This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8696, including the Title Page, Copyright Information, Table of Contents, and the Conference Committee listing.

Observation results of various types of solar radiation by means of various types of solar sensors are reported. The observations were made during the whole route of the vessel, i.e., in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, in Cape Town port and Progress-2 Russian Antarctic station. Radiation balance data were retrieved and processed by MF-19 solar radiometry station.

The results of study of the atmospheric oxygen complexes (O₂)₂ by means ground based spectroscopic technique in Tomsk region, Western Siberia, are presented The absorption of the oxygen complexes (O₂)₂ has been investigated in the visible and near-infrared spectral region under clear-sky conditions using a high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) IFS-125 M. The total contents of the atmospheric (O₂)₂ and O₃ absorber were derived from the fit to experimental data. The seasonal variability of atmospheric oxygen complexes and in addition ozone amounts was detected. The estimates performed show the dependence of oxygen complexes total contents from temperature.

Air-broadening coefficients of the water isotopologue HD¹⁶O up to J = 50 for P, Q and R branches calculated using different methods are presented. For partially labeled lines (“good” quantum numbers: J, symmetry and level number) we combined three methods for calculating half-widths: J-dependence and JJ’-dependence up to J=15 and averaging coefficients calculated using a previously developed semi-empirical method for high J (15-50). For lines with full assignments based on normal modes v₁, v₂, v₃, K_a, Kc we used: (a) an analytical model (approximation) which depends on use of rotational quantum numbers J and K_a for both the upper and lower levels; and (b) a method based on the estimate of the averaged energy differences between coupled states. The comparison of calculated data with broadening coefficients from HITRAN-2008 and available experimental data is presented. The resulting broadening coefficients can be used to calculate spectra of water vapor with hundreds millions of weak lines with reasonable accuracy. The line list VTT [Voronin, Tennyson, Tolchenov, MNRAS, 2010], supporting programs, files for calculations of spectra HD¹⁶O and estimation of broadening coefficient are made freely available also in electronic form via http://www.exomol.com.

This is a continuation of a series of papers on the systematization of spectroscopic information on a number of atmospheric molecules (H₂O [1], H₂S [2], NH₃ [3], CO₂ [4], etc). The purpose of this work is to develop a database and a knowledge base of phospine isotopologues. The data imported from publications are validated. The technical aspect of the systematization implies its representation in the form of ontology (logical theory) that provides an automatic check for the consistency of classes and class attribution of individuals. Individuals in the knowledge base describe the properties of the published spectral line parameters.

Energy spectra of wind speed fluctuations and temperature fluctuations are calculated at altitudes between 2 and 301 m for the period from January 1, 2008 to 31 December, 2008 by using results of numerical analysis of high-altitude meteorological mast data. Comparison of the shape of the calculated spectra with known shapes has confirmed presence of two basic regions of wavenumbers with an approximate "-3" dependence and "-5/3" dependence. The result obtained has been used for estimating of high-frequency characteristics of atmospheric turbulence using network meteorological data.

In this article, the theoretical researches of variance of fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of the Bessel optical beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere have been developed. The variance of fluctuations of Bessel-Gaussian beam on beam parameters: a transverse wave number of optical radiation, a Fresnel number of the transmitting aperture and a topological charge are in details analyzed. It is shown that a variance of fluctuations of the orbital angular momentum of a vortex Bessel-Gaussian beam during propagation in turbulent atmosphere it is essential less than the similar characteristic of a Laguerre-Gaussian beam.

Coherent properties of the Bessel optical beam formed in turbulent atmosphere are studied. The problem analysis is based on the solution of the equation for the transverse second-order mutual coherence function of a field of optical radiation. The behaviour of the modulus of the normalized second-order mutual coherence function of a Bessel optical beam depending on parameter of a beam and characteristics of turbulent atmosphere is investigated. The behaviour of degree of coherence of a Bessel optical beam depending on parameter of a beam and characteristics of turbulent atmosphere is studied in details. It has appeared that at low levels of fluctuations in turbulent atmosphere the degree of coherence of a Bessel optical beam demonstrates oscillating character depending on the difference of the transverse spatial coordinate. At high levels of fluctuations in turbulent atmosphere, degree of coherence of a Bessel beam (as it is qualitative, and quantitatively) becomes closer to the similar characteristic of a spherical wave.

The question of stability of partially coherent vortex Bessel beams formed in a homogeneous atmosphere is theoretically considered. In the given research characteristics of distribution of mean intensity of partially coherent vortex Bessel beams in a homogeneous medium are analyzed in details. The quantitative criterion of possibility of formation of partially coherent vortex Bessel beams is derived. Being based on the analysis of behaviour of several physical parameters of mean intensity of optical radiation it is shown, that stability of the form of partially coherent vortex Bessel beam during propagation increases with increase of value of a topological charge of this beam.

The coherent properties of the higher modes of the Bessel optical beams formed in the turbulent atmosphere are studied. The degree of coherence of vortex Bessel optical beams depending on parameters of a beam and characteristics of the turbulent atmosphere are considered. It is shown that, at low levels of fluctuations in the turbulent atmosphere, the degree of coherence of a vortex Bessel optical beam essentially depends on value of a topological charge of a beam. At high levels of fluctuations in the turbulent atmosphere, the degree of coherence of a vortex Bessel beam becomes closer to the similar characteristic of a spherical wave at much higher levels of fluctuations, than it was observed for a fundamental Bessel beam.

Estimates of atmospheric turbulence parameters can be calculated on the basis of data, obtained with wave front sensor. The method described is based on decomposition of phase fluctuations into Zernike series and analysis of statistics of this decomposition coefficients. Estimates of turbulence outer scale L0 and refractive index structure constant C²/_n obtained in experiments with turbulence in water cell showed good agreement with previous results.

In this study, problems of statistical simulation of acoustic radiation propagation in the lower atmosphere along the vertical and horizontal paths by the Monte Carlo method and construction of the acoustic model of the atmosphere are considered. The influence of the geometry of problem being solved, radiation frequency, angle of source divergence, and outer scale of turbulence on the transmitted radiation intensity is discussed with allowance for the contribution of multiply scattered radiation.

It’s shown that the increasing of electron impact excitation rate constant lead to increasing of line intensity, so the limit of detection (LOD) is lower. For femtosecond laser plasma generated on the sea water surface, the relation of the detection limits will be LOD(Na) < LOD(Ca) < LOD(Mg). The fact that the atomic line of Ca I 422 nm is more sensitive for femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is described.

The work presents an automatically-controlled automated adjustment unit of the stratospheric aerosol lidar for sending the laser radiation to the atmosphere. The adjustment unit makes it possible to tune the lidar to the maximal sensing altitude in both manual (by operator on keyboard of computer) and totally automatic modes with 0.04-mrad step. The adjustment unit is mounted on lidar for aerosol sensing at the Siberian Lidar Station, V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics.

Anomalous decreases in the total ozone (TO) content were observed in March 2011 at Arctic latitudes and in April at midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In Arctic this was a consequence of extended stratospheric coolings, while at midlatitudes the TO decreases were due to export of ozone depleted air from Arctic regions. Total ozone largely returned to its seasonal behavior in May 2011, however remaining deficient throughout 2011 and being recovered only in the period of resumed wintertime meridional ozone transport from equatorial reservoir. All this led to a decrease in the multiyear (1996-2011) positive TO trend, most appreciably at the Northern Hemisphere Arctic and high latitudes. The M-124 ozonometer measurements indicate that the positive ozone trend decreased from 1.09 DU/yr for the period 1996- 2010 to 0.26 DU/yr for the period 1996-2011 due to the springtime TO decrease over Tomsk in 2011.

In January, February, and April 2011, observations over Tomsk recorded anomalous decreases in the total contents of nitrogen dioxide and ozone. The total nitrogen dioxide and ozone contents decreased by ~30% relative to multiyear averages. The observed decreases in the total nitrogen dioxide and ozone contents over Tomsk are associated with ozone destruction in the polar stratosphere due to low temperatures at altitudes of 15-30 km and transport of Arctic air masses to midlatitudes.

Oil spills detection algorithm for different underlying surfaces was developed. It was shown, that in order to detect oil spills with high probability of correct detection and low probability of false alarm it wasn’t enough to use correlation analysis only. An average intensity of fluorescence and the intensity of elastic scattering were used as additional classification features, which enabled to reduce probability of false alarm.

In 2010 and first half of 2011, a background aerosol content was observed in the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. The report presents the observations of aerosol disturbances of the stratosphere in the second half of 2011, which were performed at lidar network stations of CIS countries CIS-LiNet in Minsk (53.9°N; 27.6°E), Tomsk (56.5°N; 85.0°E), and Vladivostok (43.0°N; 131.9°E). Data of lidar measurements at the sensing wavelengths of 353, 355, and 532 nm indicate that increased aerosol content was observed since June – July almost until the end of 2011 in the lower stratosphere up to the altitudes ~ 18 km. A well-defined, temporally stable aerosol layer was observed until October 2011 in the altitude interval ~ (13-17) km. The trajectory analysis of air mass transport in the stratosphere according to NOAA HYSPLIT MODEL with employment of CALIPSO satellite data shows that the increased aerosol content observed was most likely due to transport of eruption products of Grimsvötn volcano (May 21, 2011, Iceland: 64.4°N; 17.3°W).

We summarize and analyze the lidar measurements (Tomsk: 56.5°N; 85.0°E) of the optical characteristics of the stratospheric aerosol layer (SAL) in the volcanic activity period 2006-2011. The background SAL state with minimal aerosol content, which was observed since 1997 under the conditions of long-term volcanically quiescent period, was interrupted in October 2006 by a series of explosive eruptions of volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire: Rabaul (October 2006, New Guinea); Okmok and Kasatochi (July-August 2008, Aleutian Islands); Redoubt (March-April 2009, Alaska); Sarychev Peak (June 2009, Kuril Islands), and Grimsvötn (May 2011, Iceland). A short-term and minor disturbance of the lower stratosphere was also observed in April 2010 after eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull. The developed regional empirical model of the vertical distribution of background SAL optical characteristics was used to identify the periods of elevated stratospheric aerosol content after each of the volcanic eruptions.

A method of investigation sea surface roughness by analysis polarization images is suggested. Equipment and software were developed and tested at the Pacific Oceanological Institute (POI) It is shown a possibility to study surface manifestations of hydrodynamic processes in coastal zone, such as the dynamics of vortex structures, internal waves, spatio-temporal properties of surface waves by using the panoramic video system for a sea surface control and by the imaging polarimeter. Analysis of a time sequence of transformed to the plane panoramic images obtained using the system allows to estimate a velocity field of vortex structure, phase velocity of surface manifestations of internal waves, intensity and dynamics of surface films of oil pollution. It is shown an ability of sea surface reconstruction by analyzing time sequence of the imaging polarimeter pictures. The results are compared with the height difference of the floats located on the vertical guides that are in the imaging polarimeter field of view. The float heights obtained from its image coordinates. Field experiments were conducted at the POI marine station in the Japan Sea. Moreover, the developed methods and equipment may be used as a source of unique in situ information on the sea surface roughness during satellite optical and radar sensing.

Based both on substantianed criteria for the selection of absorption lines and on a proposed algorithm for the calculation of the atmospheric transmission, a technique to search for informative wavelengths is developed for lidar gas analysis by a differential absorption lidar (DIAL). This technique can be applied to any spectral region upon condition that data on a laser source are supplied. Results of the search for the informative probe light wavelengths in the mid-IR spectral region are presented. A possibility to use an overtone CO-laser for lidar sensing the trace atmospheric constituents has been examined. The calculation confirm that the application of the overtone CO-laser is promising for remote gas analysis of the atmosphere.

The dependence of the size and optical parameters of atmospheric aerosol on relative humidity usually is a smooth curve described by a single-parameter formula of a Kasten-Hanel type. But sometimes, more often in spring, the dramatic increase of the scattering coefficient in a narrow range of relative humidity is observed (as a rule, at 60-70%). It is caused by phase transition (deliquescence) of the aerosol matter. To study this process, we have carried out detailed measurements of the angular scattering characteristics, including polarization, in the visible wavelength range with humidity step of 1%. Then these data were inverted to the particle size spectrum and refractive index at each value of relative humidity. Comparative analysis of the peculiarities of transformation of the aerosol microstructure in the case of phase transition and without it is presented.

Nephelometers and photoelectric counters are the most widely used instruments for measuring the characteristics of aerosol particles. Due to peculiarities of the design of the used nephelometer, as well as limited to visible range spectral interval, sensitivity of the method is restricted to submicrometer aerosol fraction. On the contrary, counters provide for the data on the particles with diameters of 1 μm and more. Thus, combination of these two instruments makes it possible to extend the range of obtaining the reliable data on the aerosol microstructure. In this paper, the results are discussed of simultaneous measurements of the size spectrum by means of nephelometer and photoelectric counter at artificial humidification of aerosol in the range of relative humidity from 20 to 90%.

In the report we present our study of volcano eruption products transportation in the Northern hemisphere stratosphere. In this investigation we use data from CALIPSO satellite and ground-based lidar at the Institute for automation and control processes. It is shown that most of aerosols are transported from north to medieval latitudes through polar and further subtropical jets. According to ground-based measurements it was found out that there was a permanent volcanogenic aerosol layer at the altitudes of 20 km from mid-June to mid-October, 2011.

In this paper the new set of measurements of radio emission from Extensive Air Showers (EAS) at 32 MHz for period 2009-2011 is analyzed. New results of experimental data and their interpretation in the frame of various generation mechanisms of EAS radio emission are presented. EAS radio emission attenuation with the distance from shower axis is showed.

This paper provides correlation of radio pulse maximum with air shower energy, that is determined by shower energy of scattered charged particles in the atmosphere to observation level. It is given as analytical expression of air shower connection with radio pulse amplitude.

On the basis of spectral observations of the hydroxyl emission (band (6-2), 834 nm) in the Eastern Siberia, at Tory (52N, 103E), and in the European Russia, at Zvenigorod (55.7N, 36.8E), during 2008-2011 the statistically significant seasonal variations of the mesopause temperature and its day-to-day and night variabilities are revealed. Standard deviations of temperature were used as parameters of its variability, which allow us to analyze the seasonal activity of planetary waves, tides and internal gravitational waves. The comparison of the results, obtained in different regions of Russia, shows higher values of variability of the mesopause temperature in the Eastern Siberia.

On the basis of spectral observations of the mesopause emissions on Maymaga station (63°N, 129°E) during the 2000-2011 years seasonal dependence of the response received radiation temperatures of OH (6,2) (height of the radiation 87 km) from the solar activity. Found that for the winter and autumn seasons studied the response characteristics of the mesopause to solar activity is positive. In winter, the greatest response observed in the intensities and temperatures.

An analysis of meteorological observations and the spectral analysis of the daily air temperature anomalies have shown that the hot summers and the severe winters caused by the beats (slow periodic variations in the resulting amplitude) of the interacting temperature oscillations with close frequencies. The 35-year basic period of beats in the temperature and other hydrometeorological characteristics takes place due to the interference between their oscillations with periods of solar (365 days) and lunar (355 days) years. In 2010 over European Russia, the phases of the "solar" annual oscillations of hydrometeorological characteristics coincided with those of their basic "lunar" oscillations. As a result, the amplitudes of these oscillations added up and reached extreme values. Time series of the amount of sunshine are analyzed. It is shown that cycle with characteristic time about 35 years and quasi four-year fluctuations of the large amplitude manifest themselves in changes in cloud amount and the amount of sunshine. The revealed cycles are generated by lunisolar tides. The quasi 35-year changes of the cloud amount lead to fluctuations of the radiating balance. The amplitude of these fluctuations increases with the growth of latitude and becomes especially high in polar areas where the day (summer) and the night (winter) can last half a year. Big fluctuations of the thermal regime of polar areas generate radical disturbances of the interhemisphere circulation that lead to greater anomalies of the exchange of the air masses, heat, water vapour and pollution between the northern and southern hemispheres. These processes are responsible for the epochs of the atmospheric circulation, the decade variations in the intensity of the Indian monsoon, changes of the ice masses in Antarctica and Greenland that lead to the decade variations in the parameters of the Earth’s rotation.

In the report, temporal dynamics of vertical profiles of the longitudinal and transverse velocity structure functions retrieved from regular observations of vertical profiles of the wind velocity vector with an autonomous minisodar is investigated.