnetic wave and wave beam is considered. The characteristic gap in the wave intensity angular distribution is detected. The investigation is made by Monte-Carlo simulation as well as by solution of the beam intensity equation.

In the given work on the basis of the statistical characteristics of fluctuations of a log of amplitude and phase of optical waves the research of statistical characteristics of a field and intensity of the frequency- diversity waves propagation through a layer of turbulent atmosphere is conducted. The consideration is carried out in an approximation of thin randomly inhomogeneous screen. The work is devoted to a detail research of functions of a mutual coherence second- and fourth-order of the frequency- diversity optical wave beams in turbulent atmosphere. The asymptotic expression for function of frequency correlation of intensity fluctuations of plane optical waves is obtained. Is shown, that the hypothesis of normalization of fluctuations of optical radiation field for the description of the fourth-order coherence function of frequency- diversity waves in a turbulent medium is not applicable.

The estimates of absorption of CO-, HF- and DF-lasers multifrequency radiation along extended atmospheric paths are presented in the paper. Peculiarities in the behavior of absorption characteristics depending on the path profile, spectrum of the laser emission, and meteorological conditions are analyzed. We also analyze the influence of thermal nonlinearity on the beam characteristics.

Current state of the Internet accessible integrated information-computational system Atmospheric Optics and its usage as a background for the propagation problem consideration are reported. The system joins the results of experimental and field measurements of optical characteristics of atmosphere gathered at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics with developed theoretical models for computation and prognosis of optical properties of the atmosphere. It integrates currently the following interrelated topical subsystems: atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric radiation, molecular spectroscopy and statistical models of the atmosphere designed on the base of Internet technologies as sites in the Web. As an illustration of the possible system usage the propagation of the laser radiation along the chosen atmospheric path is considered.

The optical vortices arise around zero points of intensity, which lie on the zero-crossing lines of real and imaginary parts of wave field on real-plane. The appearance of the optical vortices is an indication of transition of wave into a new more complex state. Numerous theoretical and experimental papers are devoted to the investigation of such objects; the points are located in the recovery problems of optical wave fields. However, the localization of the real- plane zero points is impossible for experimental data because of discretization and quantization of signals. Therefore an analytical model is necessary to study the creation and the annihilation of the opticla vortex pair and other special points at wave propagation. The wave field in the investigated area is approximated by irreducible second order polynomial of two variable for conservation of local convexity of zero-crossing lines. It has been found analytically and numerically that the local minima of intensity precede the zero, that is complicated point without vortex and which, during wave evolution, bifurcate in two real-plane zero points separated by the saddle point.

In this short review we consider the results of experimental investigations of the level (variance) of amplitude time fluctuations of laser beam radiation at its propagation in snowfall. The paper describes the influence of the medium characteristics, laser beam parameters and the receiver diameter.

The paper presents an overview of the results of the authors investigations into the turbulence on the laser beam parameters propagating along double-passage of the correlated (monostatic) and uncorrelated (bistatic) paths. For the conditions of weak fluctuations we considered a variance and mean intensity on an axis of a wave by reflected from a diffraction- limited mirror when illuminating it by a quasi-spherical laser beam. The paper describes the results of the investigations of the turbulence affects on the formation by the receiving optical system of the image of a limited mirror reflector illuminated by a laser beam under conditions of strong fluctuations.

The propagation problem for a partially coherent wave field in inhomogeneous random media is considered in this work. The influence of the refraction, the inhomogeneity of gain (absorbing) medium properties and refraction parameter fluctuations on target radiation characteristics are taken into consideration. On the basis of the solution of the equation for the second order coherence function the ray- tracing technique makes an algorithm of the account of turbulence and medium inhomogeneity for arbitrary initial coherence.

A new method to overcome the anisoplanatic limitation in adaptive optics is proposed. We show that to enlarge field of view of a conventional adaptive optical system with a single corrector appropriate modification of correction algorithm is required. This modified algorithm is based on wavefront measurements from several guide stars. The number of guide stars and their allocation is studied in terms of field of view size. We develop a method for definition of optimal weight contribution of references into correction function. The method is checked on typical configurations of references. Possible scheme of wavefront reconstruction in multireference adaptive optics is also discussed.

An effect of anisoplanarity is caused by difference of aberrations on paths of the direct and reference beams. These differences are due to variances of path geometric characteristics (different angles or divergence) or due to the presence of temporal lag. In many cases the causes of these factors are similar, moreover, methods of their mathematical representations are similar too. Next factor limiting the possibility to use adaptive correction for turbulent aberrations is fast motion of an object. This imposes strict conditions on the rate of adaptive control and on the power of a Rayleigh beacon.

We present a novel technique to alleviate the problem of the global tilt in artificial guide stars for adaptive optics. This technique is based on the registration of trails of radio-excited plasma spots caused by the atmospheric tilt. Following the time trace of the trails one can find and measure the tilt produced by atmospheric turbulent layers. Different methods were applied to estimate the extent of the trails. We describe results of computer simulations, showing the performance of the proposed approach.

Some problems, connected with the development of ground- based adaptive telescope, particularly, with equipping it with an additional optical system for laser guide star formation, are treated in the paper. Different bistatic schemes for laser guide star formations are analyzed.

A review of the present-day state of satellites passive methods of atmosphere remote sensing is made. Four methods are considered: the transparency method, the method of reflected and scattered solar radiation, the thermal radiation and remote refractometry method. The physical and mathematical basis for each of these techniques is discussed briefly as well as their strong and weak points.

Self-formation of one or several soliton-like pulses from an initially nonsoliton powerful laser pulse during its propagation through different types of resonant single- and two-component medium is studied by using two-level and multi-level models of a medium.

In this paper the theoretical approach to the random data analysis of the non-Gaussian signal of the pulsed Doppler lidar in the turbulent atmosphere is proposed. This approach is based on the use of the results of the statistical study of the non-Gaussian signal when investigating the Doppler shift estimate. It is shown that the instantaneous Doppler shift estimate is approximately proportional to the value of the average radial velocity profile for the large scattering volume length. In the case of the small scattering volume length the instantaneous Doppler shift estimate is approximately proportional to the value of the true radial velocity profile. The measurement error variances of the profiles of the average and true radial wind velocities depend on the parameters of atmospheric turbulence and Doppler lidar.

A high average power laser oscillator with a cavity completed by a nonlinear mirror formed by refractive index gratings which accompany population gratings induced in Nd:YAG laser crystals by generating beams themselves is investigated experimentally. The spatio-temporal self- adaptation of the cavity formed by nonlinear dynamic mirrors is studied. The generation of beams with average power up to 250W, near-diffraction-limited divergence and long coherence length is demonstrated.

A novel method to control LC phase modulators is presented. Various modifications of modal LC correctors are described in detail, including adaptive spherical and cylindrical lenses and a 37-element wavefront corrector. Physical mechanisms are explained with the emphasis on their practical implications.

The possibility of the describing of electromagnetic eigenmodes (WGM) or a spherical particle by geometrical optics is shown. The estimations of surface deformations influence on a quality-factor (Q-factor) or resonant eigenmodes are carried out. The selection of resonant electromagnetic modes of the particle caused by surface deformations is shown. In ideal sphere the question on a competition of resonant modes will be decided always for the benefit of high quality electromagnetic modes usually be of low orders. But if the surface of a liquid particle is deformed when the advantage become higher order modes, which posses smaller values of Q-factor, but more resistant to deformations of particle surface.

The concept for a new approach to generating and receiving optical system for sodium guide star excitation based on solid-state laser technology and the stimulated Raman scattering/amplification in compressed gases is presented. Requirements to laser system for laser guide star generation are analyzed. The most promising SRS media are chosen.

Two modifications of two-wavelength interferometry method are suggested for testing severely distorted mirrors in adaptive optics. One of them is conventional modification demanding optical phase measurements at two light wavelengths. Two diode lasers generating in mid-IR spectral range at room temperature and sparse-array photodetectors are used in this case. Another modification is method of two-wavelength dynamic holography. IN last case optically addressed liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is supposed to be used as a dynamic hologram. It is shown that the proposed modifications of the two-wavelength interferometry method are perspective for testing severely aberrated mirrors with distortions up to 1 mm (that corresponds to 10...20 degree of maximum wavefront local slope in the exit pupil of controllable optical system).

In work on an example water-soluble phthalocyanines of zinc some laws of influence of structure on the spectral characteristics and condition of dye in a solution are investigated. Is shown, that the variation of a nature ionogenic substituents in macrocycle of phthalocyanine of zinc does not render the large influence on a situation of a long-wave band in an electronic spectrum of absorption. Is found out, that the condition of dye in a water solution essentially depends on character of the substituent in macrocycle. Quantum yields of generation of singlet oxygen and influence of biomolecules on this parameter experimentally are determined. Is received, that the efficiency of generation of singlet oxygen by the data sensitizers depends on their condition in a solution and is increased at disaggregation of dye and its interaction with biomolecules.