This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8842, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

There are two main types of imaging systems that exist in nature: the single aperture eye and the compound eye. Usually, cameras and most of artificial imaging systems are similar to the single aperture eye. But compound lenses can be more compact than single lenses. Our design is based on insect compound eyes, which also have a wide field of view (FOV). With the rise of micro-optical techniques, fabricating compound lenses has become easier. The simplest form of a curved microlens array is a parabolic surface. In this paper, we proposed a multi-channel imaging system, which combines the principles of the insect compound eye and the human eye. The optical system enables the reduction of track length of the imaging optics to achieve miniaturization. With the aid of optical engineering software ZEMAX, the multi-channel structure is simulated by a curved microlens array, and we use a Hypergon lens as the main lens to simulate the human eye, which can achieve the purpose of the wide FOV. With this architecture, each microlens of a microlens array transmits a segment of the overall FOV. The partial images that are separately recorded in different channels are stitched together to form the final image of the whole FOV by software processing. A 2.74 mm thin imaging system with 59 channels and 90° FOV is optimized using ZEMAX sequential ray tracing software on a 6.16 mm × 4.62 mm image plane. Finally, we will discuss the simulation results of this system and compare it with the optical cluster eye system and a mobile phone patent.

Plenoptic cameras have emerged in recent years as a technology for capturing light field data in a single snapshot. A conventional digital camera can be modified with the addition of a lenslet array to create a plenoptic camera. The camera image is focused onto the lenslet array. The lenslet array is placed over the camera sensor such that each lenslet forms an image of the exit pupil onto the sensor. The resultant image is an array of circular exit pupil images, each corresponding to the overlying lenslet. The position of the lenslet encodes the spatial information of the scene, whereas as the sensor pixels encode the angular information for light incident on the lenslet. The 4D light field is therefore described by the 2D spatial information and 2D angular information captured by the plenoptic camera. In aberration theory, the transverse ray error relates the pupil coordinates of a given ray to its deviation from the ideal image point in the image plane and is consequently a 4D function as well. We demonstrate a technique for modifying the traditional transverse ray error equations to recover the 4D light field of a general scene. In the case of a well corrected optical system, this light field is easily related to the depth of various objects in the scene. Finally, the effects of sampling with both the lenslet array and the camera sensor on the 4D light field data are analyzed to illustrate the limitations of such systems.

The current autostereoscopic projection system is accomplished by array projectors. It is easy to realize optically but has a drawback with size. Another type is to place the shutter on the screen. It saves the volume but reduces the efficiency depending on how many views are produced. The shutter in the lens aperture has the same efficiency problem, too. To overcome these problems, a full HD autostereoscopic projector based on the lens aperture switching type is proposed. It has RGB laser sources and can produce 16-views or even higher stereoscopic images. This system removes the shutter in the lens aperture by the opti-mechanism itself. The specific light on the lens aperture coming from the point on the DMD is reflected to different angles. The proper angle of light is generated in the object side by the relay and folding system. The UHP lamps or the LED rays are difficult to constrain in a relative small cone angle. For this reason, the laser is applied to the design. The very small etendue of the laser is good for this architecture. The rays are combined by dichroic filter from RGB laser sources then forming and expanding to the mirror. The mirror is synchronized with DMD by the DSP control system. The images of different views are generated by DMD and specific position of the mirror. By the double lenticular screen, the lens aperture is imaged to the observer’s viewing zone and the 3D scene is created.

A discrete zooms optimization based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is presented in this paper, which applies liquid elements and irregular lenses group moving to realize the best resolution for all distinct zooms without any mechanism moving limit. By using GA optimization for discrete zooms lens, the liquid element curvatures and irregular lenses group locations can be effectively looked for, resulting in better performance than that of traditional zoom lens with continuous lens group moving. The simulation results show that the discrete zooms lens with GA optimization gives a better choice than the traditional zoom lens designed by damped least square (DLS).

Special types of pupil mask with the appropriate phase and transmission distribution can be used to modify the 3D pointspread function (PSF) in the desired way. Recently, many studies were addressed to extend the depth-of-field (EDoF) of an imaging system via cubic phase pupil engineering. The intermediate image is detected with a digital sensor and the final image formation is restored by post-process algorithms with the help of knowledge of the pupil mask. The EDoF system is operated based on an assumption that the phase mask should be positioned exactly in the pupil of the optical system. Unfortunately, in most practical cases, the exit pupil is not always available due to the complex layout of a compound lens set and results in a limited practical benefit of this type of arrangement. In this paper, we present the influence of the phase mask position upon PSF of an extended depth-of-field system. The characterizations of EDoF in different viewing angles are dissimilar if the phase mask is not placed in the perfect pupil plane. Such properties should be taken into consideration while designing an EDoF system. Finally, we will propose some potential candidate lenses made to alleviate such difficulty.

The present paper gives an overview on some special techniques for high speed video recording used and investigated in our department for observing the behaviour of transparent media under high temperature, pressure and stress conditions. Such techniques are shadowgraph and schlieren imaging for objects in gaseous environment, and cross polarization techniques for transparent liquids and solid bodies. The examples shown are derived from investigations of exploding conductors and impact studies on glass, plastic and gelatine. Further some concepts for the extraction of slides along the optical axis by decreasing the depth of field using ring apertures are discussed in short.

The current autostereoscopic projection system is accomplished by array projectors. It is easy to realize optically but has a drawback with size. Another type is to place the shutter on the screen. It saves the volume but reduces the efficiency depending on how many views are produced. The shutter in the lens aperture has the same efficiency problem, too. To overcome these problems, a full HD autostereoscopic projector based on the lens aperture switching type is proposed. It has RGB laser sources and can produce 16-views or even higher stereoscopic images. This system removes the shutter in the lens aperture by the opti-mechanism itself. The specific light on the lens aperture coming from the point on the DMD is reflected to different angles. The proper angle of light is generated in the object side by the relay and folding system. The UHP lamps or the LED rays are difficult to constrain in a relative small cone angle. For this reason, the laser is applied to the design. The very small etendue of the laser is good for this architecture. The rays are combined by dichroic filter from RGB laser sources then forming and expanding to the mirror. The mirror is synchronized with DMD by the DSP control system. The images of different views are generated by DMD and specific position of the mirror. By the double lenticular screen, the lens aperture is imaged to the observer’s viewing zone and the 3D scene is created.

The present paper is dedicated to some aspects of the paraxial geometric optical method, which are implicitly used, but often are misunderstood, especially by students. We discuss the symbolic character of the method versus its ability to represent real optical paths and the link to Fourier optics. Further special applications, such as the construction of the imaging properties of elliptical mirrors, are considered. The paper contains practical and comprehensible examples from various formerly published projects to explicitly illustrate relations and construction strategies, as they might appear in a text book on the topic.

The recent Red Bull Stratos Project enabled Felix Baumgartner to skydive from 127,852 feet, breaking a number of world records, and also become the first person to break the sound barrier in free fall. This incredible example of human achievement was documented by a group of optical imaging scientists who worked for over four years to develop and test the necessary systems and equipment. This monumental leap was captured by 35 cameras to provide a full picture of what this endeavor means for the future of scientific exploration. This special presentation will feature an insider look behind the Stratos Project: goals, challenges, and lessons learned.

The recent Red Bull Stratos Project enabled Felix Baumgartner to skydive from 127,852 feet, breaking a number of world records, and also become the first person to break the sound barrier in free fall. This incredible example of human achievement was documented by a group of optical imaging scientists who worked for over four years to develop and test the necessary systems and equipment. This monumental leap was captured by 35 cameras to provide a full picture of what this endeavor means for the future of scientific exploration. This special presentation will feature an insider look behind the Stratos Project: goals, challenges, and lessons learned. View presentation video on SPIE’s Digital Library: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2030382

The increased bandwidth required by applications, tends to raise the amount of optical equipment, for this reason, it is essential to maintain a balance between the wavelength allocation, available capacity and number of optical devices to achieve the lowest power consumption. You could say that we propose a model that minimizes energy consumption, using unicast / multicast traffic grooming in optical networks.

We develop the analysis of a structure formed by two planar gradient optical waveguides coupled into a dielectric substrate. Using the numerical method named α κ, matrix equation is developed, to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenvectors that describes the critical frequency and wave modes for different levels of asymmetry of the coupled waveguide.

One of the main issues in the WDM PON networks design is the optimal dimensioning of the network. The network size usually depends on the traffic demand and the user density, taking in to account the active and passive equipment capacity and some physical layer constraints like the attenuation in the optical path. However, some physical layer limitations related with signal transmission in an optical fiber become more relevant in a WDM transmission and when operating at very high data rates, like 10 Gbps or beyond. In this paper we propose a novel physical layer restrictions based integer linear programming (ILP) model for greenfield next generation 10 Gbps WDM PON network design. The results of the model are validated by means of computational techniques. The proposed ILP model takes into account not only the attenuation of the signal in the optical path but also, through the use of the data obtained by simulation software. We take in to account the restrictions imposed by other phenomena like dispersion, cross talk and some non linear effects typically present in a dense WDM optical transmission.

In order to asses free space optical links, using a Cassegrain telescope, for both classical (i.e. coherent and direct detection) and quantum (coherent, Dolinar-Kennedy system) several scenarios were analyzed. This analysis was conducted through a software tool that uses some specific parameters imposed by the environmental condition and hardware used, such as: pointing and tracking errors, turbulence, modulations schemes, and visibility, among others; in order to obtain the general performance parameters of the simulated link, such as: bit error rate and the photons number. The software developed allows the user to produce useful way to assess the possible success of the implementation of the free space optical link, or a way to identify phenomena that might suggest hardware adjustments to improve the overall performance of the system. Results allow the revision of the expected link performance for a quantum key distribution system; although it is possible to use it for general optical quantum communications systems.

In this work, we present a comparison between Savitzky-Golay filtering and the traditional treatment of subtracting a dark signal to reduce noise from thin film interference spectra, acquired by a spectrometer in an adaptive system, where integration time needs to be varied for each measurement. We show that both classical Savitzky-Golay and dark signal removal are not optimal for interference spectra, however by applying a gradual variation of the Savitzky-Golay bin parameters across the signal, an adaptive version of the Savitsky-Golay technique can be used as a general-purpose noise reduction method for signals collected by an adaptive thin film thickness measurement system.

The Uni-Vibe is an effect pedal mostly used by electric guitar players. It is based on an opto-electronically controlled all-pass chain. In last year’s paper on the subject an idealized system model was derived, which lead to deeper discussion of the musical consequences of the effect in terms of harmonic analysis of single tones and chords in clean and distorted mode. As a direct continuation the present paper deals with the transient behaviour of the device. The transient response is essential for understanding the special sound character, the reaction on picking techniques and the interaction with certain instruments. Therefore the system model is expanded and the pulse response of the idealized time invariant system is derived.

The present paper is dedicated to the Optics and Music session of the Novel Systems Design and Optimization XVI Conference. It is intended as an informative paper for the music enthusiasts. Included are some examples of visualization of sound generation and vibration modes of musically relevant objects and processes - record playback, an electric guitar and a wine glass - using high speed video, borescopic view and cross polarization techniques.

The present paper is derived from an ongoing study on the human perception of combined optical and acoustical periodical stimuli. Originating from problems of occupational medicine concerning artificial illumination and certain machinery with coherent optical and acoustical emissions there are effects which are interesting in the context of Optics and Music. Because of the difficulties in evaluation of physical and psychological effects of such coherent stimuli in a first step we questioned if such coherence is perceivable at all. Concept, experimental set-up and first results are discussed in short.

Freeform optics are limited to design with simplified source models. With a realistic extended source, the resulting design is limited by the ability to hold the source and optic to the desired tolerances. For example, a design is made around the nominal emitter characteristics, such as an encapsulated LED die. This process is called tailoring. Positioning and spectral output can vary appreciably for these emitters. A method to design optics with extended sources with tolerances taken into account is presented. This method uses targeted ray tracing to specify particular points on optical surfaces. In the method presented here, the source is represented instead as a collection of non-ideal sources, each weighted according to the statistics of the dimensional and color variations that are expected in the source. The design is iteratively developed over its extent where each step accounts for the multitude of tolerances potential ray paths through the optics. The end result is to design optics that are tolerant to the predicted level of error, while maintaining the desired level of efficiency and distribution at the target. This method notably samples the differential étendue aspects of the source as it propagates through the system. Upon solution of the iteratively generated reflector control points, an optimization run can be performed to improve performance. We present a wall-wash example to illustrate the method.

In continuation of last year’s paper on distorting optics for inspection of 2 1/2D surfaces with convex or elevated elements - like braille paper and other special printing products - the present paper is dedicated to the quality control and characterization of flexo-printing plates. The need for high optical resolution contradicts the need for depth of field. A rugged optical system for gathering a series of microscopic images at various planes of focus is discussed.

We discuss an optical method for controlling the half-width of Gaussian like transmittance windows, by using a pair of absorption masks that have both radial and helical amplitude variations. For describing the radial part of the proposed masks, we employ amplitude transmittance profiles of the form T(ρ) = exp(- ρ ^s ). For s = 2, one has an amplitude transmittance that is proportional to a Gaussian function. A sub Gaussian mask is defined by a value of s < 2. And if s > 2, one has super Gaussian masks. Our discussion considers that any of these radially varying masks has also helical modulations. We show that by using a suitable pair of this type of masks, one can control the halfwidth of Gaussian like windows.

The Guillermo Haro astrophysical observatory (Mexico) realizes investigations in the visible and near-infrared range . Actually, the classical grating spectrometer with mechanically removable optical filters and diffraction gratings is exploited there. Unfortunately, the regular process of changing the diffraction gratings with different resolutions and recalibrating the spectrometer is inconvenient and wastes expensive time for observations. This is why exploiting an acousto-optical cell as a dynamic dispersive element is practically desirable, because potentially it realizes tuning the spectral resolution and the range of observation electronically and excludes filters. Some aspects of inserting just one dynamic acousto-optical diffraction grating instead of a set of the traditional static diffraction gratings are preliminarily considered.

This paper presents the Espresso Anamorphic pupil Slicer (APSU) implementation. ESPRESSO, the Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations, will be installed on ESOs Very Large Telescope (VLT). In this work we will present the design and trade-off for the pupil slicing system introduced in order to increase the resolving power, effectively decreasing slit width. Its based onto simplified optical component that introduce large anamorphism while keeping low aberrations by means of cylindrical optics. We describe here the trade-off between slicing through two adjacent squared doublets and two achromatic prisms.

Range gated imaging is a remote sensing acquisition which involves the emission of a laser pulse and an intensified camera to gate the reflected laser pulse. Range accuracy has always been an issue especially when a highly accurate reconstructed model is expected as the final outcome. The reflected pulse profile and pulse instability are among the issues that affect the range accuracy when a general solution such as constant offset is not applicable. In this paper, a study to estimate a more accurate model for the reflected pulse profile has been investigated through experiments. T Location-Scale model has been proposed to replace the Gaussian model as the general assumption for range-gated image formation model. The improvement on range accuracy which is around 0.3% has been verified through simulation based on the acquired samples. The series of range-gated images can be reconstructed into a three-dimensional depth map through range calculation. This can be used in the subsequent range reconstruction works.

We have developed the stereo matching image processing by selected finite length edge line matching on least square method to find the local distance information of the view. This method is based on a pair of the high pass wavelet images to find out the matching edge line. These high pass wavelet images are also used to choose the focused images by applying threshold operation on them. Each imager has the function for focusing, changing view angle and changing aperture by the servomotors and microcomputers. It is mounted on the gimbal unit to make the independent yaw and pitch movement. And a pair of imagers is mounted on the yaw gimbal to make the same yaw movement. The matching edge line for matching process is derived from making the 2-valued high pass image with correspondence for focused image, grouping high valued pixels in the 2 valued high pass image by 8 directional connectivity rule, thinning the grouped image by Hilditch thinning method, tracing the thinned line image for numbering pixels on the line continuously, calculating the line linearity by the least square method at each pixel point with adjacent finite number of pixel points, finding out the line segments to have linearity within the limited root mean square of the difference between the line by least square method and the thinned line segment, constructing the standard matching edge line by reducing the number of the pixels of matching edge line for the tolerance of matching due to the deformation between a pair of images. The selected standard matching edge line is evaluated by autocorrelation on the standard thinned line image to check the existence of similar line segments. Under the information of autocorrelation the edge line matching is evaluated by moving the pixel point through paired thinned line image by calculating the root mean square of the difference between them.

A special class of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm, called recursive convolution (RC) FDTD, is developed to simulate metals in visible domain. Conventionally, RC-FDTD is implemented for pulsed light sources. This requires that the analytical model of permittivity should fit the handbook permittivities (derived from experimental measurements) closely over broadband of wavelengths. This is not an easy task and the choice of a particular model depends on the metal being simulated. We developed a monochromatic version of RC-FDTD. This algorithm uses the 1st order Drude model to evaluate the convolution operation needed to make FDTD stable for metals for which the real part of permittivity is negative. Unlike the conventional RC-FDTD, the Drude parameters are computed at each wavelength of the incident light using the corresponding handbook value of permittivity. Hence, this version of RC-FDTD allows us to use the handbook permittivity values at all wavelengths of operation. Here, we study the dependence of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties of arrays of nano-particles on the shape, size and number of particles in the array and the interparticle distance. We compute the extinction spectra of linear nano-particle arrays using the RC-FDTD method. For such arrays, the peak of the extinction spectra shifts toward the longer wavelengths as the interparticle distance decreases.

The work presented in this paper develops a new formalism to design microdisks and microgears structures. The main objective is to study the optics and geometrics parameters influence on the microdisks and microgears structures resonance behavior. This study is conducted to choice a resonance structure with height quality factor Q to be associated with Quantum dot to form a single photon source. This new method aims to design resonant structures that are simpler and requires less computing performances than FDTD and Floquet Block methods. This formalism is based on simplifying Fourier transformed and using toeplitz matrix writing. This new writing allows designing all kind of resonance structures with any defect and any modification. In other study we have design a quantum dot emitting a photon at 1550 nm of the fundamental mode, but the quantum dot emits other photons at other wavelengths. The focus of the resonant structure and the quantum dot association is the resonance of the photon at 1550 nm and the elimination of all other photons with others energies. The quantum dot studied in [1] is an InAs/GaAs quantum dot, we design an GaAS microdisk and microgear and we compare the quality factor Q of this two structures and we conclude that the microgear is more appropriated to be associate to the quantum dot and increase the probability P1 to obtain a single photon source at 1550 nm and promotes the obtaining of single photon. The performance improving of the resonant structure is able to increase the success of quantum applications such as quantum gates based on single photon source.

Scratch holograms can be described as the limiting case of geometrical optics, where k→ ∞ , in which photons behave like grains of sand. We will show that scratch holograms can in principle be produced and read out by white light interference.

A model of generalized optical anisotropy of human bile is suggested and a method of polarimetric of the module and phase Fourier of the image of the field of laser radiation is analytically substantiated, that is generated by the mechanisms of linear and circular birefringence of polycrystalline networks with a diagnosis and differentiation of cholelithiasis against a background of chronic cholecystitis.

Among various opticophysical methods [1 - 3] of diagnosing the structure and properties of the optical anisotropic component of various biological objects a specific trend has been singled out - multidimensional laser polarimetry of microscopic images of the biological tissues with the following statistic, correlative and fractal analysis of the coordinate distributions of the azimuths and ellipticity of polarization in approximating of linear birefringence polycrystalline protein networks [4 – 10]. At the same time, in most cases, experimental obtaining of tissue sample is a traumatic biopsy operation. In addition, the mechanisms of transformation of the state of polarization of laser radiation by means of the opticoanisotropic biological structures are more varied (optical dichroism, circular birefringence). Hereat, real polycrystalline networks can be formed by different types, both in size and optical properties of biological crystals. Finally, much more accessible for an experimental investigation are biological fluids such as blood, bile, urine, and others. Thus, further progress of laser polarimetry can be associated with the development of new methods of analysis and processing (selection) of polarization- heterogeneous images of biological tissues and fluids, taking into account a wider set of mechanisms anisotropic mechanisms. Our research is aimed at developing experimental method of the Fourier polarimetry and a spatialfrequency selection for distributions of the azimuth and the ellipticity polarization of blood plasma laser images with a view of diagnosing prostate cancer.

The paper deals with investigating the processes of laser radiation transformation by biological crystals networks using the singular optics techniques. The results obtained showed a distinct correlation between the points of "characteristic" values of coordinate distributions of Mueller matrix (M_ik = 0, ±1) elements and polarization singularities (S- and C-points) of laser transformation of biological crystals networks with the following possibility of Mueller-matrix selection of polarization singularity. The technique of Mueller-matrix singular diagnostics of oncological changes of skin derma tissue is proposed.

The principles of optical model of human bile polycrystalline structure are described. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical, correlation and fractal parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of mutual polarization degree of the points of laser images of bile smears of cholelithiasis patients in combination with other pathologies. The diagnostic criteria of the cholelithiasis nascency and its severity degree differentiation are determined.

The optical model of polycrystalline networks of histological sections of rectum wall is suggested. The results of investigating the interrelation between the values of statistical (statistical moments of the 1st-4th order) parameters are presented. They characterize the coordinate distributions of the fourth parameter of Stokes vector of Fourier transforms of laser images of rectum wall histological sections and oncological changes. The diagnostic criteria of rectum cancer are determined.

To characterize the degree of consistency of parameters of the optically uniaxial birefringent protein fibrils nets of biological tissues a new parameter – complex degree of mutual anisotropy is suggested. The technique of polarization measuring the coordinate distributions of the complex degree of mutual anisotropy of biological tissues is developed. It is shown that statistic approach to the analysis of complex degree of mutual anisotropy distributions of skin derma of various optical thicknesses appears to be more sensitive and efficient in differentiation of physiological state in comparison with investigations of complex degree of mutual polarization of the corresponding laser images.

This research is aimed to investigate the reliability of Mueller-matrix differentiation of birefringence change of optically thick layers of biological tissues at the early stages of the change in their physiological state. This is performed by measuring the set of asymmetry and excess values of Mueller matrix image of the phase element M₄₄ in various points of the object under investigation.

As a novel detection approach which simultaneously acquires two-dimensional visual picture and one-dimensional spectral information, spectral imaging offers promising applications on biomedical imaging, conservation and identification of artworks, surveillance of food safety, and so forth. A novel moderate-resolution spectral imaging system consisting of merely two optical elements is illustrated in this paper. It can realize the function of a relay imaging system as well as a 10nm spectral resolution spectroscopy. Compared to conventional prismatic imaging spectrometers, this design is compact and concise with only two special curved prisms by utilizing two reflective surfaces. In contrast to spectral imagers based on diffractive grating, the usage of compound-prism possesses characteristics of higher energy utilization and wider free spectral range. The seidel aberration theory and dispersive principle of this special prism are analyzed at first. According to the results, the optical system of this design is simulated, and the performance evaluation including spot diagram, MTF and distortion, is presented. In the end, considering the difficulty and particularity of manufacture and alignment, an available method for fabrication and measurement is proposed.