This pdf contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6594, including the Title Page, Copyright Information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and the Conference Committee listing.

The specific features of the unstable optical resonator of a large gas laser with an active medium containing regular and stochastic phase inhomogeneities are considered. The output power of the laser, the Strehl number, the angular divergence and average far-field intensity are described as function of the spatial scale and structure of inhomogeneities of the refractive index of the active medium.

The new numerical model of nonlinear laser frequency conversion is proposed. The model allows to evaluate the efficiency of frequency conversion by focused beams with different intensity distribution (beam profile). The undepleted wave approximation isn't assumed in the model. Experimental results of second harmonic generation in the nonlinear crystal BBO by focused beams of copper vapor laser are in good agreement with proposed theoretical model.

It is informed on research of He-Ne/J₂¹²⁷-laser with a narrow spectral line in which output radiation there is no deviation of frequency. In result monochromaticity of radiation improves, the width of a line of radiation makes less than 30 kHz. Stability and reproducibility of frequency of radiation of the laser is investigated.

Ways of compensation of the sign-variable frequency modulation of contrary running waves, based on a method of least squares are investigated. Comparison of the offered methods with now in use is lead. Agency of parameters of the sign-variable frequency bias on inaccuracy of measurement of constant angular speed is analyzed. The expediency of use of the offered technique of compensation for measurement of constant angular speeds is proved.

Questions of measuring of phase and amplitude anisotropy of the interference mirrors forming the optical resonator of a laser gyroscope are considered. Expedients of diminution of the error related to frequency biasing of a laser gyroscope, by assembly of the resonator in view of phase anisotropy are offered.

Polarization aberration calculations are made with taking into consideration of diffraction. The calculation method uses presentation of radiation by coherent sum of Hermit - Gaussian modes with definite amplitude, phase and polarization state. This document shows influence of the apertures on the radiation polarization state. It was shown that isotropic element of the optical system can cause polarization aberration of polarization inhomogeneous radiation. Samples of polarization modulation of polarization inhomogeneous radiation for optical communication systems were offered.

In the report new model of goniometer with optical encoder based on scheme of laser dynamic goniometer is described. The scheme of developed goniometer with incremental encoder LIR-3170A as a scale is illustrated. These goniometer can be successfully applying for angle measurements, e.g. for optical polygons and encoders calibrating. LIR-3170A has rather big discreteness so it was necessary to involve in the goniometer scheme pulse generator for realization so-called "time-interpolation". But it will reduce to random error due to rotation rate instability of the OE's rotor. In this article the basic attention is given to a technique of reduction of a discreetness error of the optical encoder. Also by applying correlation analysis theory formula of the dispersion of the measurement error due to rotation rate instability will be derive. After computing derived equation conclusion of the necessary instability for minimal error will done.

The paper gives an overview for laser-interference ultralow-frequency hydrophone designed on basis of unequal-armed Michelson's interferometer using frequency-stabilized laser LGN-303. A circle diaphragm having mirror reflecting surface is used as a reflector. For outboard pressure compensation special cell that equalizes intrinsic and ambient pressure is designed. Some data obtained by laser strainmeter and hydrophone are analysed.

This work presents a conception of metrological support of nanoscaled linear size and displacement measurements, based on laser interferomerty-phasemetry methods. New methods of high-precision laser interferometers calibration with accuracy not lower than 10^-10m based on laser phasemetry are announced and practical application of these methods for scanning probe microscopes, used in nanotechnologies is considered.

In the paper there is information about laser measuring assembles adopted in control devices and instrument developed by the author for primary standard of pressure unit - Pascal - of Russia.

The subject of this paper is an estimation of possibility of gas analysis by differential absorption lidars (DIAL) based on gas lasers ofthe middle IR spectrum range. for onboard sensing o!atiiospheric water vapor and carbonic oxide concentration profiles is analyzed. CO and (iD: frequency converter has chosen. The results of an estimation of methane leakage detection from pipelines by onboard lidar are submitted. l- The subject of this paper is an estimation of possibility of gas analysis by differential absorption lidars (DIAL) based OF gas lasers of the middle IR spectrum range. The potential of lidar systems based on CO₂ laser with radiation frequency converter for ground and onboard sensing of atmospheric water vapor and carbonic oxide concentration profiles is analyzed. Possibilities of NO and NO₂ emission detection in ground atmospheric layers using converted frequencies of CO and CO₂ laser radiation in onboard DIAL are discussed. Absorption lines for methane and ammonia sensing by lidar system based on tunable TEA CO₂ laser with frequency converter has chosen. The results of an estimation of methane leakage detection from pipelines by onboard lidar are submitted. Applicability of the DF laser in onboard DIAL for a control of atmospheric gases is reported.

A technique is developed to plan and conduct lidar profiling of temperature and humidity by the DIAL (differential absorption lidar) method in the lower troposphere. The technique proposed has been tested in the near IR region when designing a meteorological lidar based on the Ti:Sapphire laser. The DIAL and correlation methods were used in the meteolidar complex for measurements of the main atmospheric parameters: temperature, humidity, wind velocity and direction. The possibility of this lidar complex for remote determination of the main meteorological parameters is investigated. The accuracy of the measurements is estimated.

The possibilities of applying a fluorescent lidar based on the second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser to study vegetation under natural conditions are analyzed. The dynamics of development has been studied for several species of arboreous plants grown in Western Siberia in a five-year measurement cycle. The fluorescent lidar developed has been used for identification of plant species and for investigation of fading processes caused by adverse environment. It is shown that the fluorescent signal can be used for remote detection of plant stresses at earlier stages, when there are no visible symptoms. For the first time the quantitative relations are established between the intensity of red nanosecond fluorescence and the chlorophyll concentration in needles and leaves of the most typical representatives of West-Siberian arboreous plants. Fluorescent data were checked using the traditional spectrophotometric method. The spectrophotometric data and lidar measurements were used to calibrate the lidar, and this calibration has allowed the chlorophyll concentration in arboreous plants to be determined from the ratio of signals of laser-induced fluorescence.

A method for trace detection of explosives on the surface of biometric fingerprint scanner is proposed and its sensitivity explored. The method is based on attenuated total reflection mid-infrared spectroscopy. The detection limit is about several microgram and the detectivity increases with the wavelength used for scanning. The advantages of the proposed method include high selectivity and thus low false alarm level, applicability to low vapor pressure explosives and low cost.

Some features of the lidar signal analysis are considered. The special algorithms of lidar signal processing based on correlation and regression analysis are developed. The efficiency of each algorithm is determined with help of a special program. The practical recommendations on application of these algorithms are presented.

This paper deals with some problems of designing laser-television location systems (LTLS) for the measurement and visual control of the glideslope - landing characteristics of airplanes and certification of the airport equipment in day time and night conditions. The results of analysis of the precision pointing, tracking and ranging accuracy are discussed. The configuration of the system LTLS "Sherna" which has been designed and tested for this goal is described.

The complex of remote ranging in real-time on objects of organic origin is created on the instrumental base of double positional opto-electronic measurement complex "Sherna". It is intended for testing up to trace of small organic volumes, with increased detection features. The Complex is realized by using two methods - LIF (Laser induced fluorescence) and RD (Raman diffusion) and strategies of multi-parameter diagnostics of results, allowing to get individual frequency-temporary portrait of under investigation sample, in accordance with its individual structure (molecular or rotating-vibrational), presence of separate molecules, chemical bonds.

Methods and apparatuses for measuring optical constants and measured optical constants of silicon presented in literature published in time interval of about 50 year are described. It is found the relative difference for refraction index measured by different authors is about 10%. For absorption index, measured values differ from each other by about one order. Reasons for the found disagreement between experimental results are analyzed.

In article advantages of matrix photodetectors with accumulation are shown at measurement of spatial-power and power chacteristics of laser radiation. The system of parameters of a matrix photodetector necessary for its use is considered as the initial converter of means of measurement of laser radiation. Prospects of spatial spectral representation of relative distribution of power density or energy density of laser radiation for an estimation of measurement errors are discussed. Results of modelling are given according to errors of measurement of relative distribution of power density in spectral representation.

Is shown, that the field of a wave by a scattered rough surface, has the spatial distribution similar to a field of diffraction of a wave on an aperture, conterminous under the form and the size with illuminated area. A maximal intensity in diffractive orders form speckle pattern. Dependence of a time spectrum of intensity fluctuations, scattered by a moving surface of radiation, a spectrum of a dynamic speckle-structure, from size of a roughness is received. With use of dynamic speckles experimental measurement of base lengths and sizes of a root-mean-square roughness on these lengths is lead. Results of experiment have confirmed the offered model of a scattering and have shown an opportunity of simultaneous measurement of values of several base lengths and sizes of a roughness on the measured lengths.

Interferometer methods for toroidal surfaces (TS) control are considered. The items with toroidal surfaces are used in instruments of various science and technology areas including medical optics. New interferometer scheme is advised. This interferometer is acceptable to control TS of any radii of curvature. Nonlinear error is considered to be put on interferometer fringes. The cause of its creation and the way to determine and taking into account is given.

Testing techniques for detection of platinum micro-inclusions in the laser glass have been developed. Over 70 KGSS 0180 glass samples totaling ~ 400 cm³ have been tested. It has been shown that platinum-induced damage was absent only in 25% of glass melts out of the entire tested amount. An averaged concentration of inclusions was N_pt ~ 5 liter^-1. Concentration of micro-inclusions in the last KGSS 0180 batch is ~ 1÷2 liter^-1. To automate and reduce testing time for the entire blank volume of the active disc element (4-6 liters) an automated system for mapping Pt-inclusions during irradiation has been developed. The efficiency of the proposed QC methods has been demonstrated experimentally.

In this paper we analyze some results of natural and numerical experiments on probability density of intensity fluctuations on an axis for 1,06 microns and 0,53 microns laser beams in comparison with theoretical dependences (lognormal, exponential and K-distribution). Beams were propagated in aviation engine exhaust at various angles between the jet and beam axes. It has been shown that for a beam with a wavelength of 0,53 microns experimental data can be approximated as exponential and K-distribution, while for radiation with a wavelength of 1,06 microns good conformity to K-distribution has been observed. Optimum conditions for image registration with CCD-cameras of laser beams distorted by turbulence have been chosen. For this purpose transfer characteristics of several same type samples of CCD-cameras have been studied at various irradiation modes and registration tunings. It has been shown that the dynamic range of the cameras is used to maximum capacity for image recording when gamma-correction is applied.

Dependences of energy damage thresholds on radiation parameters and geometry for KGSS 0180 phosphate neodymium glass have been studied. Laser induced damage threshold dependences on the pulse duration for the range of 1.5-20 ns for KGCC 0180 and K8 glasses are: ε_kgss = 16 x τ^1/2 И ε_K8 = 18 x τ^1/2(J/cm², when τ in nanoseconds). Damage thresholds for the entrance and exit surfaces of KGSS 0180 glass samples have been measured when the samples were irradiated by a P-polarized beam at Brewster's angle: ε_ent ≈ 48J/cm²; ε_ex ≈ 31 J/cm². It has also been found out that the threshold energy density of the beam in case of Brewster's incidence to the exit surface of the sample is almost 1.5 times lower than in the case of a normal incidence. At the same time the relation is reverse for the entrance surface of the glass KGSS 0180 sample with the same radiation polarization.

The methodical approach to an estimation of accuracy of definition of the following period of laser pulses by optoelectronic systems is offered. At definition of quality of an parameter estimation of a signal (the following period of pulses) the reception device is considered as some filter allocating the helpful information on parameter from the accepted mix of a signal with noise. Consideration is carried out in the assumption of optimum reception, the decision is accepted on a method of a maximum maximorum of plausibility function. It is considered two possible kinds of the mistakes arising in this case - normal and abnormal mistakes.

In this article we propose the way to measure the beat length of the embedded linear birefringence in optical Spun fibers and give theoretical basis of this method. This explanation is based on the model of helical structure of the birefringence axis. The measurement method is based on a measuring of the period of fringe pattern that obtained by passing the light through the Spun fiber placed between two polarizers.

Propagation of meridional beams in conical optical fibers (tapers) is considered. An equation is obtained that relates the beam parameters at the input and the output of a taper. This equation is valid for any physically admissible values of the taper angle β. Based on the equation obtained, the aperture properties of dielectric tapers are analyzed. Explicit formulas and their asymptotics as β -> 0 are obtained for the input and output apertures of these tapers. A laboratory technology is worked out for thawing tapers from cylindrical preforms for multimode optical fibers with silica core and silica-doped fluorine cladding. A family of such tapers with the following geometric parameters is drawn: the smaller diameter of a taper d = 0.2 - 1.0 mm, the ratio of the larger diameter to the smaller one (taper ratio) D/d = 1.0 - 5.0, and the taper length H = 30 - 150 cm.

Using the obtained formula for approximating of the difference of eigenvalues of waveguide modes which are create linear-polarized modal groups, the periods of polarization beatings of separate LP groups are determined. The method of calculation of the polarization characteristics of multimode optical fibers applying the indicated approximating is submitted. The comparison with the numerical solution of characteristic equation and with experimental data is carried out. The problem of accuracy of the utilized formulas is considered in details.

The linear polarized wideband radiation depolarization taking place at propagation in the Spun fiber with a high embedded linear birefringence has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The theoretical model was developed on base of the conception of the spiral structure of linear birefringence axes, which is formed in the process of drawing out fiber at spinning preform. Using this model the expressions for calculating the degrees of the polarization of radiation on the fiber output were obtained at arbitrary fiber lengths and linear polarization azimuths on the fiber input. These expressions were obtained under the assumption that the radiation spectrum had a uniform and rectangular shape. The calculations and experiments showed that the Spun fiber is characterized by the depolarization length for which the degree of polarization decays from one to some residual level. As in the ordinary Hi-Bi fiber the depolarization length depends on the radiation spectrum wide and the value of the embedded linear birefringence, but in the Spun fiber that depends still on spin step. The specific feature of the Spun fiber is a desired nonconservation of the state of the linear polarization even at small lengths. The other feature which was discovered experimentally consists in the fact that the residual polarization is nearly circular at any azimuth of the input linear polarization.

Realization of a regime of the one-cascade superregenerative amplification of USPs of the STRML-laser in the amplifier on base of the designed laser with an electromechanical shutter in a regime of a giant pulse is presented. The laser-amplifier with an electromechanical shutter is executed on base of technological laser GOS-l00l. With such amplifier the total amplification factor on energy of a pulse has been achieved not less 0.6 x 10⁹, that in result has allowed generating an USP train with total density of energy 3 J/cm² at the aperture 3cm². Efficiency of laser system designed in the given work has been tested by oscillation of laser plasma in air.

Quantitative analysis of composition of organic compounds was carried by CARS spectroscopy method. The biharmonic laser pumping was used for excitation of CARS effect. The method of research and the experimental set up were described. Maximal and minimal of concentration of various substances in compound are determined.

Results of numerical model operation of an X-rays spectra of radiation of the laser plasma received on an aluminium target are presented. They have shown oscillation of an X-rays in a spectral range 1 - 10 keV with intensity up to I_rent = 10¹¹W/cm². In calculations the mathematical model including combined equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics in view of transport of laser radiation and a self-radiation of laser plasma, supplemented by equations of state and absorption constants, the given in a tabulared view was used. It has been found that the account of a heating of plasma by laser radiation sharply changes morphology of a powerful shock wave of plasma. Calculation has shown that near to a surface of a target there is an oscillation of spontaneous magnetic fields with an induction about 5 x 10⁷ Gs. Besides velocity of a motion of front of laser plasma is observationally estimated at an optical breakdown in atmosphere which has made quantity about 7.5 x l0⁶cm/s.

At formation of laser plasma on a surface of solid-state materials under activity of powerful laser pulses the target gets an essential reactive shock impulse. Therefore there is a necessity of measuring and examination of the complete light-reactive impulse. In this work the measuring setup has been designed on the basis of a mechanotron of 6MN1B type and an operational amplifier, allowing to register a light-reactive impulse at the organization of the surface laser plasma under activity as picosecond USPs (~0,1 - 1 ns), and giant pulses (GP) (~10 - 200 ns) of Nd-lasers. Dependences of a light-reactive impulse of a copper target on intensity of laser pulses in a wide range of their duration have been observationally explored.

Results of numerical solution of the equations of generation of STRML-laser are presented. They have show, that the pulses of generation of the STRML-laser has chirp. Factor of chirp changes the sign in limits of one pulse was shown. Sign-variable factor of chirp reduces to that at a compression of pulses with the help of a pair of diffraction gratings duration of impulses oscillates. The maximum coefficient of a compression is equal 4. The superregenerative amplification of pulses of the STRML-laser reduces in magnification of factor of chirp, and consequently, to more effective squeezing pulses in the compressor.

Connection between electromagnetic (EM) signals, as quantum systems, which carry the spectroscopic information, and classical description of EM signals on an input of spectrum analyzers, which action is described in the classical form, is established. The physical substantiation of classical methods of signal theory (ST) is given. Forming EM of signals in form EM radiation and in the form of the electric current, caused by incident EM radiation, is considered at quantum level. Transition to classical approach of EM signals is carried out.

The acoustooptical processor (AOP) is based on an acoustooptical spectrum analyzer with a CCD photodetector operating in a special pipeline operational mode (shift-and-add mode), which allows spectral components of the input signal to be added with a controlled time delay immediately in the CCD photodetector. The proposed AOP was successfully used on an RT-64 radio telescope (Kalyazin Radio Astronomy Observatory FIAN) for the observation of pulsars at 1.4 GHz in a bandwidth of 45 MHz. The frequency scale calibration allows increasing accuracy measurement of time of arrival radioemission pulsar. Experimental results of frequency scale calibration and pulsars profiles for a pulsar PSR 1937+21 are submitted.

This article is considered to the two-channel type of the specializing acoustooptical (AO) processor for pulsars' radioemission polarization parameters measurements. The technique of polarization parameters estimation is offered. This technique is based on the measurement of interference pattern parameters in the AO processor's output plane. The results of numerical experiments by interference pattern parameters estimation are given.

Certain optical means of image recognition, such as coherent optical image correlators, exhibit a serious problem of sensitivity to the scale and angular orientation of images under observation with respect to the reference image. Use of the wavelet transform processing allows one to significantly reduce such sensitivity of the optical correlators. In this article principles of operation of a coherent optical wavelet transform image correlator based on a well-known joint transform correlator are examined. Results of a computer simulation of the optical wavelet transform correlator using a two dimensional MHAT wavelet are demonstrated. A comparison of the sensitivity to the scale and angular mismatch between an observed and reference objects is provided for the joint transform correlator and the wavelet transform correlator.

Results of the development of the acoustooptoelectronic receiver for the detection and parameter determination of radio signals in L, C, and X bands are given. The basic advantage of this receiver in comparison with the conventional panoramic radio electronic receiver with the successive survey is the possibility of the simultaneous reception of signals in the big frequency bandwidth, that increases the probability of detection and allows to process signals with the unknown carrier, signals with the frequency jumps and other signals with the complicated time-frequency structure.

The article is devoted to the development of the design theory for graph-analytic calculation and choice of geometrical parameters of identifies of the protective Fourier-holograms.

The currently existing space-and-time methods of RF holography are extended for synthesizing three-dimensional (3D) holograms to optical waveband. There are investigated the problems of synthesizing holograms of rotating objects when they are illuminated by frequency-tunable lasers and the reflected signal is recorded using a linear optical antenna. Synthesized optical multifrequency holograms of rotating objects as three-dimensional holographic diffraction structures are investigated. Digital simulation is carried out.

In the article the modern ways of image processing are viewed that permit to increase effectiveness of using aircraft informational measuring complexes. The analysis of influence of the surface statistic characteristics on the precision of analyzed methods was made. Some results of research of one of the image processing methods are shown.

In the article realize analysis the coherent processing method which uses to form synthetic aperture antenna on a board of aircraft. The factors, which send for distortion radar image on small-scale viewing angle during high-intensity maneuvering velocity shown for considering method of synthesizing aperture antenna. A synthetic aperture antenna software model was designing and analyzing. Some results of research of the coherent processing methods for receiving earth's imagery are shown.

This paper is devoted for a monopulse system with adaptive cancellation of interferences usage in radars or radio connection systems. In article the directional characteristic and bearing characteristic of the monopulse angular discriminator is esteemed.It is designed on the basis of an adaptive antenna array (AAA). These characteristics can be called dynamic, as they were calculated at adaptive change of weighting coefficients AAA.

A new kind of eight dimensional (8D) basis is suggested to describe geometric objects and processes in three dimensional (3D) vector space. In contrast to an ordinary 8D multivector basis for a corresponding geometric Clifford algebra G_3.0, it is built from three kinds of complementary idempotent paravectors, defined through three basis vectors of Cartesian frame of reference. The new basis is extremely useful to describe all kinds of objects in G_3.0 homogeneously, using only real numbers. It is especially suitable to describe and simulate interference phenomena for rotating vectors, bivectors, paravectors, spinors and other kinds of spatially anisotropic information carriers on traditional computers.

It is shown that the parameters limiting holographic gratings amplitudes in a nonlinear photosensitive medium with immobilized bacteriorhodopsin (BR) could be defined from absorption characteristics at the working wavelength. These parameters are the saturation intensity and photochromic and photorefractive sensitivity linked with Kramers-Kronig relations. The experimental results obtained with BR D96N suspension demonstrates fine agreement with the predicted data calculated from differential absorption spectra.

The method of direct control of tissue local oxygen concentration based on in vivo laser-induced photodissosiation of oxyhemoglobin is discussed. This method gives unique possibility in selective and local increase of the concentration of free molecular oxygen into tissue that enhances metabolism of cells. Novel method of dosimetry based on key biological parameters connected with aerobic metabolism is discussed. Different biomedical applications of these methods are proposed.

The scattering characteristics of erythrocytes (the coefficients of extinction, scattering, absorption and indicatrixes) were calculated with using the theory Mie for spherical homogeneous spherical particles and the theory for two-layered spherical concentric particles. Transmission spectrums were measured with the spectrophotometer Cary500 in the wavelength range 460-860 n m. Specimens of liquid for imbedding of erythrocytes were preparing by mixing blood plasma a nd 50-% glucose solution with the different concentrations. The volume concentrations (hematocrit) of red blood cells (RBC) were maintained to have the same values in all specimens by adding equal volume of whole blood to immersion liquid of equal volumes. It has been shown that, contrary to theretical prediction, transmission is decreasing for all wavelengths with the addition of glucose solution in interval glucose volume concentrations 0.05 - 0.35-0.4. The subsequent increase of the glucose concentration leads to increasing of spectral transmission as a result of erythrocyte hemolysis.

The alteration of the tantalum foil absorptivity during more than 3 months after laser heating in nitrogen atmosphere was observed. The suggested reason of the effect is the foil annealing during the laser heating and the slow diffusion of nitrogen from tantalum. it is supposed that a new equilibrium state is reached by this time.

The polymer films laser ablation threshold energy density values experimental measurements have been fuffilled at the laboratory laser ablation station with two YAG: Nd lasers with pulses time durations of 10 ns and 100 mks and energies up to 0.3 and 1.2 J at the wavelengths of 1064 nm. These data have been analyzed by Weibull statistics and these polymer films laser damage resistance time dependences versus irradiation energy density have been got. The polymer sample laser damage resistance dependence versus laser irradiation character can be prognosed by them without of experimental measurements large volume processing. Besides of that these results can be the basics for new methods of the laser ablation destruction threshold energy density measurements for any polymer samples that can be the physical constants for polymer samples.

The paper proposes semiconducting photodetectors for fast images recognition. Photodetector is illuminated simultaneously with two beams of "intrinsic" light. One of the beams carries image of the reference object the other provides image of the current object. While the images are identical the photoresponse turns to be maximum. Photodetector represents itself a processor which multiplies the the corresponding elements of these images and integrates the result over the square. Photodetector is a plane-parallel plate of crystal with high resistance (GaAs, CdTe) with a photosensitive n - p junction at one side and Shottky barrier (optical detecting medium) at the other one.

Investigating the influence of display's optical radiation polarization on the color intensity perception was represented. The comparison of two most common types of color displays was carried out: on a basis of cathode-ray tube (CRT) and liquid-crystal display (LCD). The difference of image's luminosity and contrast ranges, misfit of color areas, and also display's contrast-frequency and sensitometric curves have been studied. The experiment setup and sequence of dependence between visible and perceived color intensity was designed. The programs generating test images on a display and processing the experimental data were created. The photometric and colorimetric measurements of the parameters were carried out. The results of experiments in color matching were analyzed.

Nonlinear transformation technological opportunities of hand-written documents' image brightness are investigated. It is shown that such transformation with use of computer allows to differentiate the initial text from forged fragment. The phenomenological treatment of virtual solarization effect and artifacts is offered. Utility of an applied graphics standard program package is appreciated. The original software is described.

The theoretical model of the photoacoustic effect in stressed solids with application to analysis to the photoacoustic signal behavior near vertical crack tips is developed. Photoacoustic images for Vickers indentation zones in ceramics and metals are presented. It is demonstrated the influence of the given external mechanical stresses on the photoacoustic images of Vickers indentations both for ceramics and metals. The influence of near surface technological stresses on the photoacoustic images of Vickers indentations in ceramics is also demonstrated. The comparison of the obtained experimental results with the available theoretical models of the photoacoustic effect in stressed materials is made.

This paper describes some effects specific for high power JR lenses when their energy characteristics are determined in the process of design and tested. The main focus is put on the design and testing of antireflection coatings and the fact that in high power lenses these coatings on most part of the lens operate in the regomes not coinciding with the regimes determined for the lens center area. This results in the under estimation of real values of such characteristics as transmission coefficient value and modulation transfere function.

Feasibility of a high-resolution tomography for the analysis of the thyroid gland structure has been already demonstrated. It is based on registration of ballistic photons (BP). To generate BP the method of optic heterodyning is used. A high-resolution tomograph based on this technique is similar to Mach-Zehnder interferometer. An APD is used as a photodetector. The light coming through human tissues experiences both absorption and scattering. A certain amount of optical energy must be generated by the light source in order to provide acceptable SNR at the output of the photodetector. In others words, the number of BPs must be above a certain threshold. Since human tissues have various absorption coefficients, during the design of a tomograph a special attention must be paid to the following parameters: 1. Wavelength of the laser; 2. Coherence length of the laser; 3. Minimum required optical power; 4. Beam diameter and form of the generation area. This article is devoted to following items: 1. Experimental results of measuring the spectral response of thyroid gland tissues, fat cellular tissue, human skin are provided; 2. The model of the light transmission through the glands is described. With the help of this model we definite the approximate amplitude of the absorption and scattering spectral coefficients for both the gland and adjacent tissues.