A two-beam interferometer as a correlator of signals in its branches is considered. An interpretation of the process of the interference pattern formation in terms of ultrashort [(delta) (t)-shaped] pulses is given. A method of observation of the cross-correlation between ultrashort pulse [or any (delta) (t)-correlated process] and complex signal is proposed as a way to the holographic registration of the full amplitude/phase spectrum of such a signal.

The solution of the problem of ultrashort pulse diffraction is considered using a method of linear systems theory. The diffraction of the ultrashort pulse from the circular aperture is studied both analytically and in computer simulation. Asymptotic relations for the Fraunhofer diffraction of the monochrome wave obtained with the method under consideration are shown to be equivalent to the well- known results of the conventional approach.

Dynamic properties of an electron fluid transported through the background positive charge are investigated. The one- dimensional non-stationary equations of quantum hydrodynamics are combined with the divergent Maxwell equation for the electric field. The Cauchy problem is formulated. The numerical solutions for the variables as the functions of the coordinates at the located times are analyzed. The spatial dependences of the variables are oscillating; they are compared with the solutions of the stationary equations.

A dependence of lasing threshold on laser rod diameter is investigated for Cr:Yb:Er phosphate glass under flashlamp pumping. The dependence is linear within limit of diameter variation from 1.6 mm to 2.5 mm and it can be described within the framework of Yb:Er:glass model. Minimum obtained electrical threshold is 2.2 J. A method of the output energy passive stabilization, based on stored energy saturation, is demonstrated. It is shown that the laser output energy can be maintained constant in spite of laser rod heating. Minimum output pulse duration measured is below 17 ns (FWHM) at relatively slow FTIR Q-switching. It is concluded that the output pulse duration can be reduced down to few ns at 10-mJ level of output energy.

The results of dynamic thermal lens influence on radiation divergence of high-energy free running mode neodymium glass laser with unstable oscillator are represented. Thermal distortions of active rod influence on temporal changes of output laser radiation are disucssing. The researches of dynamic of thermal lens in neodymium glass GLS-6 (phi) 45 X 300 mm were carried out.

There were investigated the influence of main parameters both of laser radiation and converging system on efficiency of the second harmonic generation of flashlamp-pumped dye laser at microsecond pulses. The optimum conditions were found for smooth tuning of the wavelength in a wide spectral range limited to a spectral strip of used dye. The tunable source based on pulse-periodic dye laser was created for ultra-violet range (280 - 300 nm).

Detail analysis of active medium flow structure is presented. Schlieren method photography of flow is processed to reconstruct parameters both stochastic and order phase components. Properties of random part including correlation function, spectrum of spatial frequency, scale of turbulence, are determined by digital filtering. It was possible to compare influence of random and regular phase distortions on radiation divergence structure.

A principle of work and elements of a design frequency- stabilized He-Ne of the laser LGN-303 with the means of frequency modulating is considered. The basic parameters of the device are resulted, recommendations for use modulating means in He-Ne lasers, stabilized on the nonlinear absorption cells of are given.

An information about the high-stable monoblock He-Ne lasers for precision control-measuring systems and devices of industrial-field application is presented in this publication. This lasers are designed, manufactured and tested by State Enterprise 'Central Design Bureau Arsenal,' Kiev, Ukraine. Also presented is an information about the laser modules, which can be designed and manufactured for special application.

The automated device for determining the power stability of cw laser beams pursuant to the requirements of the International Standard ISO 11554 has been created. Using laser radiation intensity measurements in relative units the calculation of mean power values, standard deviations, maximum and minimum readings, power stability and power drift is carried out. The measurements for medium-term (1 min) and long-term (60 min) stability are carried out.

The work concerns to the computerized techniques of quality estimation of automated top precision angle-code converters. Study of instrumental errors of a rotor position sensor (RPS) with use of goniometric rotary bench (GRB) was made, the plane angle accuracy being got from an optical interferential flat-mirror-zero-point module of original design and a photoelectric angle encoder of RON-905 type manufactured by the <<Heidenhein>> Corporation (Germany). Also a research was made of inaccuracies of the goniometric rotary bench itself, and also the methods have been developed for definition of inaccuracies due to dynamical behavior of measurement of an angle, and both for their algorithmic elimination. Study of systematic, random, and dynamical inaccuracies of both the standard sensor RON-905, and the tested one, RPS, was carried out. Research of dynamic inaccuracy of said angle measurements was made by means of interrelation between angular rate of rotation and changing of the measured angle interval from the interferential zero-label to the certain selected RON label. The latter data gave rise to close algorithmic elimination of a dynamical error arisen from RON own delay time. In this way, it became possible to calibrate the tested sensor in a very broad range of rotation rate and in several modes of rotation with a steady accuracy. The developed techniques provide calibration of sensors in a case of a rotary bench movement with the composite postulated law of a turn angle against time.

An errors of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) working in the attitude definition mode and intended for use in a structure of a magnetic measuring complex are considered. An algorithm and block diagram of the inertial- magnetic system on the basis of Kalman filtering method and the geomagnetic field components definition method are developed. Features of the measuring operational mode and algorithms of SINS working in a structure of a magnetic measuring complex are cited in this paper. A results of research and mathematical modeling both algorithms and errors of SINS are shown.

The description and analysis of a new method of correction of analytical giro vertical with the shorten structure on ring lasers (RL) are given. This method is based on properties of acceleration, effecting in a cross plane of moving railway object. The check of effectivity of a method was carried out by means of simulation with use of real signals of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS).

The analysis of the method for the ship deformation measurement is submitted. This method is based on the installing of the ring laser blocks in various points of the object. Kalman filter estimates the static and dynamic deformations by processing the output signals of these units. To make the mathematical model of the method more precise, influence of the gyro drifts was taken into account. Investigations of the filter sensitivity to accuracy of deformation model are carried out. The results of investigations of the filtering efficiency in various condition of the ship rocking are given.

The problem of transfer of polarization structure of radiation by optical systems is considered. The technique of realization of the polarization-wave analysis is stated which allows to determine polarization aberrations of radiation, past optical system. The ways of reduction polarization aberrations are offered.

The degree of depolarization of laser light scattered from an isotropic rough silicon surface and a unidirectional rough steel surface was measured with a polarometer in the specular direction for angles of incidence from 30 degree(s) to 80 degree(s). Rms roughness of the surfaces was greater than laser light wavelength and less than correlation length of the roughness. For the laser light linearly polarized at a 45 degree(s) angle to the plane of incidence, dependence of the measured degree of depolarization on angle of incidence has one maximum and angle of incidence corresponding to the maxima is close to the pseudo-Brewster angle for a smooth surface for both the silicon and the steel. It is found experimentally that the reason for the measured depolarization is spatial variations of the azimuth and the ellipticity of the fully polarized scattered light within a polarometer aperture. Computer simulation of the scattering from a one-dimensional rough steel surface satisfactorily describing the dependence of the measured degree of depolarization on angle of incidence for the unidirectional rough steel surface for angles of incidence up to 70 degree(s) inclusive shows the single scattering makes the main contribution to the dependence of the measured degree of depolarization on angle of incidence.

Raman lidar sensing of gaseous molecules in atmosphere is of great importance for environmental and scientific purposes due to its concentration measurements possibilities. Back scattering vibrational Raman lidar equation computer simulation for hydrocarbon molecules with copper vapor lasers have been made to choose optimal lidar system for studied ethane, ethylene and ethylmercaptane molecules monitoring in atmosphere at ranging distance up to 5 km. Sunlight background power were calculated to determine the maximum ranging distances for these molecules maximum permissible concentration level detection.

Laser-location spectral methods of measurement of concentration of aerosol and gas emissions in an atmosphere, despite of their conclusive advantages - remoteness and efficiency - are not widespread because of multiparametrical dependence of registered signals and difficulties on their interpretation relative to determined characteristics. For solving of these problems in the report the opportunities of using the principles of synthesis of measuring laser systems are considered on the basis of the concept of elimination of a priori data, developed by the authors. This concept consists in the greatest possible exception of methodical errors caused by use of the a priori information, variation of uncontrollable physical processes in an environment and changes of instrumental constants of measuring tools. An efficiency of the proposed methods is evaluated.

Raman lidar will be perspective in the application as a main part of the laser atmospheric air quality controlling system. The pollutants studied molecules Raman power 3D distribution computer simulation along the ranging distance is in the base of choosing such a system regime optimal parameters of the molecules of benzene, toluene and pyridine sensing in bright sunny day condition. Back scattering Raman lidar power is determined by lidar equation. These results show that the optimal variant of laser air quality controlling system is in using of copper vapor laser radiation wavelength at 271 nm in such a lidar system.

Characteristics, facility and first testing results of new multi-purpose oceanography lidar are presented. Lidar includes Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at wavelengths 532 and 1064 nm. Lidar registration system records scattered laser radiation with cross and collinear polarization at wavelength 532 nm or the other one. Limiting depths of detecting were estimated. Several layers of clouds were clearly registered under daylight illumination.

The detailed study of the influence degree of different pollutants on an environment requires differential pollution monitoring that nowadays becomes possible due to development of measuring instruments such as laser systems for remote sensing. Until recently pollution exhaust monitoring from petroleum sources was reduced to the hydrocarbons sum quantity. The hydrocarbons with the small contents of sulphur low permissible level (LPL) is equal to 5 mg/m³. Such approach did not reflect the real situation, since the chemical composition of exhaust was not taken into account.

There are considered the principles of construction, tactic- technique characteristics and results of tests of LTMS designed in OKB MEI. LTMS 'VECTOR-M' is intended for high- precision trajectory measurements of parameters of such objects as ESVs equipped with an optical corner reflectors LTMS provides measurement of coordinates of ESVs on ranges up to 8000 km and issues parameters of a trajectory in a real-time. Range accuracy - 5 divided by 7 sm, angular data - 8 angl.sec. LTMS 'Vector' is intended for measurement of coordinates of such flight vehicles as helicopter, airplane, rocket etc., equipped with optical corner reflectors and provides measurement of object coordinates on ranges up to 50 km. The range accuracy - 0.25 m, angular data - is not worse 10 angl.sec. LTMS 'OKA' the small-sized (mobile) station is intended for the same purposes, as LTMS 'Vector.' It operates on ranges up to 35 km. The range accuracy - 0.5 m, angular data - is not worse 15 angl.sec. All three stations have the television channel, which at absence on measurement object of optical corner reflectors provides auto-tracking and measurement of angular coordinates of object. There are shown the results received during tests and conducting nominal activities on different objects: ESV, airplane and helicopter - in this report.

In the given manuscript the possibility of realization of the autocollimational optoelectronic system for monitoring of the position of elements of turbine's aggregates is considered. The structural and optical scheme and also technique of power account is indicated in this manuscript. As an example the account of pupils transmitting and receiving lens is conducted. Also in the manuscript the outcomes of experiment on determination of dependence of a displacement of a reflected optical equisignal zone from a displacement of a control element are resulted is approximated direct and experiment on determination of dependence of sensitivity from a distance In an outcome of conducted work the conclusion about a possibility of realization of a similar kind of a system was made.

In the method of Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA), the continuous wave light of narrow linewidth pump laser is coupled into one end of the sensor fiber and a sinusoidal modulated intensity of a probe laser is coupled to the other end. If the frequency difference between both lasers equals to characteristic Brillouin frequency, the pump light will interact with the modulated probe light in the fiber. By analyzing the transmitted pump intensity at different frequency differences between probe and pump lasers, the temperature and strain distribution along the fiber can be determined. Numerical simulation of a BOFDA is represented. In this numerical simulation several fiber lengths with different but spatial constant gain coefficients were placed one after another. For each fiber part the fundamental oscillation of the transmitted pump intensity is calculated by the derived analytical expression. The model of three-wave interaction is used in numerical simulation: interaction of pump, Stokes and acoustic wave. Final decisions are made in assumption of little change of acoustic wave.

Photoacoustic and photothermal techniques which can be used for the investigation and imaging of solids with residual stresses are described. Photoacoustic and photothermal images of different types (photodeflection, photoreflectance, photoacoustic piezoelectric) are presented. By imaging Vickers indented samples it is demonstrated that the photoacoustic piezoelectric microscopy has a high sensitivity to residual stresses. It is also shown that thermal wave images do not reveal a strong influence of residual stress on thermophysical properties of materials. Presented results of the photoacoustic and photothermal imaging of samples under direct loading and annealing demonstrate some specific features of the residual stress influence on the photoacoustic signals. The possibility of development of new non-destructive evaluation systems based on application of modern lasers for residual stress detection is discussed.

The method of the erythrocytes aggregation determination has been considered in the work. The diffraction of the laser radiation on the erythrocytes has been used for the aggregation degree estimation. The indicatrixes of diffusion have been used to determine the fractal dimension of aggregates.

The algorithms of spectrometer signals processing in the acousto-optical spectral colorimeter, proposed earlier are discussed. This processing is directional on distortion elimination of an optical system spectral characteristics and photoelectric transformations, and also for calculation of tristimulus coefficients X,Y,Z in an international colorimetric system of a CIE - 31 and transformation them in coordinates of recommended CIE uniform contrast systems LUV and LAB.

Recently developed mid-IR LED non-dispersive gas analyzers can replace conventional infrared gas monitors. The advantages of novel analyzers are compact size, fast response and low power consumption. InAsSb(P)- and InGaAs(Sb)-based LEDs developed and manufactured at Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute suit for optical gas sensing well because of narrow emission band and the possibility of making LED emission peak spectrally matched with the gas absorption maximum. We present estimations of gas detection limits for LED based optical sensors, sensor head constructions and some experimental results for CO2 and CH4 detectors based on LED-PbSe photoresistor and LED - InAs photodiode optopairs.

The basis of the physical signal theory, where connection between the exact, quantum description of a signal in the form of an electromagnetic field and its approximate, classical representation are presented. The obtained results are enclosed to the description of spontaneous radiation and monochromatic radiation of laser, and also to the description of operation of diffractional spectrum analyzer.

In recent years, one of the most tremendous outcomes of photonics research has been the rapid and impressive development of optical amplification, a technology that has quickly moved from the lab to practical application. The advantages of this technology are discussed. An approach to evaluate the performance of optically amplified digital fiber-optic communication links is present. The end-to-end performance of these links with lumped Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is described. The procedure for finding the optimized performance of remote EDFA to maximize the budget improvement is developed.

There is a technique for generating structures for continuous-profile diffractive optical elements (DOEs) using liquid photopolymerizable compositions (LPPC). Having in view obtaining a maximal microrelief height at a desired photomask contrast the energy exposure needs to ensure the maximal difference between the mass ratios of the exposure- generated polymer to the original oligomer (conversion) in the exposed and unexposed zones. Due to the fact that the refractive index of the polymer is higher than that of its own oligomer the refractive index will obviously be greater in places of higher conversion levels. Therefore, by fixing the difference between the refractive indexes in exposed and unexposed zones one can determine the microrelief height obtained as the result of dark growth.

The problems of creation of all-weather atmospheric optical communication in near the earth atmosphere layer are considered. It is shown in experiments, that the absorption factors of optical radiation by atmosphere components (gases, water vapor, haze, fog) depend on spectral structure of radiation source. The lowest value of effective spectral range for atmospheric optical communication in near the earth atmosphere layer is established for bad weather conditions (mist, fog).

Self-diffraction in the semilinear generator geometry is investigated using statistical approach. A dynamical hologram is formed in the process of the four wave mixing of the signal image which undergoes self-diffraction and the reference image with their fannings on the background of the previous expositions with different signal images and reference beams. Result of this approach is a system of the coupled waves equations for the time evolution of the amplitudes of the conjugated waves, noise, signal waves and the correlations of the refraction index variations and phase distributions of the waves. Comparison of the numerical modeling results and physical experiments in the geometries of double phase conjugate mirror and semilinear generator with BTO and BOS crystals shows good qualitative concordance.

The level of noise is a critical figure of merit for acousto-optic processor (OEP). We introduce a simple model to calculation the variance of output response OEP with LFM input signal as a function of the parameters and operating mode of processor. In this paper are considered two operation modes of OEP, with digital and analog scanning. Acousto-optic processor for radio astronomy applications has been developed and of the experimental data is described. For the analysis of spatial-temporary signal wavelet transformation is used.

Speckle photography is a widely used method for investigation of rigid objects deformations as well as heat- and mass transfer processes. The information about the process under study can be obtained by keeping track of individual speckle grain. Numerical simulation of speckle patterns presented in the paper can serve as a tool for preliminary investigation of speckle displacement during the process under study.

The fringe centers allocation is one of the important steps in obtaining the information from interferometric patterns. In this work the algorithm of sceleton lines extraction and the way of data organizations with using of n-ary trees in the program of interferogram processing is presented. Such manner of data representation makes further work with sceleton lines more convenient. Moreover, it allows one to exclude false minima and maxima on later stages of processing (after the sceleton lines extraction) with more sensible methods than filtration. The work of the program has been tested on computer-simulated interferograms as well as on real ones.

The possibility of signal-to-noise ratio increase in the acousto-optic receiver output data, registered in the electronic computer memory with the help of the digital secondary signal processing is analyzed. The accuracy of weak signal parameters measurement by the equivalent bandwidth and receiver signal accumulation time choice is estimated. The experiment results on the signal detection and their parameters measurement are presented.

The optical wavelet processor is implemented using a multichannel optical correlator with a bank of wavelet filters. This approach provides wavelet transform with discrete dilation and continuous translation parameters. The developed wavelet processor is suitable for a real-time analysis of signal singularity.

Picosecond optical guiding-center solitons of the first order, inherent in the complex cubic Ginzburg-Landau systems, are considered as the sync-signal carriers, being attractive for transmission through optical fiber network. We analyze the model, described by the complex cubic Ginzburg-Landau equation in a reduced form, and present approximate analytical descriptions for the evolution of the main parameters of both guiding-center solitons and fundamental solitons adiabatically perturbed by low losses in optical fiber. Then, these two kinds of soliton-like pulses, being potentially suitable to be the sync-signal carriers in a fiber network, are compared with each other. This suggests a conclusion that guiding-center solitons have considerable advantages in applying as sync-signal carries from the viewpoints of energy consumption and ease of implementation.

A 10 kW pulse-periodic CO₂ laser with a closed gas- dynamic loop has been experimentally optimized for the active medium pressure and composition, pumping pulse duration and power. We have obtained experimental dependencies for the laser radiation specific energy, generation efficiency, beam angular divergence, laser beam relative and absolute brightness and effective melting depth of steel, Ti and Al specimens on all the optimized parameters.

Digital method of Gas Discharge Visualizations images is suggested enabling automated determination of pathology in person condition.