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This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 6955, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.
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Night vision goggles have been in use for many years and limitations in their use have been well studied through
training research and flight experience. However, advances in technology have led to improvements in NVG display
capabilities and in some cases helmet mounted display (HMD) technology has begun replacing NVG systems. These
advances have led to an increase in the complexity of imaged scene content, thus requiring a greater level of cognitive
effort for interpretation, especially when compared to the images provided by current NVG systems. In some cases the
complexity of visual imagery has resulted in systems not being classified as operationally suitable. This presentation
will focus on a few of the problems noted while testing some of these advanced systems. Topics will include: added
complexity of imagery in wide-field-of-view (WFOV) NVG systems, effects due to imagery created by sensors
displaced from the normal eye position (increased interocular separation), effects due to imagery projected onto seethrough
visor designs, and effects resulting from cockpit design/geometry (e.g., location and design of large-format
head-down displays, and the position of structures such as window frames). Training concerns and potential mitigation
strategies for HMD design concepts will also be covered. The issues discussed are important for manufacturers to
understand during the early design phase, and for testers to understand during developmental or operational testing.
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High-resolution compact reflective liquid crystal displays have been developed in recent years. The eyepiece optical
system is compact, but it remains difficult to achieve a very wide FOV using LCDs of this type. To achieve a wide FOV,
it is preferable to use an optical system in which an intermediate image is formed. However, this intermediate-image
system ends up making displays very large compared to those using the eyepiece optical system. To solve this problem,
we have developed a new optical system, called the "shuttle" optical system, in which a shuttle (bidirectional) optical
path is formed in a decentered FFS (free-form surface) optical system with an intermediate image. The shuttle optical
system allows the intermediate-image optical system to be compact. Through the use of this shuttle optical system as
well as electronic distortion-compensation, we have developed a
high-resolution SXGA compact video see-through
HMD with a high FOV of 76 degrees for mixed reality.
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The Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (AVCATT) reconfigurable manned module simulator is the Army's
premier deployable helicopter collective training simulator. While successful, improvements to the visual display
performance for the Out-The-Window (OTW) visual system have been desired. In a recent selection evaluation,
Rockwell Collins' SR100A HMD was chosen for the upgrade, improving display resolution, reducing weight, enhancing
comfort and increasing ruggedness. This paper will compare the current XL100A HMD with the improved performance
of the new SR100A system.
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Selected to meet the stringent requirements of the Gripen swing-role combat aircraft, the Cobra Helmet Mounted Display
System, has been integrated as a key component to the Gripen weapon delivery system. Saab Aerosystems has since
2003 together with BAE System been developing the Cobra HMD and in parallel integrating the system in Gripen for
South Africa. Work is currently done to prepare other customer for the Cobra HMDS. This paper will highlight some
technical challenges and experiences with integrating a HMDS in a small cockpit environment as in Gripen and present
an overview of the Cobra HMD design and installation. Furthermore the paper will discuss the importance of having the
pilots and users involved during the design phase and throughout the development.
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TopOwl® is an original concept of binocular Helmet Mounted Sight and Display system (HMSD) for helicopters, where
two Image Intensifier Tubes (IIT) are integrated on the headgear and optically coupled to the clear visor placed in front
of the pilot's eyes.
Thales recently developed a new version of its TopOwl®'s Display Module with the objective to have an HMSD capable
to achieve all kind of missions up to the darkest night levels. The main enhancements are the redesign of the optical
combination, the use of new optical materials and of latest generation of optical design tools.
Two flyable prototypes of this new design were manufactured. A performance assessment has been conducted, showing
a significant improvement of the night vision performances, reaching performances equivalent to those of last issued
NVGs. These evaluations are being completed by different flight test evaluations.
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Helmet-Mounted Displays (HMDs) do not allow the pilot to change transmission level of a visor transitioning from high
to low light levels. A variable-transmittance visor (VTV) is a possible solution. The Eclipse Variable Electrochromic
Device (EclipseECDTM) is well suited for these light modulation applications. The EclipseECTM modulates light
intensity by changing the transmission level under an applied electric field. The optical density may be continuously
changed by varying voltage. EclipseECDTM is comprised of vacuum deposited layers of a transparent bottom electrode,
an active element, and a transparent top electrode, incorporating an all, solid-state electrolyte. The solid-state electrolyte
eliminates possible complications associated with gel-based technologies, the need for lamination, and any additional
visor modifications. The low-temperature deposition process enables direct application onto HMD flight visors.
Additionally, the coating is easily manufactured; can be trimmed, has near spectral neutrality and fails in the clear
(bleached) condition. Before introducing VTV technology to the warfighter, there are numerous human factors issues
that must be assessed. Considerations include optical characteristics such as transmissive range, haze, irising, internal
reflections, multiple imaging, user controllability, ease of fit, and field of view. Advanced materials tailoring coupled
with meeting critical criteria will help ensure successful integration of VTV technology.
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OLED displays have been known to exhibit high levels of performance with regards to contrast, response time,
uniformity, and viewing angle, but a lifetime improvement has been perceived to be essential for broadening the
applications of OLED's in the military and in the commercial market. As a result of this need, the US Army and eMagin
Corporation established a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to improve the lifetime of
OLED displays. In 2006, eMagin Corporation developed long-life
OLED-XL devices for use in their AMOLED
microdisplays for head-worn applications, and RDECOM CERDEC NVESD ran life tests on these displays, finding over
200% lifetime improvement for the XL devices over the standard displays. Early results were published at the 2007
SPIE Defense and Security Symposium. Further life testing of XL and standard devices at ambient conditions and at
high temperatures will be presented this year along with a recap of previous data. This should result in a better
understanding of the applicability of AMOLEDs in military and commercial head mounted systems: where good fits are
made, and where further development might be needed. This is a continuation of the paper "Life test results of OLED-XL
long-life devices for use in active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays for head mounted
applications" presented at SPIE DSS in 2007.
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A new approach for optical Head Motion Tracker (hereafter HMT) is shown. In existing magnetic HMT, it is inevitable
to conduct pre-mapping in order to obtain sufficient accuracy because of magnetic field's distortion caused by metallic
material around HMT, such as aircrafts and vehicles. Optical HMT is commonly known as mapping-free tracker;
however, it has some disadvantages in comparison with magnetic HMT. We have succeeded to develop a new optical
HMT, which can overcome those disadvantages by integration with two area cameras, optical markers and inertial
sensors with simple algorithm.
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We report progress in developing a 0.97-in diagonal AMLCD with a full color SXGA resolution. A 1280×1024×3 dot
array was developed with integrated color pixel filters to create an SXGA color pixel array. These displays are
fabricated on 8-inch SOI wafers and transferred to glass wafers to produce transmissive liquid crystal displays.
Improvements have been made in this AMLCD to bring the fabrication process to manufacturing. Fabricating a 3.9
million pixel dot display on a 1-inch die required a new display design and fabrication in an 8-inch wafer line. The 8-inch process provided enhanced process capabilities and tighter design rules to achieve good performance and
reasonable starting yields.
An ASIC driver and ultra thin efficient backlight were developed to miniaturize the display module and to reduce total
power to < 750mW for soldier mounted applications. Total package size is less than 0.5 in3. The ASIC will also drive
Kopin SVGA and VGA color displays singly or in pairs for binocular applications.
An end-to-end 8-inch wafer process was established at the wafer foundry and at Kopin. A 3-year manufacturing
technology insertion program (Mantech) has begun to optimize the 8-inch line processes and the SXGA color display.
Meeting yield and performance goals will reduce display cost and enable systems performance goals.
Key results include vivid, high-resolution color, wide viewing angles and low power operation. Performance data and
specifications will be presented.
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In the late 1970s the U.S. Army developed the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), which is a
helmet-mounted display (HMD) for use in the AH-64 Apache helicopter. The helicopter and the system were designed
with the Cold War in mind such that the Apache would be able to stand off far from the frontlines and attack deep target-primarily tanks-before they could engage our ground forces. The design used a right-sided monocular display optical
system that was intended to reduce head-supported weight. This novel monocular design introduced a number of issues
that had the potential of causing visual perception problems for pilots. Since the initial fielding of the Apache in the early
1980s, numerous reports have appeared in the literature that evaluated realized visual complaints voiced by Apache
aircrew. In this review, the authors provide a summary of seminal reports, surveys, and experiments conducted over the
past three decades. The extant literature described investigated these visual issues as the Apache's mission has evolved
from the stand-off engagement tactics of the Cold War to the new Apache missions of close air support, deep attack, and
raids currently occurring in the Global War on Terrorism.
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The Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) helmet-mounted display (HMD) has been flown for
over a quarter of a century on the U.S. Army's AH-64 Apache Attack Helicopter. The aircraft's successful deployment
in both peacetime and combat has validated the original design concept for the IHADSS HMD. During its 1970s
development phase, a number of design issues were identified as having the potential of introducing visual perception
problems for aviators. These issues include monocular design, monochromatic imagery, reduced field-of-view (FOV),
sensor spectrum, reduced resolution (effective visual acuity), and displaced visual input eye point. From their diverse
perspectives, a panel of four experts - an HMD researcher, a cognitive psychologist, a flight surgeon, and a veteran AH-64 aviator - discuss the impact of the design issues on visual perception and related performance.
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Providing both I2 (image intensified) and FLIR (forward looking infrared) images on a helmet-mounted
display (HMD) requires perceptual design tradeoffs. Primary considerations center on the number, type,
and placement of sensors. Perceptual drivers for these tradeoffs are derived from monocular versus
biocular/binocular displays and offset of the sensors from the design eye. These conditions can create
binocular rivalry, perceptual perspective distortion or hyperstereopsis, a binocular perceptual distortion that
occurs when the sensors are positioned further apart than the interpupillary distance (IPD). Each of these
perceptual tradeoff considerations is discussed.
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Distance judgments in virtual environments and Head-mounted Displays (HMD) systems are generally underestimated
compared with judgments in the real world. Some visual depth cues may be absent or modified, according to the
technology used.
After a brief review of the literature pertaining to the representation of depth in Helmet-Mounted Displays, we explore
two possible causes for the reduced distance perception in virtual environments: the increased interocular separation (or
hyperstereopsis) and the reduction of the field of view.
Some laboratory and training ground data are reported. The effective influence of each factor on space perception is
discussed.
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Field of view (FOV) restrictions are known to impair human performance for a range of different tasks.
However, the effects of FOV restrictions on human locomotion through a complex environment are still not
clear. This is particularly important for the development and deployment of FOV restricting devices like
Head Mounted Displays (HMDs), which generally have FOVs that are much smaller than the unrestricted
FOV. We investigated the effects of both horizontal and vertical FOV restrictions on the walking speed and
head movements of participants manoeuvring through complex 3D obstacle courses. All FOV restrictions
tested significantly increased the time needed to complete the courses, compared to the unrestricted
condition. The time needed to traverse a course was significantly longer for a vertical FOV of 18° than for
a vertical FOV of 48°. For a fixed vertical FOV size, the traversal time was constant for horizontal FOV
sizes ranging between 75° and 180°, and increased significantly for the 30° horizontal FOV condition. The
implications of the current findings for the development of devices with FOV restrictions (like HMDs) are
discussed.
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Previous research has repeatedly shown that people can find a visual target significantly faster if spatial (3D) auditory
displays direct attention to the corresponding spatial location. However, previous research has only examined searches
for static (non-moving) targets in static visual environments. Since motion has been shown to affect visual acuity,
auditory acuity, and visual search performance, it is important to characterize aurally-aided search performance in
environments that contain dynamic (moving) stimuli. In the present study, visual search performance in both static and
dynamic environments is investigated with and without 3D auditory cues. Eight participants searched for a single visual
target hidden among 15 distracting stimuli. In the baseline audio condition, no auditory cues were provided. In the 3D
audio condition, a virtual 3D sound cue originated from the same spatial location as the target. In the static search
condition, the target and distractors did not move. In the dynamic search condition, all stimuli moved on various
trajectories at 10 deg/s. The results showed a clear benefit of 3D audio that was present in both static and dynamic
environments, suggesting that spatial auditory displays continue to be an attractive option for a variety of aircraft, motor
vehicle, and command & control applications.
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As pointed out by Kotulak, vergence/accommodation mismatch in Night Vision Systems, usually due to
misadjustments of eyepiece focus, is sometimes a source of visual performance decrement. The increased separation
between sensors existing in some modern binocular Helmet Mounted Display systems, creating "hyperstereopsis",
was also identified to be potentially responsible for decreased performance at distances less than 5 meters.
Based upon basic knowledge pertaining to vergence and accommodation mechanisms, a study was performed using
a sensory approach, with the goal of better understanding the problem of dissociation between accommodation and
convergence. In this study, different conditions of interocular separation (nominal IPD, X3, X4) and viewing
distances (6m, 4m, 2m) were used. Six subjects participated in the experiment and were asked to view Landolt C
charts using NVGs and specially developed optical tools allowing changes to sensor separation.
The results show that, with a fixed eyepiece focus at 10m, the decrease in resolution performance is roughly
proportional to the interocular separation when looking at short distances. A fixed focus at a distance of 4m
considerably reduces the conflict and results in improved resolution for increased separation conditions.
An additional experiment was conducted to investigate the setting of objectives lenses focus at infinity (nominal
landing condition). With this setting, for visual acuity test, the decrease in resolution at short distance was such that
effects of the mismatch between accommodation and convergence are no longer apparent regardless of interocular
separation.
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Head mounted displays (HMD) are finding increasing use in a great many applications. These HMDs provide
information ranging from a simple alphanumeric to complex graphical renderings of real or synthetic worlds. Some of
these HMDs are opaque so that the user's vision is completely confined to what the HMD provides; others are see-through
so that elements of the HMD may be superimposed simultaneously with the external world. Some see-through
HMD applications incorporate graphical elements intended to be in some calibrated registration with elements of the
external world such that the relation between the graphic and the world embodies the relevant information. For such
displays to function as intended the head yaw, pitch, and roll are important.
The present paper reports measures of head yaw, pitch, and roll when the head is in a straight ahead orientation.
Volunteers oriented to either a visual or auditory target stimulus presented under a variety of conditions. For some
conditions with the visual target, the visual field was restricted to less than 5 degrees (°); for other conditions vision was
unrestricted. The auditory targets were presented in complete darkness. At the start of each trial, an acoustic warning
signaled the volunteer to turn the head from an initial off-axis yaw and pitch to a target stimulus that defined the straight
ahead yaw and pitch. Note that the stimulus left head roll completely undefined. Within- and between-subject head
yaw, pitch, and roll statistics are reported and compared for the various stimuli.
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Head- and helmet-mounted displays have been used in hands-free viewing applications and as part of visually coupled
systems for aircraft simulation and flight applications. Successfully done, they can improve situation awareness by
freeing the user from the need to stare "heads-down" at a display for information to create a working model of the world
around them. This allows them to explore and navigate through the world while at the same time reducing workload,
leaving precious cognitive resources for other, more demanding tasks. Building upon recent developments in
neuroergonomics and augmented cognition, this paper will discuss situation awareness and the potential for reducing
workload by cognitively "pre-digesting" information, by using real-time operator monitoring to invoke automation and
by presenting in additional sensory modes.
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Different night vision goggle image intensification technologies were tested to compare goggle performance in low light
conditions. A total of four different night vision goggles were tested in a laboratory dark room. The laboratory tests
consisted of viewing Landolt acuity stimuli of different contrast levels with each set of goggles and without the goggles
in full light conditions (baseline performance). The results from the laboratory testing indicated that there were
significant differences in acuity between the NVGs, particularly for low contrast targets. These data suggest that NVG
standards developed using high contrast targets, even in low light conditions may not provide the full story of how the
NVG will perform in flight.
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This document provides an overview of helicopter flight-test methods used to evaluate night vision goggles at the
National Research Council of Canada's Institute for Aerospace Research. These techniques have been used to examine
the performance of display systems in actual field conditions. The flight evaluations were based, in large part, on
standard flight test maneuvers and rating systems outlined in Aeronautical Design Standard ADS-33. The document
describes NVG test maneuvers developed from ADS-33 principles, including a high hover, a mirror C, a vertical
descent, a parallel lateral translation, a turn about the tail, a confined area staged landing, a brown-out/white-out
simulation and a lit pirouette. The overview also comprises a description of methods for controlling the cueing
environment. These methods include an appropriate selection of maneuvers as well as devices for limiting pilot vision
such as goggles with filters and apertures, and other devices. The paper concludes with a short discussion on the merits
of developing accurate in-flight tests capable of resolving performance differences among displays.
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The US Air Force and US Navy are cooperatively developing and demonstrating a wide field of view, night vision,
helmet mounted cueing system called Night Vision Cueing and Display. This paper addresses the USAF path to safety
of flight qualification of the device to include assessment of the display quality, aircraft compatibility, environmental
tolerance, and ejection safety. The variety of tests accomplished will be briefly discussed to include key challenges that
were met and overcome. Also addressed is developmental and operational flight testing. Pilot assessments of the system
are discussed with emphasis on the aircrew interface and challenges with a newly designed, ejection safety enhancing
visor. Finally, joint service plans for the system are addressed.
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A novel type of stereoscopic Helmet Mounted System for simultaneous user localization and mapping applications is
described. This paper presents precise real time volume data reconstruction. The system is designed for users that need to
explore and navigate in unprepared indoor environments without any support of GPS signal or environment preparation
through preinstalled markers. Augmented Reality features in support of self-navigation can be interactively added by
placing virtual markers in the desired positions in the world coordinate system. They can then be retrieved when the
marker is back in the user field of view being used as visual alerts or for back path finding.
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The primary means by which air traffic tower controllers obtain information is through direct out-thewindow
viewing, although a considerable amount of time is spent looking at electronic displays and other
information sources inside the tower cab. The Air Force Research Laboratory sponsored the development
of a prototype Augmented Reality Binocular System (ARBS) that enhances tower controller performance,
situation awareness, and safety. The ARBS is composed of a virtual binocular (VB) that displays real-time
imagery from high resolution telephoto cameras and sensors mounted on pan/tilt units (PTUs). The selected
PTU tracks to the movement of the VB, which has an inertial heading and elevation sensor. Relevant
airfield situation text and graphic depictions that identify airfield features are overlaid on the imagery. In
addition, the display is capable of labeling and tracking vehicles on which an Automatic Dependent
Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) system has been installed. The ARBS provides air traffic controllers and
airfield security forces with the capability to orient toward, observe, and conduct continuous airfield
operations and surveillance/security missions from any number of viewing aspects in limited visibility
conditions. In this paper, we describe the ARBS in detail, discuss the results of a Usability Test of the
prototype ARBS, and discuss ideas for follow-on efforts to develop the ARBS to a fieldable level.
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One of the difficulties that arise in trying to navigate through or interact with a 3D virtual environment is the fact that the
standard 2D mouse with only two degrees of freedom does not lend itself to being used effectively where six degrees of
motion are possible. Through the use of both a mouse and keyboard, one is able to interact in three degrees but never in
all six at the same time, thus making interaction cumbersome at best. We test out a series of both commercial-off-the-shelf
and in-house prototype tangible user interfaces (TUIs) to characterize multiple interaction methods within a virtual
environment for command and control applications. Various aspects of navigation, including moving through the virtual
world, as well as directly manipulating the world itself, are compared. We attempt to determine which interfaces are
most appropriate for specific types of command and control tasks. We conclude with recommendations for the use of
TUIs as well as ideas for future research.
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