A metrological approach of some selected problems connected with the significant field of biomedical optics i.e., monitoring of arterial blood oxygenation by use of the tissues as optical media exposed to the controlled light action, has been presented. The subject of the measurements based on utilization of the selection absorption properties of blood is the hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Using optoelectronic sensing allows to convert sophisticated effects of noninvasive light-living tissue interaction to electrical signals which may be convenient to measure. Pulse oximetry which is based upon such a way of sensing and processing, is the recent advance in noninvasive oximetry. The unique advantages of that marvelous diagnostic technique have caused to recommend pulse oximeters as standard equipment in intensive care and other critical situations impending hypoxemia appearance. However, end-users of the pulse oximeters not always are aware of that these devices fall under specific limitations, of both physiological and technical nature. The author of this paper is a metrologist and deals mainly with various interdisciplinary problems of a measurement reliability including the aspects such as uncertainty of an outcome accessible to the user, causes affecting sensitivity, resolution and repeatability of processing function, and response time and stability of results. Referring to the subject discussed herein, and taking into account some open questions, the author's contribution is her own experience in modeling as well as in in vivo measuring of transilluminated living objects. A proposed novel use of the known pulse oximetry concept may be considered as complementary results against a general review background of the achievements obtained in oximetry as the state-of-the-art, and furthermore, the developing studies which are still in progress.

The principles of development of 'calibration-free' optoelectronic systems of biomedical diagnostics are considered. This system eliminates as much methodical errors caused by the changes of instrumental constants of emitting- receiving and recording blocks, by the pollution of optical surface, by the state of sued cuvettes, etc. The evaluation of accuracy of proposed methods is given.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most important health problems these days. It is one of the most frequent causes of pain and disability of middle-aged and old people. Nowadays the radiograph is the most economic and available tool to evaluate changes in OA. Error of performance of radiographs of knee joint is the basic problem of their evaluation for clinical research. The purpose of evaluation of such radiographs in my study was measuring the knee-joint space on several radiographs performed at defined intervals. Attempt at evaluating errors caused by a radiologist of a patient was presented in this study. These errors resulted mainly from either incorrect conditions of performance or from a patient's fault. Once we have information about size of the errors, we will be able to assess which of these elements have the greatest influence on accuracy and repeatability of measurements of knee-joint space. And consequently we will be able to minimize their sources.

An application of thermographic methods in pulmonological diagnostics in children is presented. Basic information concerning liquid crystal contact thermography is given. Diagnostic procedures and essential conclusions are described.

The subject of modern and save sunglasses is entertaining to many people especially due to anti-UV eye protection. Many people use glasses with anti-UV or blue-block coatings to driving or sun-tanning. There were analyzed transmittance and reflectance of different sunglasses made with thin-layer coatings. Sunglasses with absorption-interference protection are specially interesting due to technical simplicity of production.

Changes in the residual reflection color of antireflection coatings caused mainly by contamination are discussed and explained.

Implementation of the advances in all the domains of public life doesn't keep pace with the needs of the visually impaired. Therefor it is necessary to indicate these problems, that can be solved immediately, with advantage to visually impaired without special accommodations. Last times unprecise road traffic legislation can increase hazards to pedestrians in the streets, what pertains to many visually impaired. In these relations the visually impaired for whom the external world is seen without details, better perceives colors and contrast. There are presented some examples form the road traffic signaling and housing, to be modified without special difficulties and costs.

In this paper there is considered technique for the remote determination of scattering media optical characteristics based upon the concept of absence of a priori information. This technique includes the acquisition of reference values from measured signals themselves, which are informative relative to the determined characteristics, as well as the correction of the signals for the degree of changes of medium qualitative composition.

A short description of dry test constructions, chemical principles of action are presented. An example of statement of reflection spectra of described dry tests were shown. For this spectra the best region for determination of analytes by reflectance were selected. The results of a few examples of determination pollution in water an din milk were shown. The all determination had been carried out by dry tests. The reading was performed by comparison with a color scale. In case of flood water analysis determination had been carried out by comparison with a color scale, reflectometrically and by means of classic colorimetric methods.

Electromagnetic geotomography was presented, in which the distribution of electromagnetic waves attenuation coefficient in the earth was investigated. The method of measurement result processing was proposed, what resulted in the considerable reduction of the measured data errors level. The errors were classified as following: impulse disturbances, stochastic scatter of measurement results and errors resulting from the limitation of the field strength measurement instrument sensibility. The scope of applicability of the image reconstruction methods in electromagnetic geotomography was characterized. For this purpose, the following algorithms were selected: EM, MAP and RAMLA. The results of the image reconstruction of the electromagnetic waves attenuation distribution investigated in two different regions were illustrated. The comparative characteristics of the utilization effectiveness of the particular algorithms for the mentioned purpose was presented.

This paper present a CW low power ceilometer designed for cloud base high measurements. The 500mW CW IR laser of the ceilometer is modulated by a pseudo noise sequence. The scattered and delayed light signal is received by a correlation system with output bandwidth of only 3,5 Hz. This enables to obtain the ranges of 1.2 km to the clouds and the accuracy of the order of +/- 2.5 m to the solid objects. The following issues are discussed: principle of operation, deice architecture and error estimation. Some measurement results are also enclosed.

Some novel as well as known solutions and practical examples of application of quantum and wave optics technologies for optical security will be discussed. Absorption of photons can result in photothermodestruction, what is used for laser engraving. Absorbed photons may also evoke the luminescence. UV luminescence for protection of securities will be pointed out. Advantages of anti-Stokes IR luminescence will be presented as well. Wave optics phenomena like diffraction or interference, are practically used for construction of various types of optically variable devices for optical security. The protection by exploiting of interference phenomena in thin films will be pointed out, as well. The place of the discussed techniques in various security lines will be presented.

Counterfeited goods and documents existed always in the history and they still exist. In spite of the all undertaken protection means against forgery, the well-equipped and highly skilled individuals are able to copy many important documents. There is also no doubt that many strategically important products are placed on the market, illegally. Therefore, every one who is dealing with this problem should not only be concerned with the prevention of the falsifying, illegal copying or all kinds of faking but also with the methods for proper identification. To protect documents or products against forgery, one has to introduce an additional function that will alloy identifying its originality, definitively.

Well known properties of diffraction gratings are connected with their response to wavelength and polarization state of light incident on a grating. Although diffraction gratings are used as one of structures in modern optical security sings, their interesting properties seem to be rather rarely taken into consideration for distinguishing between originals and 'illegal' copies of optical marks. In this paper a relative simple diffraction structure and corresponding alterative method of inspection are proposed. This method can be particularly useful for machine reading, although its usability for visual inspection can also be considered.

Application of colorimetry in color identification for checking electronic components and quality of pulp paper is proposed. Inspection of missing electronic components during the assembly of the printed circuit board and dirty portions on pulp paper can be done by an analysis of color image. This method helps to improve the image-processing speed. Additionally, the inspection accuracy can be attained by the use of color iso discrimination contour criterion.

The joint transform correlator with a ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the input plane has ben used to study sensitivity of the system on the minor changes in the input object. The binarization and edge enhancement significantly improve the quality of the recognition and intensity of cross-correlation peaks. The system is very sensitive on the minor changes in the input objects. The intensity of the cross-correlation peaks, which is a direct measure of the similarity between objects in the input plane, decreases with increasing of the differences in compared images.

The new optical security technique based on usage of the TPM is developed. The created experimental setups and optoelectronic device have proved the performance of this technique for security verifications of credit cards and other documents and products.

In this paper we present an overview of various strategies for image segmentation, showing their advantages and drawbacks. The overview covers most of the methods from the classical statistical methods to model-based techniques, with a focus on color images. The paper concludes with a summary of our approach to identifying interreflection.

The paper presents two recently developed concepts involved with tuning the color of an artificial lighting to improve energy efficiency: 1) the scotopic/photopic ratio as the modified lamp lumens and 2) the search time as a measure of the visual performance in road lighting.

Face recognition belongs to the most fundamental human perceptual capabilities. Today, the technology is encapsulated in commercial software that runs on any low cost personal computer and is capable to detect the human faces anywhere in a scene and rapidly identifying them by matching the face against its database of known faces.

Investigative works were focused on design and realization of the computer set for registration and calculation of parameters of the domain structure of non-linear ferroelectrics, measurements were based on analysis of the domain's image, in polarized light reflected and passing through the same, with use of liquid toner deposited on it. We worked out measurement algorithms as well as algorithms of image analysis. Static measurements of quantity of domains in the observation field, their surface and perimeter in various growth pyramids, were conducted for Tri-glycine Sulphate doped with Lysine.

This paper presents results of researches related with solid state doping of Si layers with use CO2 laser irradiation and B203 dopant. Unique properties of laser doping process let us create 10-100 nm doped layers of repeatable parameters.

Motion information is used for many image sequences filtering algorithms and coding. In the paper the bases of apparent motion description are presented. Next, on the basis of available literature, the review of existing classical, deterministic motion estimation algorithms and algorithms based on the artificial neural networks is presented. The algorithms based on block-matching, gradient algorithms, spatio-temporal energy methods and model-based methods are described in details. The different classes of artificial neural networks which can be used for 2D motion estimation problems' solution are also presented.

An image interpolation problem is often encountered in many areas. Some examples are interpolation for coding/decoding process for transmission purposes, reconstruction a full frame from two interlaced sub-frames in normal TV or HDTV, or reconstruction of missing frames in old destroyed cinematic sequences. In this paper an overview of interframe interpolation methods is presented. Both direct as well as motion compensated interpolation techniques are given by examples. The used methodology can also be either classical or based on neural networks depending on demand of a specific interpolation problem solving person.

The subject of this work is a novel fiber optic distributed sensor system. The system uses a technique called multiplexed reflectometric interferometry to measure dynamic strain in a network of single mode optical fiber sensors. The sensor is constructed on unbalanced fiber optic Michelson's interferometer is activated by series of double pulse. The time interval between those pulses depends on the length of the section of sensor. Acousto-optical modulator acts as an optical frequency shifter. A change in a frequency of electrical pulses exciting the modulator result in a frequency shift in each generated wave packet.

This paper presents results of tests performed on a fiber optic system of liquid crystalline transducer for hydrostatic pressure monitoring based on properties of colorimetry. The system employs pressure-induced deformations occurring in liquid crystalline (LC) cells configured in a homogeneous Frederiks geometry. The sensor is compared of a round LC cell placed inside a specially designed pressure chamber. As a light source we used a typical diode operating at red wavelength and modulated using standard techniques. The pressure transducer was connected to a computer with a specially designed interface built on the bas of advanced ADAM modules. Results indicate that the system offers high response to pressure with reduced temperature sensitivity and, depending on the LC cell used, can be adjusted for monitoring of low hydrostatic pressures up to 6 MPa. These studies have demonstrated the feasibility of fiber optic liquid crystal colorimeter for hydrostatic pressure sensing specially dedicated to pipe- lines, mining instrumentation, and process-control technologies.

The results of scientific and technological experiments performed in the Glass Department of the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology in Warsaw are presented in this paper.