This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7752, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any) and the Conference Committee listing.

In order to derive high accuracy vegetation fraction, the article combines QuickBird image data and TM image data, based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of dimidiate pixel model and vegetation index transform plan, then derive vegetation fraction of desertification area, take an example of half-shrub Artemisia ordosica Krasch. Lingwu in Ningxia. By field surveys, the result of estimation of vegetation fraction is proved to be valid, the correlation coefficient between field survey data and extracted values from the vegetation coverage imagery was 0. 881, especially in fixed sandy land. The results show that using this improved model to estimate vegetation fraction is feasible. The model can be used to many scales remote sensing data, and Northwest Territories in China.

Land use/cover changes (LUCC) have been of great concern in global change research in recent years. Based on TM image data and other survey materials, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of land use change along Coastal areas of the Pearl River Estuary in China during 1990-2005. The findings of this study were summarized as follows: Land use pattern changed dramatically during 1990-2005.Areas of built-up land increased by 2256.38km2 at an annual rate of 9.53%, increasing from 7.73% to 36.82% of the total amount. Arable land and woodland decreased by 1457.73km2 and 475.56 km2 respectively, mainly due to the expansion of industrial construction. Garden land and wetland showed only minor negative changes. Change of water was relatively stable and there was a little descending tendency. Relatively change ratio index (RCRI) was used to describe land use dynamic change situation of different region. During 1990-1995, Shenzhen had the largest RCRI (1.487), followed by Dongguan (1.458), the third was Zhuhai (1.227). Trends of RCRI change between 1995 and 2000 were quite similar with 1990-1995. It turned out to be land use changed more intensely in these three regions than that in Panyu and Zhongshan during 1990-2000. But during 2000-2005, Zhongshan and Panyu occupied the first and second place of RCRI, with the value of 1.309 and 1.098 respectively, showing that these regions have been become the investment hotspots after Shenzhen, Dongguan and Zhuhai.

Cloud computing is a new technology, which is the fusion of computer technology and Internet development. It will lead the revolution of IT and information field. However, in cloud computing data and application software is stored at large data centers, and the management of data and service is not completely trustable, resulting in safety problems, which is the difficult point to improve the quality of cloud service. This paper briefly introduces the concept of cloud computing. Considering the characteristics of cloud computing, it constructs the security architecture of cloud computing. At the same time, with an eye toward the security threats cloud computing faces, several corresponding strategies are provided from the aspect of cloud computing users and service providers.

In case of Xingwen County in Yibin city, this paper the 15 single indicators of natural factor, economic factor, and social factor which affect the ecological safety of land resources were selected, constructing the index system of the ecological security evaluation of Xingwen County in Yibin city. On this basis, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of each index, and then to calculate the value of ecological security; and the weighting function method was used to obtain that the level of land resources ecological security in Xingwen County is "good" in 2008. Moreover, the clustering analysis method was used to analyze the 15 single indicators of land ecological security, showing that the economic factor is the main factor which affects the ecological security of land resources in Xingwen County, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed.

The stems of Actinidia Qinmei were taken as explants and induced callus formation after having gained the aseptic seedling in primary culture successfully, and then the calli were placed on different combinations regeneration medium. The results showed that the induction medium added 1 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA was beneficial to the callus induction in dark culture condition. The suitable regeneration medium was MS containing 2.0 mg/L 6BA, 0.1 mg/L NAA and 3% (W/V) sucrose, it could improve obviously the frequency of regenerated shoots. This method separated the callus induction from shoot regeneration and obtained more callus to optimize the regenerated medium, and also was advantageous to Kiwifruit genetic transformation.

According to the need of intelligent irrigation system to wireless sensor networks, based on CC2431, we designed a wireless sensor networks node with low power consumption. Build up the wireless sensor networks by using ZigBee protocol stack, and use the positioning engine realized tree shaped network with home site as root node. By using many mechanisms like node synchronization, data sampling and collection, node periodical awaken extend the node's lifecycle.

The usage of mutual pattern-function matrix based on Geographical Information System (GIS) provides an approach to revise the traditional main function division that lacks the transition between development and protection, especially for the rural-urban fringe areas where the communications of the matter, energy and information between different ecosystems are frequent and complex. In the paper, this GIS-based revised main function division model consists of landscape connectivity evaluation by Cost distance model, agro-suitability analysis by Grid module and mutual coupling matrix mapping by Raster calculator. All these parametric evaluations will help in squeezing/ decreasing the gap between development patterns and ecology functions in the rural-urban fringes. These concepts were implemented in the Xiqing district of Tianjin in China. The results revealed that the ecological protection zone, ecological restoration zone, limited development zone, key development zone and the optimized development zone are gradually shifted from west to east, which supported the actually spatial development rule of Tianjin city which provides a guideline for urban green space planning of Xiqing District.

The Index system of land eco-environmental status evaluation was constructed from Landsat TM images of 1996 and 2005a, based on RS. Supported by the function of GIS special analysis and geological statistical, the mini-watersheds was used as evaluation units(5×5km) based on the land use and its changes, the land eco-environmental status index (EI) model was used to evaluate. The changes in results of EI were studied. The result shown that: the total land ecoenvironmental status in 2005 was general, the tendency was better compared with 1996, the area of slightly and basically better accounted for 21.39% of the total area, this region was mountains and hills and the conversion of from cultivated land to forestland was the main track, the proportion of unchanged region was 78.17%,which occupied the dominant position and was the major section for the activities of people living and agriculture, the proportion of slightly worse region was lowest, the region was the fragile of hills and plains and its ecological environment was sensitive. Therefore, this study's result had noticeable significance to the regional land eco-environment protection and its improvements.

Fuzzy cluster-based image processing algorithm presents numerous advantages due to their unsupervised properties and soft partition. Combining unsupervised feature and soft partition feature of fuzzy cluster algorithm, this paper presents an image feature extraction method based on fuzzy cluster. This fuzzy cluster technique deals with the problem of similarity degree for finishing an optical image feature extraction processing by using the method of similarity and statistics that is used to calculate category object by establishing fuzzy relations. The image feature extraction based on fuzzy cluster presents significant advantages to adjust system parameters for completing the selection to the image region extraction or edge detection. The image feature extraction performance of the proposed optical system is reported for various image processing applications using a simulation program.

Accurate records and prediction of the number of the rice planthopper's outbreaks and the environmental information of farmland are effective measures to control pests' damages. On the other hand, a new round of technological revolution from the Internet to the Internet of things is taking place in the field of information. The application of the Internet of things in rice planthopper and environmental online monitoring is an effective measure to solve problems existing in the present wired sensor monitoring technology. Having described the general framework of wireless sensor nodes in the Internet of things in this paper, the software and hardware design schemes of wireless sensor nodes are proposed, combining the needs of rice planthopper and environmental monitoring. In these schemes, each module's design and key components' selection are both aiming to the characteristics of the Internet of things, so it has a strong practical value.

Under the controlling of water, the drought tolerance of twenty H. compressa was comprehensively evaluated with the method of membership function using 8 indices including the relative plant tall, relative production. The result of tolerance order showed that: 'Guangyi'> H027 > 2002-4 > H042 > H054 > 2003-5 > H055 > H002 > H035 > 2003-1 > H050 > 'Chonggao'> H031 > H047 > H043 > H033 > H036 > 2003-4 > H019 > H029. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the tolerance and indices showed that there was a significant correlation between the tolerance and relative production, electrical conductivity, water content.

Based on two case studies recorded by DEMETER satellite in 2006 and long time series comparison, some increases and decreases in electric field power spectra were revealed before two strong earthquakes. We focus on the electromagnetic field spectra at 300-500Hz around cut-off frequency during local daytime. The results show that, compared with the normal background, the electromagnetic emissions decreased at ionospheric altitude(660km) in a month before the events, and there are a few days with electric field spectra increasing, larger than 10^1.5μV² / m² / Hz. In order to get more reliable results in anomaly extracting, the study of temporal evolutions of electromagnetic emission at cut-off frequency, as well as monthly and seasonal variations should be studied, besides the short time behaviors. Finally the mechanism of long time variations in electromagnetic field in ionosphere was discussed.

Lifting scheme is a novel wavelet transformation method, which is more effective than the multi-resolution analysis of traditional wavelet theory. The basic principles and the three constructing steps of lifting scheme are addressed briefly in this paper, and the lifting scheme is applied to process DEM data for multi-scale representation. The structure algorithm is introduced briefly and the improved algorithm is outlined in detail; the experimental method and process of extracting the feature lines of terrain from the multi-scale DEM data by using the improved structure algorithm are shown in the paper. The computation methods of error measures model for multi-scale DEM based on Lifting scheme are discussed in the experimental result at last.

This paper proposes a time optimal route planning optimization algorithm in the mode of LBS online navigation based on the improved Dijkstra algorithms. Combined with the returning real-time location information by on-line users' handheld terminals, the algorithm can satisfy requirement of the optimal time in the mode of LBS online navigation. A navigation system is developed and applied in actual navigation operations. Operating results show that the algorithm could form a reasonable coordination on the basis of shortest route and fastest velocity in the requirement of optimal time. The algorithm could also store the calculated real-time route information in the cache to improve the efficiency of route planning and to reduce the planning time-consuming.

Xi'an ground fissure is a typical geo-hazard with nearly half a century history, which have been caused serious damages to roads, building and other civil facilities. Based on the theory of deformation de-correlation of the active ground fissures, this manuscript mainly investigated the positioning method of active ground fissures by analyzing the pseudo-coherence map of adaptively filtered differential interferogram. We took two ERS1 SAR data during 1992-1993 as an example to investigate the active fissures position during this period. Consequently, high consistency between newly detected fissures and the ground fissure map from engineering geological investigation can be achieved.

In order to evaluate quantitatively the landscape stability of arid areas, a study area was selected in Yuli county of the middle and lower reaches of Tarim river. Remote sensing image data are the main data sources, the image data are processed by the support of RS and GIS technology. The study extracted 11 indices of landscape stability by FRAGSTATS software, and the standard matrix of these indices data are got using Z-Score method, then the comprehensive evaluation model of landscape stability is constructed by principal component analysis method. The study results showed that the range of comprehensive evaluation scores of Yuli's ecological landscape stability is 1.736, which indicated there is a great variation in ecological landscape stability of study area. The stability declines as the following order: forest land - water area- grass land- cultivated land - buildup land -unused land. The landscape stability is always the key scientific issues which should be solved urgently, the study on landscape stability has important theoretical and practical significance.

In this study, the spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined in a typical ecological unit of Dongting Lake plain area, subtropical China. The paper evaluated various data processing methods for evaluating SOC content with normal distributions. The results show that Box-Cox method dampened the effect of outliers and achieved normality in the data set. Indictor kriging method is useful to assess the probability distribution by giving the conditional probability of SOC concentration less than the threshold (20 g/kg). It is suggested that the probability distribution of SOC is also useful for better identifying of key sections for better managing optimal fertilization, developing management practices to enhance SOC storage.

Today, with increase in the demand for higher quality communication, a kind of long adaptive filter is frequently encountered in practical application, such as the acoustic echo cancellation. Increase of adaptive filter length from decades to hundreds or thousands causes the conventional adaptive algorithms encounter new challenges. Therefore, a new variable step-size normalized least-mean-square algorithm combined with Partial update is proposed and its performances are investigated through simulations. The proposed step size method takes into account the instantaneous value of the output error and provides a trade-off between the convergence rate and the steady-state coefficient error. In order to deal with this obstacle that the large number of filter coefficients diminishes the usefulness of the adaptive filtering algorithm owing to increased complexity, the new algorithm employing tap-selection partial update schemes only updates subset of the filter coefficients that correspond to the largest magnitude elements of the regression vector. Simulation results of such applications in acoustic echo cancellation verify that the proposed algorithm achieves higher rate of convergence and brings significant computation savings compared to the NLMS algorithm.

The viewshed of a topographic dataset is the region around a given observation point that is visible from that location. The viewshed analysis which is an important function of GIS often is used to locate observation towers with DEM data. However, location problem of observation towers is not only a simple GIS analysis to compute viewshed of each observation tower, but rather a complicated locating model to optimize locating schemes for building tower. This paper abstracts the location problem with the actual constraints of building tower, and tries to establish a locating model with linear programming ideas. The core of the locating model is to choose more cost-effective viewshed in all of towers to be built, that is, the area of viewshed/building cost would be as high as possible. Based on the locating model, an automated software tools are developed to solve the practical problem efficiently. First, candidate points are extracted from peaks using neighbor analysis method based on DEM. Then, according to the type of tower and its parameters such as visual distance and cost, the viewsheds of multi-type tower are calculated on every candidate point, and all viewshed area/cost of all type towers are computed and ordered by descending. Finally, the linear programming problem is solved by a software system based on locating model and the result scheme of building tower is automatically calculate from candidate points. The location result can guarantee that the surface of given DEM is fully covered by viewsheds of all towers and cost of building towers is the minimum. The software system can automatically generate a guided interactive location scheme, which can be analyzed with multiple angles of towers siting distribution, type, observations area and 3D scene. It indicates that location result has good reference value for making decision.

Continuous soil nutrient data is the basic data of soil information system, soil nutrient spatial interpolation study becomes very important because it can affect the data reliability of soil nutrient data straightly. Kriging was used for analysing the spatial variability of soil K content in the upper stream of the Hunhe River basin, Liaoning Province which covers 53% of the total area of Qingyuan County, by employing geostatistical methods and GIS technique. The topsoil samples were collected at 217 locations in cropland or forest land. The results show that soil total K and available K are strongly spatially dependent, followed a normal distribution, with an arithmetic mean of 1.83%, 88.00 mg/kg and median of 1.82%, 79.52 mg/kg. Semivariograms showes that both the soil total K and available contents had strong spatial dependency, which might be attributed to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The soil available K contents were the highest in secondary forest soils and lowest in non-irrigated farmland soils. The experimental variogram of soil K content has been fitted with an exponential model. Map of the soil K content was generated through interpolation of measured values by ordinary kriging.

Achieving urban drainpipe network integration of geographical information system (GIS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology is described in this paper. The system design's plans are put forward, which have realized GIS and SCADA system supplementary in the technology and strengthened the model visible analysis ability. It is verified by practical cases that the system has more practical values and a good prospect.

This paper proposes an efficient scheme of IDCT in H.264 decoder. Firstly, motion compensation residuals of macro-block get from the bit-stream are classified into four cases: only dc coefficient is non-zero, only first row coefficients are non-zero, only first column coefficients are non-zero and others, and it is obvious that inverse transform processing of previous cases can be optimized, so in the second, we use different processing of IDCT in different cases to reduce their complexity. Compared with traditional IDCT scheme, the proposed scheme achieves an average 51.8% reduction in computation complexity without degradation in visual quality.

This paper focuses on the use of imaged-based machine learning techniques for identifing grain. In particular we compare several texture descriptors based on Local Binary Patterns(LBP),and we report new experiments using a set of novel texture descriptors based on the combination of the Elongated Quinary Pattern (EQP), the Elongated Ternary Pattern (ELTP) and the Elongated Binary Patterns(ELBP).These three variants of the standard LBP are obtained by considering different shapes for the neighborhood calculation and different encodings for the evaluation of the local gray-scale difference. The resulting extracted features are then used for training a machine-learning classifier(support vector machine). Our results show that a local approach based on the EQP feature extractor, which can express both local and holistic features of the grain image, produces a reliable system for identifing grain.

In accordance with the increasingly updating of information technology, the intelligent control technology is the integrated utilization of modern administrative technology and method. This article discusses problems of the objective of design, the development method, environment and overall structure of the intelligent financial decision support system in order to provide certain theories for the improvement of the intelligent financial decision support system as a reference.

By comprehensively using the intelligent control theory, this paper has discussed key technologies such as the architectural design of the financial intelligent system and the design of the intelligent analysis model and template. It has also conducted exploratory research on the theoretical framework, design and development of financial intelligent software.

With the deepening of economic exchanges in the five Central Asian countries and China, the trade scale especially trade in agricultural products between Xinjiang which is the bridgehead of China's west and opening up and five Central Asian countries is huge. Therefore, understanding the agricultural trade structure of Xinjiang and the five Central Asian countries can help our country, especially for Xinjiang to conduct agricultural trade as well as agricultural cooperation with others and achieve win-win goals.

Begin the abstract two lines below author names and addresses. The abstract summarizes key findings in the paper. It is a paragraph of 200 words or less. For the keywords, select up to 8 key terms for a search on your manuscript's subject Using the yearly average rainfall and annual average temperature in Xingwen county during the period of 1959~2007, the correlation on average annual rainfall and temperature and the trend of change are analyzed by correlation analysis and grey sequence forecast. The results show that there was a negative correlation between average annual rainfall and temperature.The prediction results for future tendency show that the annual average rainfall will still keep downtrend, the annual average temperature will keep rising trend.The trend of change is mainly controlled by the global warming and the large-scale climate variations, and the results indicate that the trend of change is basically consistent with the trend of the Yangtze river basin.

As the development of satellite remote sensing technology, it is possible to obtain various remotely sensed images from sensors with different spatial and spectral characters. Data fusion is a widely used technique to make full use of the different kinds of information so as to reach a more accurate and stable result. This paper investigates the extraction of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), an important parameter indicating the growth of crops in agriculture, from a SPOT panchromatic image and a TM multispectral image using 5 classical data fusion methods, they are Principal Component Spectral Sharpening (PCSS), Brovey Fusion, Gram-Schmidt Spectral Sharpening (GS), CN Spectral Sharping (CN) and wavelet fusion. Results show that the fused image by any of the methods contains more information content for NDVI extraction than before. Comparatively, GS has better effects in remaining both spectral information and brightness than other four methods.

Routing is one of the key technologies of the Third Generation HF wireless communication network, and is the hotspot of the research in the field at present. This paper proposes a minimum energy cost link cache dynamic source routing protocol MECDSR (An On-demand Minimum Energy Cost Routing Protocol) based on the traditional DSR protocol. This routing protocol mainly uses the "five ideas" to improve the DSR: the idea of transmission power control, the idea of minimum energy consumption, the idea of link cache, the idea of short path and the idea of seeking minimum energy consumption by real-time tracking based on the data piggyback technology. Simulate on the HF communication network model which is composed by twenty-five communication nodes, and the simulation results show that, compared with the traditional DSR ,the MECDSR can averagely delay the death time of the first node by 2 times, and extend the entire communication network 's life cycle by 1.26 times. Therefore, the MECDSR is more suitable for Third Generation HF Wireless Communications networks in energy efficiency and the improvement of the network's lifetime.

Rural settlements consolidation plays an important role for improving the rural residential habitation, and increasing the intensive land use. This paper aims to analyze the current situation, features and problems of rural settlements, and calculate the theoretical and realistic potential of rural settlements consolidation in Tianchang City, in order to provide references for new round of land use planning. Methods of field survey, hierarchy analysis, land targets per capita, modified coefficient on limited conditions and GIS is employed. The results indicate that: (1) The total area of rural settlements was 15,496.31hm2 in 2005, and the area of rural settlements per capita was 332.66m2, far more than standard of 150m2. (2) The comprehensive modified coefficient in 15 towns is from 0.47 to 0.96, which indicates the ability and possibility of the realization of theoretical potential. (3) The theoretical potential is 9,746.09 hm2 and the realistic potential is 7,124.94hm2 from 2005 to 2020. (4) The spatial distribution between rate of theoretical potential and realistic potential is incompletely consistent.

Usually in the traditional science and technology information system, the only text and table form are used to manage the data, and the mathematic statistics method is applied to analyze the data. It lacks for the spatial analysis and management of data. Therefore, GIS technology is introduced to visualize and analyze the information data on science and technology industry. Firstly, by using the developed platform-microsoft visual studio 2005 and ArcGIS Engine, the information visualization system on science and technology industry based on GIS is built up, which implements various functions, such as data storage and management, inquiry, statistics, chart analysis, thematic map representation. It can show the change of science and technology information from the space and time axis intuitively. Then, the data of science and technology in Guangdong province are taken as experimental data and are applied to the system. And by considering the factors of humanities, geography and economics so on, the situation and change tendency of science and technology information of different regions are analyzed and researched, and the corresponding suggestion and method are brought forward in order to provide the auxiliary support for development of science and technology industry in Guangdong province.

The unmanned aerial vehicle( UAV) was able to acquire remote sensing images with low cost, precise and high spatial resolution information needed by management of Land use at desired time. The aim of this paper was to present an overview of the ongoing research on the potential and techniques of low-altitude UAV system for land use applications. The development of crucial subsystems consisting of the UAV platforms, multiple camera system, camera calibration and photogrammetric production, was introduced together. A procedure of images acquisition and photogrammetric processing was proposed. To detect land use changes, methods based on DSMs and DLG were discussed and adopted in this paper. Finally, analysis of land use research based UAVs was realized on real flight experiments of two study areas. The results of this study show that UAVs can be used successfully for land use change detection.

In the recent years, gully erosion attracted increasing attention from scientists. However, there were few studies on the soil erodibility/anti-erodibilty for the gully erosion. Based on the principle of geotechnical slaking test, a new set of test apparatus had been designed and applied on the study of erodibility of soil at the gully head. In this experiment, 6 typical gully heads had been chosen. Soil at the different depth of each gully head had been sampled by the foil sampler and tested the slaking rate of them. Moreover, shear strength of soil at different depth of each gully head had been tested in situ.The results showed that gullies developed on the stratified soil or homogeneous soil have different morphological characteristics. At the sharp gully head, the erodibility of underlying soil was lower than the overlying soil's. Contrarily, at gradual gully head, the erodibility of underlying soil was not lower than the overlying soil's. Moreover, slaking rate of most gullies' soil in the study area is an inverse proportion to the shear stress. Thus, slaking rate and in-situ shear stress, any of them can be the indicator of the erodibility of soil in the study region. But shear stress is easier to measure in situ.

Herba Epimedii is one of the most famous Chinese herbal medicines listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, as one of the representatives of traditional Chinese herb, it has been widely applied in the field of invigorate the kidney and strengthen 'Yang'. The attention to Epimedium extract has more and more increased in recent years. In this work, a novel extraction technique, ultra-high hydrostatic pressure extraction (UPE) technology was applied to extract the total flavonoids of E. koreanum. Three factors (pressure, ethanol concentration and extraction time) were chosen as the variables of extraction experiments, and the optimum UPE conditions were pressure 350 MPa; ethanol concentration 50% (v/v); extraction time 5 min. Compared with Supercritical CO₂ extraction, Reflux extraction and Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UPE has excellent advantages (shorter extraction time, higher yield, better antioxidant activity, lower energy consumption and eco-friendly).

On the basis of the urban space geographic information system- digital city construction projects, this paper described some technical methods in the use of three-dimensional component technology in the establishment of three-dimensional model and spatial information system, and with the current digital mapping new technologies to explore the establishment of an effective technology route for urban spatial geographic information system.

Geographic information system (GIS) is the computer system in support of computer software with collection, storage, management, retrieval and comprehensive analysis of a variety of geospatial information, with various forms output data and graphics products. This paper introduced GIS data organization and its main applications in distribution power network automation, including both offline and online, and proposed component-based system development model and the need to establish WEBGIS and reliability.

With the fast development of WebGIS, data fast transmission and browsing the electronic map by way of vector in WebGIS become the focus of present WebGIS research. This paper proposes a method of establishing a Web-based system that can visualize geographic data. In terms of the graphics format, our proposed system uses Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) that XML-based 2D vector graphics, and geographic data stored on Web Server with XML database. SVG is a language for describing two-dimensional graphics based on XML, and it can be used to describe the point, line and polygon. The schema has a small amount of data transferred, faster performance, low development costs and so on.

The mountainous ecosystem is important for its unique storage of water and the function of water resources in the northwest mountain-oasis-wilderness ecosystem. Water resources play very important role in the continuous development of economy in the northwest of China. With the use of evaluation indices such as landscape index and landscape diversity, this paper proposes to study on the landscape patterns and biology diversity in the upper reaches of ShiYang River based on remote sensing and GIS, which located in the Qilian mountains . The results show that:1. Landscape in this region shows typical local characteristics and patches were distributed in a ring structure. The main patches were farmland, steppe and shrubbery which were continuous from 2000 to 5000 m and accounted for 74% of the total landscape area. Among these types, the shrubbery and the steppe had very coarse grain size and the highest fractional dimension in this region, displaying high continuity and a dense cluster of larger patches. Compared to the shrubbery and the steppe, the farmland had less patches and finer grain size. Other patches such as the residential land and the impoundment/pond only occupied a very small percentage and are sparsely scattered among the major patch types. 2. Shrubbery, steppe, and farmland changed obviously, but there were some differences in all three types. The shrubbery was mainly transformed to steppe. Steppe was mainly transformed to residential land, and farmland was mainly transformed to bare land/rock. In the past 15 year, the man-made channels had increased.3. There was an increase in fragmentation values in the entire hill-landscape from 1986 to 2000. There was a big difference in the fragmentation in different landscape patches, 0.4637 up to 0.4649 from 1986 to 2000 for farmland, 11.9019 down to 11.7033 for residential land. As the result of invasion of farmland and resident land, the fragmentations of both steppe and forest land went up.4. The order of area of different landscape patches was bare rockland > arboreous forest > shrubbery > farmland > steppe > impoundmentpond > residential land. While the mean patch area of bare landrock and resident land increased in nearly 15 years, they were stable for high-forest and the others decreased. The order of patch dominance was steppe > shrubbery > farmland > residential land > bare rockland > arboreous forest > impoundmentpond. While the patch dominance of impoundmentpond and residential land increased, the others decreased. Steppe and shrubbery were the main landscape patches for nearly 15 years, decreased from 0.4624 to 0.4614, alternatively, shrubbery also decreased from 0.2575 to 0.2568. Their distribution was wide and the area was large. Farmland was the main human landscape, whose dominance indices are 0.1232 and 0.1227, mean patch area of 2.1546km² and 2.1510km². Its spatial distribution centralized and it decreased in the period.

Village and small town areas have been gradually expanding in Linwei District of Weinan city as the study area. It is important to analyze the characteristics of village and small town in that district for achieving the scientific development on the urban and rural areas. In the study, the vector data were obtained by interpretion, using ArcGIS 9, according to Landsat TM remote sensing images in 2007. Then we calculated the parameters of the spatial distribution of village and small town, including the settlement areas, the percentage of residential land, the density and the distance between the towns and villages. Through statistical analysis of those parameters, the characteristic is clear. The research shows that the average area of plains is 0.15km², the average area of loess hill is 0.11km², the average area of mountainous is 0.03km²; the average density is less than 0.9 per km²; the distance between towns and villages is short, and the average distance less than 0.98km.

Mixed pixels are a major problem as a conventional classification will force the allocation of a mixed pixel to one class, which need not even be one of the component classes of that pixel. Since the conventional classification output is "hard", comprising of only the code of the allocated class, such techniques cannot therefore be used appropriately to represent mixed pixels. The fully soft classifications were used to accommodate mixed pixel problem at each stage of classification. More than 90% of rice is planted in southern China where population density is very high and rice planting is often conducted by unit of single firmly, thus the size of paddy field patches are very small and the shape of those are not often irregular. For estimating rice-growing field area using remotely sensing data, the mixed pixel problems are more severe. In this study, an approach to achieve such a fully soft classification using back propagation neural network (BPN) in the rice growing region was assessed. The remote sensing data used in this study is a simulated imagery from TM data and a rice field map investigated by GPS. It was found this approach can improve significantly classification accuracy for rice-growing field harden mapping and total area estimating at sub-pixel level.

In the process of environmental design and creation, the design sketch holds a very important position in that it not only illuminates the design's idea and concept but also shows the design's visual effects to the client. In the field of environmental design, computer aided design has made significant improvement. Many types of specialized design software for environmental performance of the drawings and post artistic processing have been implemented. Additionally, with the use of this software, working efficiency has greatly increased and drawings have become more specific and more specialized. By analyzing the application of photoshop image processing software in environmental design and comparing and contrasting traditional hand drawing and drawing with modern technology, this essay will further explore the way for computer technology to play a bigger role in environmental design.

Urban heat island effect is a hotspot in the study of ecological effects caused by urbanization. Monitoring and modeling urban heat islands (UHIs) has been a key issue of urban climate studies. The method from climatology is not suitable for modeling urban heat islands in multiple centers cities. In this study, we used the thermal infrared data acquired from Landsat TM and ETM+ images in 1986, 1995, 2000 and 2005 in Shenzhen, a rapidly urbanizing area in China. The surface temperatures were retrieved by the Jiménez-Muñoz and Sobrino´s single-channel method. An approach based on the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) was provided to retrieve UHIs for representing the character of energy aggregation. The urban heat islands were different from the high temperature areas (HTAs) derived by standard derivation method. The characteristics were compared by the differences on magnitude and statistical characteristics of UHIs and HTAs. Temporal dynamics in the spatial patterns were described using the spatial Lorenz curve. Analysis suggested that the mean temperature of UHIs increased from 1986 to 2005, whereas the differences between UHIs and surrounding areas decreased. The spatial patterns of UHIs changed from aggregation to average distribution, then to aggregation.

Under simulated conditions in the laboratory, the natural soil was used to explore the bio-indicators of Eisenia foetida for chlorobenzene toxic effect. These indicators included weight, protein content of earthworms. As a result, the weight and protein content of earthworms were inhibited when exposed. Under the action of Chlorobenzene, the activities of earthworm improved the content of soil ammonium nitrogen and available potassium, but showed no regular effects on that of organic matter and available phosphorus; In addition, there was an a certain correlation between the earthworm biochemical indicators and the content of soil nutrients. In order to enhance the sensitivity and effectiveness of the ecotoxicity assessment of soil pollutant, it should be used a combined multi-time and multi-index monitoring method.

At present, China is carried out the agro-geological survey and evaluation, and build integrated information platform is an important part. Considering the actual requirements, an agro-geological survey and evaluation information system based on GIS (ASEGIS) is discussed in this paper. Firstly, the system architecture with three tiers based on client/server and browser/server mixed mode is designed; then, the system core functions which included database construction and management, agro-geological & eco-geochemical evaluation, agro-geological & eco-geochemical forecast and early-warning, and web information distribution are elaborated; lastly, the system application in Pearl River Delta area is described. On the whole, the ASEGIS based on GIS technologies had been proved to be effective, especially in mass & heterogeneous spatial and non-spatial data management, agro-geological spatial evaluations and forecast models establishment, and web information sharing.

Applying the neural network to the land evaluation, we can break through the limitations that the traditional approaches are impacted by the human factors. Back propagation neural network (BP neural network) was used to evaluate the land suitability of the Changling town of the Guangshui city, Hubei province, China. We first establish evaluation index system, these indexes include the soil contamination degree, the irrigation guaranteed rate, the drainage condition, the pH value, the organic matter content. Then we establish the BP neural network and use MatLab to write the code forming the network. The evaluation criteria were input the network to train it. Then the network performance was test until the network meets the requirements. The evaluation data of the Changling town was input as the vectors to the appropriate network which calculates to get output vectors. And the output vectors were transformed the evaluation levels that can be imported the ArcGIS software to create the land suitability assessment figure. We can draw the conclusion that the suitability for the paddy field of the unused land and the arable land is very high and the ChangLin town is suitable for the development of paddy field agriculture.

This paper presents a new face recognition method that extracts multiple discriminant features based on multiscale image enhancement technique and kernel-based orthogonal feature extraction improvements with several interesting characteristics. First, it can extract more discriminative multiscale face feature than traditional pixel-based or Gabor-based feature. Second, it can effectively deal with the small sample size problem as well as feature correlation problem by using eigenvalue decomposition on scatter matrices. Finally, the extractor handles nonlinearity efficiently by using kernel trick. Multiple recognition experiments on open face data set with comparison to several related methods show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

The purposes of this paper are first to explore the low-carbon and environment-friendly land-use patterns in Xinjiang, and provide a new visual angle for the new land-use planning and the "12th Plan" of Xinjiang. The methods of document literature, theoretical analysis, clustering analysis and GIS spatial data analysis are employed. The results indicate that there can be three compositive carbon functional zones in the view of reducing carbon source and increasing carbon sink, they are the Main Carbon-source Zone, Significant Carbon-sink Zone, and Carbon Neutralization Zone. Based on the three functional zones, there are relative low-carbon and environment-friendly land use patterns respectively, which are characteristic eco-design type of low-carbon land-use pattern, economical and intensive type of low-carbon land-use pattern, ecological conservation type of carbon-sequestration land-use pattern, and efficient carbon type of carbon-sequestration land-use pattern. It is concluded that the establishment of low-carbon and environment-friendly land-use patterns does benefit to harmonize and unify the economic value, social value, and ecological value essentially.

The effects against staphfloccus aureus and escherichia coli of oregano oil, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and citral in chitosan-corn starch-gelatin-carrot puree films at 0.5% to 3% (w/w) concentrations were investigated along with the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. The presence of oregano oil, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and citral did not change the good oxygen barrier of the films, but did significantly modify tensile properties and water vapor permeability, and made films darker. The data also show that the antimicrobial activities were in the following order: cinnamaldehyde > carvacrol > oregano oil > citral. Moreover, the antimicrobial films were more effective against staphfloccus aureus than against the escherichia coli. This study showed that oregano oil, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and citral, especially the first three, could be used to prepare antimicrobial edible films for food applications.

Detection of plant growth information is the most important to develop high yield, efficient, safe and ecological crop growth. In recent years, spectral remote sensing technology is becoming a key technology for perception of crop growth information own to high resolution, fast analysis speed and non-damaged. The paper introduced the application of monitor system about plant growth information based on spectroscopy technique. Finally, the current research highlights, the existing difficulties, the future development trends and the prospect for monitor system of plant growth information based on spectroscopy technique are discussed.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from survey data is accurate but it is very expensive and time-consuming. In recent years, remote sensing techniques including Synthetic Apenture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) had been developed as a powerful method to derive high precision DEM, especially in mountainous or deep forest areas. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the principle of InSAR and show the result of a case study in Gejiu city, Yunnan province, China. The accuracy of DEM derived from InSAR (abbreviation as InSAR-DEM) is also evaluated by comparing it with DEM generated from topographic map at the scale of 1:50000 (abbreviation as TOP-DEM). The result shows that: (1)The general precision of the whole selected area acquired by subtracting InSAR-DEM from TOP-DEM is that the maximum, the minimum, the RMSE, and the mean of difference of the two DEMs are 203m, -188m, 26.9m and 5.7m respectively. (2)The topographic trend represented by the two DEMs is coincident, even though TOP-DEM is finer than InSAR-DEM, especial at the valley. (3) Contour maps with the interval of 100m and 50m converted from InSAR-DEM and TOP-DEM respectively show accordant relief trend. Contour from TOP-DEM is smoother than that of from InSAR-DEM, while Contour from InSAR-DEM has more islands than that of from TOP-DEM.(4) Coherence has great influence on the precision of InSAR-DEM, the precision of low-coherence area approaches 100 m while that of high-coherence area can up to m level. (5) The relief trend of 6 profiles represented by InSAR-DEM and TOP-DEM is accordant with tiny difference in partial minutiae. InSAR-DEM displays hypsographies at relative flat areas including surface of water, which reflects the influence of flat earth on InSAR to a certain extent.

The study develops a new comprehensive evaluation model of urban construction land suitability by summing up the shortcomings of traditional GIS-based evaluation methods. The improved GIS-based model includes spatial suitability and non-spatial suitability, corresponding to spatial factors and non-spatial factors respectively. Using the analytic hierarchy process method and ranking method, the weights of evaluation indexes are decided. Using the spatial overlay analysis of GIS step by step, the final values of suitability levels can be obtained based on the new comprehensive evaluation model. Then, the paper takes Shijiazhuang city as an example to make the empirical study supported by ArcGIS9.2 platform. The construction land suitability levels in Shijiazhuang city are divided into four grades. The evaluation results reflect the actual situation in Shijiazhuang city. It will provide a scientific basis for urban construction land use planning and management. The study results show that the new model can overcome the shortcomings of traditional GIS-based methods and improve the assessment accuracy and operability. It reflects that the new model built in this study can provide a new idea and method for urban construction land suitability evaluation.

Energy is a classic problem which has been plagued human development. In the 21st century, solar energy is considered to be the best solution to solve the energy crisis. This paper is designed a solar-powered control circuit.It is researched the designing method, put forward a formula and model on the battery management in solar power supply system. High-voltage transmission line bird devices as an example of solar power supply system chip is designed based-on LTC4012 application circuit. Experimental results show the circuit can provide stable battery charge current to the load; continuous and stable power supply; and charge current limiting, under-voltage and over-charge protection function. It is very actual value to design the battery management in small solar power system.

After Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12, 2008, various geological hazards happened frequently in Chongzhou city, Sichuan.This paper analyzes factors inducing hazards by weighted comprehensive evaluation (WCE) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and builds the geological hazards assessment model.On the basis, the map of geological hazards lability zoning is drew. The study shows that geological hazards in Chongzhou city are mainly landslide, collapse,unstable slope and debris flow. According the risk degree value of geological hazards every field, Chongzhou city is regionalized to high, middle, low and none risk area of geological hazards. The results display that almost all geological hazards distribute in northwest mountain area of this city where is key area of geological hazards prevention in future.

The high spatial resolution imagery have been used in extensive scopes in recent years, however the effect of different rectification modes on positioning accuracy of those imagery has not been validated by tests. In this article, we took one Quickbird panchromatic image of the Loess hilly and gully area of North Shaanxi province as an example to carry out corresponding tests. In the tests, four rectification modes were designed: polynomial transformation and orthorectification with reference of points measured by GPS in the field; polynomial transformation and orthorectification with reference of rectified 1:10000 topographic maps. The tests come to the conclusions as follows. (1) Before the rectification, the positioning accuracy of Quickbird panchromatic image is between the range of 90 to 160 meters; (2) With the different numbers of GCPs evenly distributed, the scopes of total RMS error of GCPs are larger than that of RMS error of positioning accuracies of rectified images in each rectification mode; (3) Among those four modes, the positioning accuracy of Quickbird panchromatic image through GPS points - orthorectification mode is highest, and the 1:10 000 map - orthorectification mode comes second, and the GPS points- polynomial transformation comes third, and 1:10000 map- polynomial transformation is lowest, and the highest values are 2.33 meters, 4.30 meters, 6.91 meters and 7.42 meters respectively. In the four modes, only in the GCP points- orthorectification mode, the GCP number has little effect on the positioning accuracies of rectified images. In other three modes, with the GCP number decreases, the accuracy of rectified images decreases.

The objectives of the current study are to explore the relationship between vegetation and climate by analyzing the variation and relationship of meteorological factors and vegetation index time series in China during 1991-2000. Records of temperature and precipitation for 303 weather stations around China were collected. The analyses were carried out at monthly and annually temporal scales and at national and provincial spatial scales using time serial analytical method and statistical tools. The main results showed that temperature and precipitation had strong effects on NDVI changes. At monthly and yearly scales, NDVI, temperature and precipitation presented similar change trend. On average, monthly mean temperature had higher impact on NDVI variation than precipitation during the study years. Both of temperature and precipitation exhibited one month lag effect on NDVI change.

With the rapid development of multimedia technology, content based searching and image authentication has become strong requirements. Image hashing technique has been proposed to meet them. In this paper, an RST (Rotation, Scaling, and Translation) resistant image hash algorithm is presented. In this method, the geometric distortions are extracted and adjusted by normalization. The features of the image are generated from the high-rank moments of luminance distribution. With the help of the efficient image representation capability of high-rank moments, the robustness and discrimination of proposed method are improved. The experimental results show that the proposed method is better than some existing methods in robustness under rotation attack.

Contoulet-based features have been paid much attention in image processing applications such as image enhancement, edge detection, image fusion and image retrieval. In this paper, we present a novel approach which takes advantage of the multi-scale and multi-directional properties of the Contourlet transform to extract features of real-world rough surface texture. These features are effectively used for 3D surface texture classification and fusion. The classification scheme based on these features achieves good results even for those test samples not included in the training data sets. Three-dimensional surface texture fusion based on Contourlet can successfully preserve original texture patterns and retain the significant features of input images, which can generate fusion images under arbitrary illumination directions.

Automatic measurement of vessels from fundus images is a crucial step for assessing vessel anomalies in ophthalmological community, where the change in retinal vessel diameters is believed to be indicative of the risk level of diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, a new retinal vessel diameter measurement method by combining vessel orientation estimation and filter response is proposed. Its interesting characteristics include: (1) different from the methods that only fit the vessel profiles, the proposed method extracts more stable and accurate vessel diameter by casting this problem as a maximal response problem of a variation of Gabor filter; (2) the proposed method can directly and efficiently estimate the vessel's orientation, which is usually captured by time-consuming multi-orientation fitting techniques in many existing methods. Experimental results shows that the proposed method both retains the computational simplicity and achieves stable and accurate estimation results.

Plant diversity evaluation of highway construction of nature reserve is one important task in a construction project. I analyze and appraisal the plant diversity problems caused by the rebuilding and extension project of No.209 national highway Duchuan to Chunshuya section from plant species diversity, plant composition characteristics, vegetation type's diversity and national rare and endangered plants in the construction region. The highway reconstruction through the Savage Valley Nature Reserve basically causes no destructive effects on plant diversity, but there are still some negative effects. In this paper, I put forward scientific, reasonable and feasible measures and methods to the plant diversity protection by combining with the natural environment characteristics of the highway construction region.

On the basis of the agricultural non-point source pollution data survey to Daye and Yangxin, the main pollution loads and main pollution factors is calculated through the relevant formulas. Some conclusions are drawn as follow: The emissions of Nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from chemical fertilizers poultry and aquaculture are 6043.32t/a, 1044.81 t/a. The emissions in Yangxin (2511.88 t/a, 464.68 t/a) was higher than that in Daye (3531.44 t/a, 580.13 t/a). The Pollutants emissions and pollution load are characterized by Poultry> Chemical fertilizers > Aquaculture in Yangxin. But the features of Daye is aquaculture > poultry> synthetic fertilizer. Thought the comparison of the equivalent load, Nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from aquaculture are identified as the main pollution factors. The results show that Phosphorus is the main controlling factor from Poultry. The emissions concentration of Nitrogen and phosphorus is above the requirements of Grade III on surface water(TN1.0mg/l, TP0.2mg/l). Appropriate control measures are put forward against main pollution sources and main pollution factors.

Wetland is an important part of the ecological system. It has an important role in soil erosion prevention. Without the protection of wetland, soil erosion will cause two aspects physical loss, including 1) the waste land caused by soil degradation and desertification; 2) nutrient contents loss. This paper takes all wetland in Beijing as object. This research includes investigation and research on indexes of soil erosion prevention in Beijing wetland ecological system. Two aspects of reduction soil waste and prevent soil fertility are studied. Potential and actual soil erosion are calculated using GIS and universal soil erosion equation based on collected data, with the difference of the two amounts is the soil conservation quantify, which will be converted to economic value. Research results show the economic value of Beijing wetland in the soil erosion prevention is 4,962.56 million Yuan. The river and swamp have the highest value; meanwhile, the rural wetland's value of soil erosion resistance is more than in the urban area. Wetland has the extremely vital significance to keep a good ecological environment in Beijing.