This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8910, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction (if any), and Conference Committee listing.

A special multiport UV solar simulator was designed at National Institute of Metrology (NIM), and a set of UVA and UVA+B optical filters were developed to satisfy the spectral distribution specifications of COLIPA SPF and JCIA Persistent Pigmentation Darkening (PPD) test methods. The other purpose of this apparatus is used to calibrate the UVA and UVA+B irradiance or dose of broadband UV radiometers. The response of a double grating spectroradiometer with a 5.8 mm entrance aperture from 250nm to 800nm was calibrated using a 1000W spectral irradiance standard lamp at a distance of 500 mm, and the value of quantities of the developed system is traceable to the national primary standard of spectral irradiance of NIM. The system wavelength was checked using a low-pressure mercury lamp. The spectral response of each port was measured from 250nm to 800nm in 1nm steps. Experiment results showed that the percentage relative cumulative erythemal effectiveness (% RCEE) and UVA measurement waveband values of the multiport UV solar simulator are within the specified limits. The source spectrum is smooth and continuous, and the energy below 290nm is less than 0.1%.

In order to identify and classify horticultural crops rapidly, it is great importance of selecting effective characteristic wavebands from a large number of imaging data. Extracting effective characteristic wavebands can nearly represent holistic information of the research target from rich imaging spectral data, mainly used for rapid characteristic identification, cluster analysis and establishing database, especially in high spectral sensing to recognize targets for a long distance. The experiment chooses radish leaves and rice leaves as research samples so as to obtain spectral information from the surface of samples by interval of 5nm based on LCTF imaging; then, the standard deviation and correlation coefficient of the gray images are calculated for these two kinds of leaves; next, we calculate the value of waveband index according to standard deviation and correlation coefficient, and extract the effective characteristic wavebands for radish leaves and rice leaves through the sorting of waveband index. By those, the experimental results show there are six ideal wavebands at 530nm, 550nm, 555nm, 715nm, 510nm and 565nm for radish leaves, 645nm, 675nm, 685nm, 670nm, 690nm and 660nm for rice leaves separately. Further, according to the principle of Euclidean distance, we also give an assessment of classification accuracy for these two samples by comparing characteristic wavebands with full wavebands, and the classification accuracy of radish leaves and rice leaves is 80.00% and 86.67% respectively. Therefore, choosing these wavebands can be used as effective characteristic wavebands for radish leaves and rice leaves.

Spectropolarimetry is the technique that spectrally resolves polarisation properties of light. The conventional spectropolarimeter generally suffer from vibration, electrical noise, and alignment difficulty introduced by the mechanical or electro-optic device for polarization control, such as a rotating compensator and a liquid crystal device, such a polarization controlling element generally requires the considerable volume as well as the electronic driving cables, which has been the major obstacles for the reduction in the size of the spectropolarimeter. This paper presents a compact configuration of the channeled spectropolarimeter designed to increase the stability of the state of polarization measurement, the whole spectropolarimeter system without any internal moving parts, electrically controllable or micro-components, which enables us to determine all the parameters related to the spectral dependence of the state of polarization of light at once from a single measurement. In this spectropolarimeter system, multiple-order retarders are utilized to generate a channeled spectrum carrying information about the wavelength-dependent multiple parameters of polarization of light. The theory analysis and some aspects of our proof of concept experiments are given in this paper.

Hyperspectral imagery typically possesses high spectral resolution but low spatial resolution. One way to enhance the spatial resolution of a hyperspectral image is to fuse its spectral information and the spatial information of another high resolution image. In this paper, we propose a novel image fusion strategy for hyperspectral image and high spatial resolution panchromatic image, which is based on the curvelet transform. Firstly, determine a synthesized image with the specified RGB bands of the original hyperspectral images according to the optimal index factor (OIF) model. Then use the IHS transform to extract the intensity component of the synthesized image. After that, the histogram matching is performed between the intensity component and the panchromatic image. Thirdly, the curvelet transform is applied to decompose the two source images (the intensity component and the panchromatic image) in different scales and directions. Different fusion strategies are applied to coefficients in various scales and directions. Finally, the fused image is achieved by the inverse IHS transform. The experimental result shows that the proposed method has a superior performance. Comparing with the traditional methods such as the PCA transform, wavelet-based or pyramid-based methods and the multi-resolution fusion methods (shearlet or contourlet decomposition), the fused image achieves the highest entropy index and average gradient value. While providing a better human visual quality, a good correlation coefficient index indicates that the fused image keeps good spectral information. Both visual quality and objective evaluation criteria demonstrate that this method can well preserve the spatial quality and the spectral characteristics.

Hyperspectral imaging technology shows great potential for detection of camouflaged targets. Hyperspectral imagery provides fully registered high resolution spatial and spectral images that are invaluable in discriminating between camouflaged targets and backgrounds. However, current research on the processing of hyperspectral imagery tends to focus exclusively on spectral dimension, and thus the spatial and spectral information are not treated simultaneously. In order to get the shape of target, we have developed a new method based on mathematical morphology for edge detection in hyperspectal data. On the basis of analysis, spectral angle distance is utilized in extended morphological operations, which combine spectral and spatial information together. Then operator of edge extraction is used to extract the edge of target. Three major contributions are presented for detection of camouflaged targets in the paper. Firstly, in spectral domain, the best wave band to distinguish camouflaged targets and background is obtained by subtracting reflex intensity of targets and background. Secondly, we confirm the effectiveness of spectral angle mapping in detecting camouflaged targets, which lays a foundation for the use of spectral angle distance on the following study. Finally, as the prior knowledge about extended morphological operations and edge extraction known already, we successful extract the edge of the camouflaged target which is collected by a hyperspectral imager based on AOTF in the VIS-SWIR region.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a powerful tool for the study of the absorption spectra of solid samples. Scattered light, which used to be a main error source in conventional absorption spectroscopy, is not a problem for PAS, and furthermore, in this paper it is helpful for photoacoustic spectroscopy measurement. In this work, the photoacoustic spectra of an olanzapine tablet and its powder have been investigated. Differential analysis was used to eliminate the background signal generated by the photoacoustic cell. It is found that the photoacoustic spectrum of olanzapine in the powdered olanzapine tablet has the same spectral features as that of the pure olanzapine powder, while the photoacoustic spectrum of the olanzapine tablet does not have, although the ingredients in both are completely the same. This phenomenon can be interpreted as the light scattering effects in the powdered olanzapine tablet. The light scattering effects in a solid mixture amplify the photoacoustic spectral features of the main light-absorbing ingredient in the mixture, rather than enhance the measured photoacoustic signal over the whole measured wavelength range, which is different from the influence of light scattering effects on a single-ingredient solid powder. Based on this work, a method is proposed to preliminarily fast identify the light-absorbing ingredient in a solid mixture. Using the method, a drug tablet can be measured directly in solid state and hardly need sample preprocessing, and thus the time for composition analyses will be reduced significantly.

The spectral radiation of extended area blackbody source is widely used to provide a reference for absolute temperature in infrared test and calibration. Thus the temperature accuracy of extended area blackbody is a critical parameter to determine the performance of test and calibration system. The temperature of emissive surface is measured and controlled by Platinum resistance temperature sensor. A variety of techniques have been developed for improving the temperature accuracy of extended area blackbody. In order to overcome nonlinear error caused by the Platinum resistance temperature sensor, a calibration method based on two-point multi-section linear correction algorithm is proposed. The tests verify that the method enhances the calibration accuracy of temperature accuracy of extended area blackbody and satisfies the requirements of high precision tests on metrological quality.

Reflective optics is used widely in optical systems for their achromatization, large aperture and lightweight compared with refractive systems.An infrared three-mirror optical system with large relative aperture working in the 8～12 micron long wavelength infrared band is designed by using four reflective mirrors. The design principle, design results are described in this paper. The system has a field of view with 1.41°. The MTF of the system is diffraction-limited and the distortion is less than 0.5%. The image quality is evaluated for each field,which shows that the design makes a good system with high image quality.

Apodization function is very important to the spectral accuracy in the phase error correction procession of Fourier transform spectrometer. So a novel apodization function and a high efficient phase error correction method are developed in this paper. The short double sided interferogram data and zero-crossing single sided interferogram data are gained by sampling and this data need zero-padding in order to have the same resolution. Then we reconstruct a complex number sequence, which the real part is the data of zero-crossing single sided interferogram and the imaginary part is the data of short double sided interferogram. The complex number sequence multiplied by the new apodization function and then the discrete Fourier transform is used to attain time domain data. We can obtain high precision spectrum based on the conjugate symmetry properties of discrete Fourier transform in the end. The results of experiments and theory analyzing demonstrate that proposed apodization function could suppress sidelobe and decrease the error due to the short double sided interferogram data have been used twice effectively, and the spectral inversion algorithm based on the new apodization function has not need interpolation computing, only has once fourier transform and once apodization, so the efficiency is improved greatly. Theory analysis and experiments shows the method is reasonable and efficient.

In order to meet the needs of space borne and airborne hyperspectral imaging system for light weight, simplification and high spatial resolution, a novel design of Féry-prism hyperspectral imaging system based on Zemax multi-configuration method is presented. The novel structure is well arranged by analyzing optical monochromatic aberrations theoretically, and the optical structure of this design is concise. The fundamental of this design is Offner relay configuration, whereas the secondary mirror is replaced by Féry-prism with curved surfaces and a reflective front face. By reflection, the light beam passes through the Féry-prism twice, which promotes spectral resolution and enhances image quality at the same time. The result shows that the system can achieve light weight and simplification, compared to other hyperspectral imaging systems. Composed of merely two spherical mirrors and one achromatized Féry-prism to perform both dispersion and imaging functions, this structure is concise and compact. The average spectral resolution is 6.2nm; The MTFs for 0.45~1.00um spectral range are greater than 0.75, RMSs are less than 2.4um; The maximal smile is less than 10% pixel, while the keystones is less than 2.8% pixel; image quality approximates the diffraction limit. The design result shows that hyperspectral imaging system with one modified Féry-prism substituting the secondary mirror of Offner relay configuration is feasible from the perspective of both theory and practice, and possesses the merits of simple structure, convenient optical alignment, and good image quality, high resolution in space and spectra, adjustable dispersive nonlinearity. The system satisfies the requirements of airborne or space borne hyperspectral imaging system.

A high temperature infrared spectra measuring equipment connected with a FTIR spectrometer (PE) was designed and manufactured. The measuring temperature can range from room-temperature to 500°C and the infrared spectra of substrates and thin films under different temperature can be real-time measured. The Fourier transform infrared transmission spectra of Si substrate under different working temperature were measured in the wavelength region from 2μm to 20μm using high temperature infrared spectra measuring equipment. The measured temperature ranged from room temperature to 500°C with a step of 50°C. Complex dielectric functions of Si substrate under different temperature condition are calculated from FTIR transmittance spectra by WVASE32 software, and the best fitted method was obtained for calculating optical constants of dielectric materials in the high temperature condition. As the increase of working temperature, the refractive index and extinction coefficient of Si substrate increase, when the working temperature reach 300°C, the various quantity of extinction coefficient sharply increase, so Si substrate can be used in the condition below the temperature of 300°C. Thus, through the exact calculated complex dielectric functions under different working temperature condition, we can design and manufacture different thin films using Si as substrate, and applied in in the high temperature condition.

Based on new high temperature blackbody (HTBB) BB3500M and optical feedback control system, the new national primary standard apparatus of spectral radiance and spectral irradiance are evaluated and established at National Institute of Metrology (NIM). The stability, uniformity, repeatability and measurement uncertainty of the apparatus are promoted greatly compared to the former facility. The measurement uncertainty of temperature was decreased to 0.64K (k=1) when BB3500M blackbody is operating at 2980K, which is traceable to the Pt-C and Re-C fixed point blackbodies of NIM. Wavelength measurement range of spectral radiance and spectral irradiance are extended to 220nm~2550nm and 230nm~2550nm respectively, which satisfy the full wavelength requirement of CCPR-S1 spectral radiance international comparison.

We present the Fringe Zernike coefficients of the parent system pupil can be converted into coefficients of off-axis system, it is show that the coefficients of the Fringe Zernike polynomials in the off-axis pupil only contain orders equal to or lower than the Fringe Zernike polynomials originally placed on the parent pupil, and for the 3^rd aberration the pupil transformation matrix has been finding. Using nodal aberration, we get the misaligned matrix of rotational symmetry parent optical system. Then with the pupil transformation matrix, the misaligned matrix of off-axis two-mirror system was found, the amounts of the misalignments are calculated by the off-axis misaligned matrix.

The research on rendered virtual view image (RVVI) objective quality assessment is important for integrated imaging system and image quality assessment (IQA). Traditional IQA algorithms cannot be applied directly on the system receiver-side due to interview displacement and the absence of original reference. This study proposed a block-based neighbor reference (NbR) IQA framework for RVVI IQA. Neighbor views used for rendering are employed for quality assessment in the proposed framework. A symphonious factor handling noise and interview displacement is defined and applied to evaluate the contribution of the obtained quality index in each block pair. A three-stage experiment scheme is also presented to testify the proposed framework and evaluate its homogeneity performance when comparing to full reference IQA. Experimental results show the proposed framework is useful in RVVI objective quality assessment at system receiver-side and benchmarking different rendering algorithms.

In order to detect the space debris, a visible camera for space debris was proposed.The visible camera was mainly consisted of primary mirror , secondary mirror.In order to balance aberration, six correcting lens were used in the optical system. To reduce the visible camera system size, two mirrors were joined,which could fold the system and shorten the overall length.The focal length was 12000 mm ,field of view was 1. 0 and the f-number was 10.0.The imaging quafity of the optical system in visible camera approached to diffraction limit.

A hybrid diffractive/refractive visible lens with small F-number of 1.5 is proposed based on the special chromatic aberration of diffractive optical element. It is used in the optical system of visible camera for space debris.The visible lens has an effective focal length of 100 mm, a working wavelength range of 0.5-0.8μm and a field of view 6°.Firstly,the lens system consists of three groups and five lenses.Then, aspheric and diffractive surfaces are used in order to correct high-order aberrations resulting from large relative aperture.Finally, the lens is designed with the help of Code-v optical design software.The lens is evaluated by energy concentration, the dispersion spot diameter, lateral color, distortion,the simulated final design shows adequate image quality. The method puts forward a new ideas for visible camera for space debris optical system design and had an important reference significance and application value.

Spectrophotometric color matching is an important method for computer color matching, which is more accurate but difficult than tri-stimulus values color matching, because which will result in metamerism. The fundamental theory of computer color matching is the linear relationship between Kubelka-Munk function and concentration of dye. In fact, the spectral reflectivity of every pixel in hyperspectral image composed of subpixel mixing in instantaneous field of view. According to the Glassman laws of color mixing, the mixed pixel’s spectral reflectivity equals to the algebra sum of each reflectivity of subpixel multiply its area percentage. In this case, spectrophotometric color matching match the spectral reflectivity curve by adjusting the combined form of subpixel which constitute the pixel. According to numerical methods for Multi-peaks Guassian fitting, the spectral reflectivity curve can be fit as the sum of several characteristic peak, which accord with Normal Distribution. Then the spectrophotometric color matching can simplify the solution with infinite wavelength into solving the linear equations with finite known peak intensity. By using Imaging Spectrometer measure the color samples in standard color cards from different distance, the spectral reflectivity curve of each single color sample and the mixed color samples can be gotten, and the experiments results show that the spectrophotometric color matching based on Multi-peaks Gaussian fitting is superior to the tri-stimulus values color matching, and which is easy to operate.

Near-infrared micro-imaging will not only provide the sample’s spatial distribution information, but also the spectroscopic information of each pixel. In this thesis, it took the artificial sample of wheat flour and formaldehyde sodium sulfoxylate distribution given for example to research the data processing method for enhancing the quality of near-infrared micro-imaging. Near-infrared spectroscopic feature of wheat flour and formaldehyde sodium sulfoxylate being studied on, compare correlation imaging and 2^nd derivative imaging were applied in the imaging processing of the near-infrared micro-image of the artificial sample. Furthermore, the two methods were combined, i.e. 2^nd derivative compare correlation imaging was acquired. The result indicated that the difference of the correlation coefficients between the two substances, i.e. wheat flour and formaldehyde sodium sulfoxylate, and the reference spectrum has been increased from 0.001 in compare correlation image to 0.796 in 2^nd derivative compare correlation image respectively, which enhances the imaging quality efficiently. This study will, to some extent, be of important reference significance to near-infrared micro-imaging method research of agricultural products and foods.

As a kind of film device, band-pass filter is widely used in pattern recognition, infrared detection, optical fiber communication, etc. In this paper, an algorithm for automatic measurement of band-pass filter quality criterion is proposed based on the proven theory calculation of derivate spectral transmittance of filter formula. Firstly, wavelet transform to reduce spectrum data noises is used. Secondly, combining with the Gaussian curve fitting and least squares method, the algorithm fits spectrum curve and searches the peak. Finally, some parameters for judging band-pass filter quality are figure out. Based on the algorithm, a pipeline for band-pass filters automatic measurement system has been designed that can scan the filter array automatically and display spectral transmittance of each filter. At the same time, the system compares the measuring result with the user defined standards to determine if the filter is qualified or not. The qualified product will be market with green color, and the unqualified product will be marked with red color. With the experiments verification, the automatic measurement system basically realized comprehensive, accurate and rapid measurement of band-pass filter quality and achieved the expected results.

The water pollution has become more and more serious with the industrial progress and social development, so it become a worldwide leading environmental management problem to human survival and personal health, therefore, countries are looking for the best solution. Generally speaking, in this paper the work has the following main achievements and innovation:

(1) Developed a new plasma device--Plasma Water Bed.

(2) At atmospheric pressure condition, use oxygen, nitrogen, argon and helium as work gas respectively, use fiber spectrometer to atmospheric pressure plasma discharge the emission spectrum of measurement, due to the different work gas producing active particle is different, so can understand discharge, different particle activity, in the treatment of wastewater, has the different degradation effects.

(3) Methyl violet solution treatment by plasma water bed. Using plasma drafting make active particles and waste leachate role, observe the decolorization, measurement of ammonia nitrogen removal.

A sparse representation based multi-threshold segmentation (SRMTS) algorithm for target detection in hyperspectral images is proposed. Benefiting from the sparse representation, the high-dimensional spectral data can be characterized into a series of sparse feature vectors which has only a few nonzero coefficients. Through setting an appropriate threshold, the noise removed sparse spectral vectors are divided into two subspaces in the sparse domain consistent with the sample spectrum to separate the target from the background. Then a correlation and a vector 1-norm are calculated respectively in the subspaces. The sparse characteristic of the target is used to ext ract the target with a multi -threshold method. Unlike the conventional hyperspectral dimensionality reduction methods used in target detection algorithms, like Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Maximum Noise Fraction (MNF), this algorithm maintains the spectral characteristics while removing the noise due to the sparse representation. In the experiments, an orthogonal wavelet sparse base is used to sparse the spectral information and a best contraction threshold to remove the hyperspectral image noise according to the noise estimation of the test images. Compared with co mmon algorithms, such as Adaptive Cosine Estimator (ACE), Constrained Energy Minimizat ion (CEM) and the noise removed MNF-CEM algorithm, the proposed algorithm demonstrates higher detection rates and robustness via the ROC curves.

In this paper we propose a polarization image fast fusion approach based on online dictionary learning for sparse non-negative matrix factorization, aiming at improving the efficiency of fusion methods for polarization image based on non-negative matrix factorization. Firstly, all of the polarization parameter images are taken as source data sets for sparse non-negative matrix factorization using online dictionary learning algorithm, so as to extract three feature basis images. Then, after histogram matching, the three feature basis images are mapped into three color channels of IHS color space. Finally, the fused image is achieved via the transform from IHS to RGB color model. Experimental results show that, the proposed method not only has better capacity of color representation capability and effectively pop out detailed information of objects but enhances the running efficiency evidently as well.

After January 13, 2012, FY-2F had successfully launched, the total number of the in orbit operating FengYun-2 geostationary meteorological satellites reached three. For accurate and efficient application of multi-satellite observation data, the study of the multi-satellites normalization of the visible detector was urgent. The method required to be non-rely on the in orbit calibration. So as to validate the calibration results before and after the launch; calculate day updating surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF); at the same time track the long-term decay phenomenon of the detector's linearity and responsivity. By research of the typical BRDF model, the normalization method was designed. Which could effectively solute the interference of surface directional reflectance characteristics, non-rely on visible detector in orbit calibration. That was the Median Vertical Plane (MVP) method. The MVP method was based on the symmetry of principal plane, which were the directional reflective properties of the general surface targets. Two geostationary satellites were taken as the endpoint of a segment, targets on the intersecting line of the segment's MVP and the earth surface could be used as a normalization reference target (NRT). Observation on the NRT by two satellites at the moment the sun passing through the MVP brought the same observation zenith, solar zenith, and opposite relative direction angle. At that time, the linear regression coefficients of the satellite output data were the required normalization coefficients. The normalization coefficients between FY-2D, FY-2E and FY-2F were calculated, and the self-test method of the normalized results was designed and realized. The results showed the differences of the responsivity between satellites could up to 10.1%(FY-2E to FY-2F); the differences of the output reflectance calculated by the broadcast calibration look-up table could up to 21.1%(FY-2D to FY-2F); the differences of the output reflectance from FY-2D and FY-2E calculated by the site experiment results reduced to 2.9%(13.6% when using the broadcast table). The normalized relative error was also calculated by the self-test method, which was less than 0.2%.

A LWIR Fourier-transform imaging spectrometer based on the static Michelson interferometer with high throughput is presented. Advantages and disadvantages of some common structures of imaging spectrometer are analyzed. Some selection of optimum configurations for imaging spectrometer is proceeded. The interferogram is acquired over the whole field of the camera while the scene of interest scans the path difference range, and vignetting should be strongly limited while keeping the size of the interferometer as small as possible for manufacturability and practicability reasons. The key point is to put the entrance pupil of the imaging lens inside the interferometer. The design of optical system is proposed. The field of view(FOV) is 10°.The operating wavelength range is from 8 to 12μm, F number is 2 and the working temperature range is -20°C～40°C. Optical system with 100% cold shield efficiency is good adaptability to wide environment temperature change. The spectrometer system has low utilization of solar energy in the infrared band, so to ensure its transmittance, and it is necessary to use a small amount of lenses as possible, so here the method of the active electromechanical athermalisation just uses four lenses in the system. Modulation transfer function (MTF), aberrant and distortion etc of optical system are analyzed. The results show that an excellent performance and image performance are obtained despite the simple structure.

The concept of high-throughput imaging Fourier transform spectrometer is introduced. Starting from the principle of the lateral shearing interferometer, it analyses the decline reason for the signal modulation efficiency and theoretically analyses the several aspects of the surface errors of the plane mirror, the beamsplitter properties change and the incident light angle influence the modulation efficiency. Based on analysis results, some expressions of modulation efficiency are provided. Furthermore, the relationship between modulation efficiency and performance parameters is pointed out. The reasons for the interferometer signal modulation efficiency decline can contain the following several aspects: (1) the influence of the surface errors of the plane mirror, (2) the polarization state change because of the influence of the reflection and the transmission in the light incident process makes the signal modulation efficiency decline, (3) the influence of the incident light angle. The results show that: this class of system is inherently optomechanics robust, no-moving part system, simple and compact structure, easy assembly and adjustment, strong vibration resistance as well as high resolution and high-throughput. Our results will provide a theoretical and practical guide for studying, developing and engineering Michelson lateral shearing interference imaging spectrometers. It can be widely used in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) imaging spectrometer system for thermal infrared remote sensing community.

A dimensionality reduction method is proposed by using the second generation Bandelet transform. The redundant components of the hyperspectral cube are firstly partitioned into several subsets. Subsequently the Bandelet coefficients and the geometries flows of the hyperspectral image are generated by performing second generation Bandelet transform. In the follow step, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is introduced to simplify the redundant data. Finally, the new reduced hyperspectral cube is reconstructed by taking inverse Bandelet transform. Some numerical simulations are made to test the validity and capability of the proposed dimensionality reduction algorithm.

Linear scan Computed Tomography (LCT) has emerged as a promising technique in fields like industrial scanning and security inspection due to its straight-line source trajectory and high scanning speed. However, in practical applications of LCT, the ordinary algorithms suffer from serious artifacts owing to the limited-angle and insufficient data. In this paper, a new method which reconstructs image from partial Fourier data sampled in pseudo polar grid based on alternating direction anisometric total variation minimization has been proposed. The main idea is to reform the image reconstruction problem into solving an under-determined linear equation, and then reconstruct image by applying the popular total variation (TV) minimization to reform an unconstraint optimization by means of augmented Lagrange method and using the alternating minimization method of multiplier (ADMM) which contributes to the fast convergence. The proposed method is practical in the large-scale task of reconstruction due to its algorithmic simplicity and computational efficiency and reconstructs better images. The results of the numerical simulations and pseudo real data reconstructions from the linear scan validate that the proposed method is both efficient and accurate.

The spectral calibration of the space-borne imaging spectrometer is the basis of establishing correct spectral features of the earth scenery and carrying out accurate radiometric calibration. The spectral calibration error has effects on the measurement errors of the imaging spectrometer while imaging to the earth, the onboard radiometric calibration and the on-ground radiometric calibration with integrating sphere. The calculation model of the measurement error of the imaging spectrometer caused by the spectral calibration error is given. An imaging spectrometer used in marine satellite is given as an example, which uses a grating spectrometer and an array CCD to measure spectra from 400nm to 950nm. In the cases of different spectral calibration errors, the measurement errors in different seasons, solar altitude angles and surface albedoes while imaging to the north hemisphere mid-latitude area and the effects of the measurement errors on the water leaving irradiance retrieval accuracy are calculated for each band, the measurement errors while onboard radiometric calibration and the effects of the measurement errors on the absolute calibration accuracy are calculated for each band, and the measurement errors while on-ground radiometric calibration with integrating sphere and the effects of the measurement errors on the absolute calibration accuracy are calculated for each band. The spectral calibration error requirement of ±0.5nm is determined by calculation. The imaging spectrometer has good performances in this spectral calibration error.

Spartina alterniflora, an invasive plant, has been a threat to the local ecological security since it was introduced to Fujian coastal beach over 30 years ago. How to monitor its dynamic changes effectively is of great significance. Currently, hyperspectral remote sensing technology has become an important way to monitor invasive species dynamic changes. This paper investigates whether S. alterniflora could be discriminated from the other three native species using field spectrometer ranging from 350 nm to 2500 nm. In order to reduce and select the optimal bands for the potential discrimination of S. alterniflora, a hierarchical method is implemented to spectrally discriminate S. alterniflora from the other three native species. In the first level of the analysis using ANOVA, we found that there were statistically significance differences in spectral reflectance between S. alterniflora and the other three native species at different bands. The algorithm of classification and regression trees (CART) were used to further investigate in the second level of analysis to identify the most sensitive bands for spectral discrimination. We found that the greatest discrimination power for S. alterniflora is located in the red-edge, especially in the near infrared, and mid infrared regions. Subsequently, we used Jeffries-Matusita (JM) distance to assess spectral separability of bands selected by CART. Overall, results of this study offer the possibility of extending field measurements at canopy level to airborne and hyperspectral data for discriminating S. alterniflora in Min river wetland.

The principle of Fourier transform spectrometer is based on the relationship of Fourier-Transform between interferogram and spectrum. The spectral information of Fourier transform imaging spectrometer (FTIS) reconstructed from raw interferogram by data processing. So there are two kinds of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to evaluate instrument performance, one regarding interferogram and the other regarding reconstructed spectrum. Because the raw interferogram is intuitive, the interferogram SNR is studied usually. On the contrary, the spectrum SNR is studied less because of the complexity of the data processing from interferogram to spectrum. The research about the effect of the interference fringe visibility on the spectrum SNR is especially few. This paper present a research work on the relations between the interference fringe visibility and the spectrum SNR. Firstly, the reduction of fringe visibility caused by imaging lens defocus was analyzed. Secondly, the changes of the average spectrum signal and noise caused by the reduction of fringe visibility were calculated. For average spectrum signal, the math deductions are done base on Fourier transform theory. The average noise with different input signal optic-electrons number are simulated. the results show that the average spectrum signal is directly proportional to the fringe visibility, and the effect of fringe visibility on the noise related to signal can be ignorable. Finally, In order to demonstrate above results, the imaging experiment was done with white-light source, using LASIS (Large aperture static imaging spectrometer) based on Sagnac Interferometer. The average spectrum SNRs under different fringe visibility are calculated and analyzed. The experimental results show that: the average spectrum SNRs increase from 42.7 to 62.4.along with the fringe visibility increasing from 0.5051 to 0.687. the reconstructed spectrum SNR is directly proportional to the fringe visibility. As a result, the interferogram fringe visibility can be used to estimate the reconstructed spectrum SNR, and evaluate the performance of FTIS before data processing.

A near-far ultraviolet imaging spectrometer with high resolution is developed，which can be applied to the upper atmosphere observation in 115nm-295nm. The application demands of the corresponding remote sensing are analyzed. Because the imaging spectrum technology has been rarely utilized for the ionosphere observation in our country, we study some foreign advanced loads to apply the standard to our design. According to the analysis, the optical system of the imaging spectrometer is designed. The system includes an off-axis parabolic mirror as the telescope and Czerny-Turner structure as the imaging spectrum system. The photon counting detector is adopted to satisfy the observation for that the radiation is weak in near-far ultraviolet waveband. The receiving surface of the detector should be coated by different photocathode for better quantum efficiency in the near and far ultraviolet wavebands. The traditional Czerny-Turner system is not suit for the broadband imaging spectrometer because aberrations in the structure can’t be corrected homogeneously. The geometric analysis and 1^st order differential calculation method are introduced to improve disadvantages based on the aberration theory. We designed an example for the advanced imaging spectrometer. The results demonstrate that the modulation transfer function (MTF) in total field of view and the waveband is more than 0.6. The design has high spatial resolution and high spectral resolution. It certificates that the design theory can be applied to the near-far ultraviolet imaging spectrometer especial for upper atmosphere observation.

Interpolation is a necessary processing step in 3-D reconstruction because of the non-uniform resolution. Conventional interpolation methods simply use two slices to obtain the missing slices between the two slices .when the key slice is missing, those methods may fail to recover it only employing the local information .And the surface of 3D object especially for the medical tissues may be highly complicated, so a single interpolation can hardly get high-quality 3D image. We propose a novel binary 3D image interpolation algorithm. The proposed algorithm takes advantages of the global information. It chooses the best curve adaptively from lots of curves based on the complexity of the surface of 3D object. The results of this algorithm are compared with other interpolation methods on artificial objects and real breast cancer tumor to demonstrate the excellent performance.

The space camera is one of the most advanced optical equipments in obtaining earth surface information from space. With the development of the optical design, manufacture and alignment technology, the performance of the optical camera is moving forward quickly. In spaceto- ground remote sensing field, the resolution of ground remote sensing images have become higher and higher. Off-axis three-mirror system becomes an advanced optical system structure of space camera at present , because of its merits of large field, long focal length, no obstruction, high modulated transfer function, wide spectrum, good image quality, small cubage and light weight, etc. As it is difficult to align and test, the alignment of off-axis three mirror system is timeconsuming, so it is important and necessary of studying the computer-aided alignment of the complex optical system. Aiming at cutting the time of alignment, Computer-aided alignment technology is applied to this system. According to relation between fringe Zernike coefficient and Seidel aberration, wavefront aberration in the exit pupil of optical system is instead with fringe Zernike coefficient. A series of Zernike coefficient expressing the incorrect parameters of system are obtained by using multi-fields ZYGO interferometer auto-collimating interference test, which are transformed into geometric aberrations as the corrected object. Incorrect parameters of the system are determined by sensitivity matrix resulted from optical design software. These incorrect parameters are defined to be variables; the Zernike coefficient are defined to be the optimized target in merit function. The system is optimized by applying optical design software to receive the incorrect parameters result. Consequently, the adjusted result is brought into the optical design software to verify the right selection of incorrect parameters. The practical experiments are also given, result with RMS value lower than 0.04λ is acquired by using this alignment technology which has proved the effectiveness of above methodology of guiding-alignment.

A high-speed multi-channel multi time delay and integration charge couple device(TDICCD) image acquisition and processing system is introduced in this paper. FPGA is the core logic control of the system. The main hardware component of the system and the implementation method of FPGA are described and the diagrams of main modules are presented. Software workflow and a variety of image processing methods are also given. Test results show that the design achieves data transfer speed of 2.4Gbps and realizes real-time processing of image for high-speed multi-channel TDICCD camera so that meets the system requirement.

Spectral calibration and radiometric calibration is an important part in the data processing of the windowing Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, it can ensure that the spectral curve output from spectrometer are more closely to target spectrum. The main idea of spectral calibration is using a monochromatic source whose wavelength is known, in the same way, radiometric calibration can be achieved by using radiation source whose radiation characteristic is known.

In this paper, we propose a set of methods of spectral calibration and radiometric calibration. In order to carry out spectral calibration, we use monocharomator to scan several sample points near the position of every spectral channel of imaging spectrometer, and then we employ Gaussian fitting function to determine the central wavelength and bandwidth of every spectral channel. In order to carry out radiometric calibration, we employ panchromatic light source and integrating sphere, at the position of every spectral channel of imaging spectrometer, we measure the response ability of spectrometer to radiation. The calibration accuracy is carefully analyzed. Experimental results show that calibration accuracy meet the given requirements.

Dimensionality Reduction (DR) for hyperspectral image data can be regarded as a problem of signal subspace estimation (SSE) in terms of the Linear Mixing Model (LMM). Most SSE methods for hyperspectral data are based on the analysis of second-order statistics (SOS) without considering preservation of anomalies. This paper addresses the problem of SSE for preserving both abundant and rare signal components in hyperspectral images. The multivariate sample skewness for testing normality is brought in our new algorithm as a discrimination index for rank determination of rare vectors subspace, combining with analysis of the maximum of data-residual ℓ₂-norm denoted as ℓ_2,∞-norm which is strongly influenced by the anomaly signal components. And the SOS based method, labeled as hyperspectral signal subspace identification by minimum error (HySime), is employed for identification of abundant vectors space. The results of experiments on real AVIRIS data prove that multivariate sample skewness statistics is suitable for measuring the distribution about hyperspectral data globally, and our algorithm can obtain the anomaly components from data that are discarded by HySime, which implies less information loss in the our method.

Imaging spectrometers based on prism-grating-prism (PGP) have advantage of direct vision, as a basis for the design of an optical system for a spectrometer and camera dual-use, the system can plug the light splitting element to switch between the spectrometer and camera. This paper has discussed the working principles and structure of the PGP and spectrometer, collimating and focusing lens design principles, then the design result has been presented. The spectral range of the system is 400-800nm, the pixel size of CCD used is 10um × 10um, 1010 × 1018 pixels, the object space numerical aperture is 0.1. In order to reduce the cost and eliminate aberration, collimating lens and focusing lens have symmetric structure, in order to improve the diffraction efficiency, PGP uses the volume phase holographic transmission grating. After optimization the design by ZEMAX software, the whole spectral range resolution is better than 1nm in average, the MTF at Nyquist frequency is greater than 0.7, the length of the whole system is 87mm.

With the gradually mature of hyper spectral image technology, the application of the meat nondestructive detection and recognition has become one of the current research focuses. This paper for the study of marine and freshwater fish by the pre-processing and feature extraction of the collected spectral curve data, combined with BP network structure and LVQ network structure, a predictive model of hyper spectral image data of marine and freshwater fish has been initially established and finally realized the qualitative analysis and identification of marine and freshwater fish quality. The results of this study show that hyper spectral imaging technology combined with the BP and LVQ Artificial Neural Network Model can be used for the identification of marine and freshwater fish detection. Hyper-spectral data acquisition can be carried out without any pretreatment of the samples, thus hyper-spectral imaging technique is the lossless, high- accuracy and rapid detection method for quality of fish. In this study, only 30 samples are used for the exploratory qualitative identification of research, although the ideal study results are achieved, we will further increase the sample capacity to take the analysis of quantitative identification and verify the feasibility of this theory.

While flying in the aerosphere at high speed, it will form shock wave around the noddle of flight vehicle. The radiation of hot air behind shock wave is a major factor responsible for the infrared signature of the vehicle, and has an important influence on the infrared detection system mounted in it. Calculating the infrared radiation of high temperature gas is significant for selecting an optimal detection band and improving detection capability of the IR system. In this paper, focused on the high-speed flight in typical altitude, the line-by-line method was adopted to calculate the radiation properties of high temperature gas around the noddle of the vehicle to study the relationship with the flight altitude and velocity. At first, based on the flight altitude, the related parameters of the flow, such as pressure, temperature and density, were calculated using the standard atmosphere model. Then, the parameters of the air which had passed through the shock wave were calculated according to the shock wave theory. At last, the line-by-line method had been used to calculate the radiant absorption coefficient of high temperature gas in different velocity and flight altitude. The results of calculation show that in the same velocity, the average absorption coefficient of high temperature gas is smaller while the higher flight altitude; in the same flight altitude, the coefficient is bigger while the higher velocity. And so, while flying in low altitude with high speed, the radiation of the hot air should be taken into consideration more carefully for infrared system design.

A novel strategy for remote sensing images fusion is presented based on the block compressed sensing (BCS). Firstly, the multiwavelet transform (MWT) are employed for better sparse representation of remote sensing images. The sparse representations of block images are then compressive sampling by the BCS with an identical scrambled block hadamard operator. Further, the measurements are fused by a linear weighting rule in the compressive domain. And finally, the fused image is reconstructed by the gradient projection sparse reconstruction (GPSR) algorithm. Experiments result analyzes the selection of block dimension and sampling rating, as well as the convergence performance of the proposed method. The field test of remote sensing images fusion shows the validity of the proposed method.

The diffusion approximation of the radiative transport equation is the most widely used model in current researches on fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), which is limited in some low or zero scattering regions. Recently, the simplified spherical harmonics equations (SP_N) model has attracted much attention in modeling the light propagation in small tissue geometries at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. In this paper, we report an efficient numerical method for FMT that combines the advantage of SP_N model and hp-FEM. For comparison purposes, hp-FEM and h-FEM are respectively applied in the reconstruction process with diffusion model and SPN model. Simulation experiments on a 3D digital mouse atlas are designed to evaluate the reconstruction methods in terms of the location and the reconstructed fluorescent yield. The experimental results demonstrate that hp-FEM with SPN model, yield more accurate results than h-FEM with DA model does. And the reconstructed results show the potential and feasibility of the proposed approach.

A noninvasive and rapid method for the diagnosis of disease was developed on the basis of an analysis of visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectra from tongue tip. Reflectance spectrum in the 463.87-1737.26 nm region from the tongue tips of 149 volunteers were collected and the samples were separated into two parts: calibration sample and test sample. Spectra were then subjected to two different analysis methods: a partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis and an interval partial least squares (iPLS) regression analysis. PLS and iPLS model gave the best results for test samples with correlation equal to 0.902 and 0.932, and with classification accuracy equal to 75% and 85%, respectively. The results showed that the iPLS method seem more robust than PLS model in full-spectrum region. The result also showed that application of the spectra for disease diagnosis is promising, and may provided a fast and simple diagnostic tools for clinical.

Three compact and static birefringent Fourier transform imaging spectropolarimeters are presented. They based on the different combinations of birefringent elements, including Savart polariscope, Wollaston prism, achromatic half-wave plate and quarter-wave plate. After acquiring several interferograms simultaneously for different polarization states with a single CCD, the spectral dependence of polarization states are recovered with Fourier transformation. The interference models are described theoretically, and the performances are demonstrated through numerical simulations and experiments. In contrast to the well-known channeled spectropolarimetry, the most important advantages are that the sampling interferograms have no channel aliasing and directly correspond to the maximum optical path difference of birefringent interferometer. That is say, they can recover the spectral variation of polarization state with the interferometer’s maximum spectral resolution.

The windowing broom Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, based on space-time modulation, has the characteristics of high luminous flux, static interference part etc. However, the large amount of raw data and the data reconstruction increase the difficulty of the whole data processing and extend the computing time. In this paper, a parallel calculation algorithm for reconstruction of raw data is proposed. The proposed algorithm is achieved by using Task Parallel Library (TPL), which is provided by .NET framework, and a visualized processing system is further established. A set of data collected from a windowing broom Fourier transform imaging spectrometer is processed using both the proposed method and the ordinary serial algorithm. The scalability of this presented algorithm is verified by employing it on computers with different number of cores. The experimental results show that, compared to the serial algorithm, the proposed method can greatly speed up the processing with the same hardware condition, and it also has ideal scalability with different hardware.

Due to the manufacturing technique, some kinds of CCD, such as the back illuminated CCD, have the problem of spectral response nonuniformity. The near infrared light passing through the substrate and gates and is reflected back into the substrate for a second pass resulting in increased response. For the Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, it adds stripe pattern error to the interferogram and distorts the reconstructed spectrum. The nonuniform response is wavelength dependent due to changes in reflectivity of metal and the cavity formed by silicon and metal with transparent dielectric, so it adds difficulty to the correction of the error of the reconstructed spectrum.

In order to reduce the error of the reconstructed spectrum, in this paper, a calibration method and a correction method to correct the error caused by the CCD spectral response nonuniformity was developed, basing on analysis of the property of the CCD spectral response nonuniformity. Firstly, a calibrated monochromater was used to measure the CCD spectral response nonuniformity and the property and affect of the CCD spectral response nonuniformity were analyzed. Method to correct the error of the reconstructed spectrum caused by the stripe pattern error was developed. Secondly, to calibrate the CCD spectral response nonuniformity, the spectral response coefficient and the spatial response nonuniformity coefficient was measured and computed. Finally, we took data with a Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, and got the correction results of the reconstructed spectrums. The results showed that the distortion of recovered spectrum was evidently reduced and the effect of the calibration and correction method was proved.

In order to realize removal function model building with high precision in computer controlled optical polishing process, a kind of new algorithm is proposed in this paper, which was based on edge detection technology. The algorithm preprocesses the interferometric metrology result and inverts it into digital image data at first. And then the Canny edge detecting operator and Hough transform are used to detect and extract the image edge. At last the boundary of the removal function was acquired. The center of removal function boundary was allocated quickly in this algorithm, which was assisted with the particularly center position. It reduced a lot of blind calculation for the target center of circle accumulating counts. At last, the experiment result indicated the algorithm in this paper could be used in removal function modeling and dwell time optimization solving.

Laser Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering is a powerful diagnostic tool for the study of gas flow properties. It provides an effective method for non-intrusive measurement of density, temperature and velocity in the gas flow. The received scattered laser light power is proportional to the gas density, the linewidth of the Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum is related to the gas temperature, and the Doppler frequency shift of the peak of the Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum is related to the gas velocity. The Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum can be measured by a Fabry-Perot interferometer operated in the imaging mode where an intensified CCD camera is frequently used to record the interference patterns of the Fabry-Perot interferometer. The Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum is then reconstructed from the measured data deconvolved with the Fabry-Perot instrument function. In this paper, the analysis and design of an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer for the measurement of the Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectrum in the gas flow is presented. Some factors that limit the performance of the imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer are analyzed and discussed.

In this paper, the design of the infrared beamline BL01B at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) has been preformed. The present status of this beamline will be described. This beamline is under construction. It utilizes both edge radiation and bending magnet radiation by using a unique extraction optics system. The expected performances of the beamline have been discussed. Moreover, the endstations and main research fields have been described.

Hyperspectral data, consisting of hundreds of spectral bands with a high spectral resolution, enables acquisition of continuous spectral characteristic curves, and therefore have served as a powerful tool for vegetation classification. The difficulty of using hyperspectral data is that they are usually redundant, strongly correlated and subject to Hughes phenomenon where classification accuracy increases gradually in the beginning as the number of spectral bands or dimensions increases, but decreases dramatically when the band number reaches some value. In recent years，some algorithms have been proposed to overcome the Hughes phenomenon in classification, such as selecting several bands from full bands, PCA- and MNF-based feature transformations. Up to date, however, few studies have been conducted to investigate the turning point of Hughes phenomenon (i.e., the point at which the classification accuracy begins to decline). In this paper, we firstly analyze reasons for occurrence of Hughes phenomenon, and then based on the Mahalanobis classifier, classify the ground spectrum of several grasslands which were recorded in September 2012 using FieldSpec3 spectrometer in the regions around Qinghai Lake，a important pasturing area in the north of China. Before classification, we extract features from hyperspectral data by bands selecting and PCA- based feature transformations, and In the process of classification, we analyze how the correlation coefficient between wavebands, the number of waveband channels and the number of principal components affect the classification result. The results show that Hushes phenomenon may occur when the correlation coefficient between wavebands is greater than 94%，the number of wavebands is greater than 6, or the number of principal components is greater than 6. Best classification result can be achieved (overall accuracy of grasslands 90%) if the number of wavebands equals to 3 (the band positions are 370nm, 509nm and 886nm respectively) or the number of principal components ranges from 4 to 6.

According to the technical requirements of multi-spectral camera, using telecentric of TMA system, to meet the low distortion request of surveying and mapping. Considering factors, such as processing, assembly and adjustment, spherical surface shape is designed for the second mirror to ensure the fabrication reliability. The image quality is excellent, the relative distortion is less than 0.012%, and full field MTF of each spectral at the Nyquist frequency is better than 0.75. The static MTF test result of the multi-spectral camera is more than 0.2, and it meets the surveying and mapping requirements.

Space-borne hyperspectral imagery is widely used in the fields of earth science and mineral detection. High signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of imaging spectrometers is required to guarantee the image data validity. To describe the system sensitivity, previous SNR models mainly focused on the optical parameters and the detector characteristics. However, the sensitivity of space-borne hyperspectral imagers is also limited by the atmospheric scattering effect to a large extent. A quantified and complete SNR model including atmospheric scattering influence is valuable for the development of imaging spectrometers.

In this paper, scattering influence on hyperspectral imaging quality was analyzed in the spectral range of 0.4μm-2.5μm. Atmospheric simulation was presented and system performance reduction caused by the scattering effect was also quantified. The results show that the scattered light will occupy a large proportion of the system dynamic range and bring additional shot noise, which causes evident SNR attenuation.

Based on the analysis a new SNR model including atmospheric parameters was provided. Hyperspectral imaging quality was calculated with both the new SNR model and the classical SNR model respectively, and comparative study of the two models was given in this paper.

In order to validate the new SNR model, a hyperspectral imaging system and a multiband camera were built, and the imaging experiments were conducted. The results show that the atmospheric scattering effect could lead to significant SNR reduction and contrast attenuation of spectral images, especially at visible bands. Using the new SNR model could allow designers to estimate the system performance more precisely. Corresponding instrument design measures were also proposed based on the analysis and experiments.

The intensity of Raman light is very weak, which is only from 10^-12 to 10^-6 of the incident light. In order to obtain the required sensitivity, the traditional Raman spectrometer tends to be heavy weight and large volume, so it is often used as indoor test device. Based on the Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) method, Raman optical spectrum signal can be enhanced significantly and the portable Raman spectrometer combined with SHINERS method will be widely used in various fields. The laser source must be stable enough and able to output monochromatic narrow band laser with stable power in the portable Raman spectrometer based on the SHINERS method. When the laser is working, the change of temperature can induce wavelength drift, thus the power stability of excitation light will be affected, so we need to strictly control the working temperature of the laser, In order to ensure the stability of laser power and output current, this paper adopts the WLD3343 laser constant current driver chip of Wavelength Electronics company and MCU P89LPC935 to drive LML - 785.0 BF - XX laser diode(LD). Using this scheme, the Raman spectrometer can be small in size and the drive current can be constant. At the same time, we can achieve functions such as slow start, over-current protection, over-voltage protection, etc. Continuous adjustable output can be realized under control, and the requirement of high power output can be satisfied. Max1968 chip is adopted to realize the accurate control of the laser’s temperature. In this way, it can meet the demand of miniaturization. In term of temperature control, integral truncation effect of traditional PID algorithm is big, which is easy to cause static difference. Each output of incremental PID algorithm has nothing to do with the current position, and we can control the output coefficients to avoid full dose output and immoderate adjustment, then the speed of balance will be improved observably. Variable integral incremental digital PID algorithm is used in the TEC temperature control system. The experimental results show that comparing with other schemes, the output power of laser in our scheme is more stable and reliable, moreover the peak value is bigger, and the temperature can be precisely controlled in ±0.1°C, then the volume of the device is smaller. Using this laser equipment, the ideal Raman spectra of materials can be obtained combined with SHINERS technology and spectrometer equipment.

The Raman spectrum technology is widely used for it can identify various types of molecular structure and material. The portable Raman spectrometer has become a hot direction of the spectrometer development nowadays for its convenience in handheld operation and real-time detection which is superior to traditional Raman spectrometer with heavy weight and bulky size. But there is still a gap for its measurement sensitivity between portable and traditional devices.

However, portable Raman Spectrometer with Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) technology can enhance the Raman signal significantly by several orders of magnitude, giving consideration in both measurement sensitivity and mobility. This paper proposed a design and implementation of driver and digital circuit for high accuracy CCD sensor, which is core part of portable spectrometer. The main target of the whole design is to reduce the dark current generation rate and increase signal sensitivity during the long integration time, and in the weak signal environment. In this case, we use back-thinned CCD image sensor from Hamamatsu Corporation with high sensitivity, low noise and large dynamic range. In order to maximize this CCD sensor’s performance and minimize the whole size of the device simultaneously to achieve the project indicators, we delicately designed a peripheral circuit for the CCD sensor. The design is mainly composed with multi-voltage circuit, sequential generation circuit, driving circuit and A/D transition parts. As the most important power supply circuit, the multi-voltage circuits with 12 independent voltages are designed with reference power supply IC and set to specified voltage value by the amplifier making up the low-pass filter, which allows the user to obtain a highly stable and accurate voltage with low noise. What’s more, to make our design easy to debug, CPLD is selected to generate sequential signal. The A/D converter chip consists of a correlated double sampler; a digitally controlled variable gain amplifier and a 16-bit A/D converter which can help improve the data quality. And the acquired digital signals are transmitted into the computer via USB 2.0 data port.

Our spectrometer with SHINERS technology can acquire the Raman spectrum signals efficiently in long time integration and weak signal environment, and the size of our system is well controlled for portable application.

In this paper, an active co-phasing and aligning synthesized aperture imaging system with three quasi-annulus-sectors segmented mirrors was analyzed. The influence of co-phasing error, especially piston error, on image quality of the synthesized aperture imaging system was studied. The relationship of the Point Spread Function (PSF) and piston errors between the adjacent segments was deduced theoretically within the coherence length of the source. According to this theoretical model, the influence of piston error on the image quality in the synthesized aperture imaging system was known that the PSF changes with the variation of piston error. And more importantly, the cycle of this change is λ/2 (λ is the wavelength of the source) when a certain piston error is introduced between two adjacent segment. Additionally, simulation model of the three segmented synthesized aperture imaging system was set up by ZEMAX and simulation experiments have been carried out to verify the conclusion derived from the theory model deduced above. The results show that the simulation experiments results consistent with the theoretical conclusion deduced above. The results provide theoretical foundation for further study and actual reference of tolerance for a synthesized aperture telescope design and manufacture.

Target detection is an important application in hyperspectral image processing field. In this paper, we propose a new target detection method incorporates the idea of using multi-layer spectral filters, which aims to boost the performance of the traditional detection methods. The proposed algorithm enhances the targets and suppresses the undesired backgrounds through a layer-by-layer filtering procedure. Several second-order algorithms for hyperspectral target detection have been proposed, such as Matched Filter (MF), Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) and Adaptive Coherence Estimator (ACE). In this paper, a basic second-order filter detector such as CEM, MF and ACE is used to filter the spectral data. After each layer of filtering, we transform the spectral vectors with a nonlinear function based on the previous layer's filtering results. Through the layer-by-layer filtering process, we obtain the gradually increasing improvements of the detection performance.

Experimental results for detecting targets in real hyperspectral image are presented with our multi-layer filtering approach. Our method suggests significant advantages on real hyperspectral data, and improves the performance of the classical second-order algorithms, such as CEM, MF and ACE.

This paper developed an automatic identification and tracking method based on the gray feature and geometric feature of the Arctic sea ice in the satellite images. Firstly, sea ice was recognized from the image based on the different spectral characteristic of sea ice, sea water and cloud. Secondly, by considering the gray distribution feature of individual floe, the individual floe identification was performed by combining the sub-region bimodal threshold segmentation with gradient differential technique. Finally, on the basis of geometric feature of the identified floes, the matching of same individual floes in pair images was implemented. Meanwhile, the motion vectors of the matched floes in the pair images were calculated. A series image of the Fram Strait region in June 2011, which was obtained by the Medium Resolution Spectral Imager onboard FENGYUN 3A satellite (FY-3A/MERSI), was used to compute the sea ice motion. The direction of the resulting sea ice motion vectors were found to match well with the average velocity from 1978 to 2003 and the dominant wind and ocean currents in the region.

There is a vast range of prospects on remote sensing, land mapping, resources survey, natural disaster monitoring by using multispectral camera. It is useful for improving national economic development and realizing numerical earth. Optical tolerance is a critical step in the optical design process. Sensitivity analysis and inverse sensitivity analysis are used to compute the effect, which reduce the optical system performance by the each tolerance parameter. Suitable tolerating requirements and compensators may be defined to model allowable adjustments after fabrication. The optical system with high image quality and low distortion is produced according to the tolerance requirements. The tested result shows the MTF of multi-spectral can reach to 0.243 at Nyquist frequency; the tolerance analysis methods are correct and feasible.

Signal-to-noise Ratio of hyper-spectral imaging FTIR interferometer system plays a decisive role on the performance of the instrument. It is necessary to analyze them in the development process. Based on the simplified target/background model, the energy transfer model of the LWIR hyper-spectral imaging interferometer has been discussed. The noise equivalent spectral radiance (NESR) and its influencing factors of the interferometer system was analyzed, and the signal-to-noise（SNR） was calculated by using the properties of NESR and incident radiance. In a typical application environment, using standard atmospheric model of USA(1976 COESA) as a background, and set a reasonable target/background temperature difference, and take Michelson spatial modulation Fourier Transform interferometer as an example, the paper had calculated the NESR and the SNR of the interferometer system which using the commercially LWIR cooled FPA and UFPA detector. The system noise sources of the instrument were also analyzed in the paper. The results of those analyses can be used to optimize and pre-estimate the performance of the interferometer system, and analysis the applicable conditions of use different detectors. It has important guiding significance for the LWIR interferometer spectrometer design.

On the basis of the principle of polarization detection, a hyper-spectral polarization imaging system, which is based on linear polarizer and acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF), was designed to detect and recognize camouflage target intelligently and rapidly in this paper. Our design has neither moving parts nor modulation, and has fast and electronically tuning property, so a quick scan of spectrum at 400 nm~1000 nm can be realized electronically. At the same time, it not only could obtain the intensity image, hyper-spectral information, but also could acquire polarization signatures of the scene. Then the spectral polarization experiment about aluminous plane which covered with the bottle green, shallow green and khaki camouflage pigments within meadow were conducted at specifically wavelength by the instrument. Finally, the polarization information of the man-made targets and natural background in the scene, and the fusion image based on HIS color space were deduced through processing the experiment data. The experimental result demonstrates that the polarization characteristics of camouflage pigments were different from that of natural background. As the contrast of target and background could be enhanced by polarization information, the camouflage target could be identified effectively from the image according to polarization information. On the other hand, the camouflage target is more obvious in the fused image. Therefore, the proposed method and the system in this paper are reasonable and effective. Consequently, the hyper-spectral polarization detection technique which relative to the classical intensity detection is of significance to improve the accuracy of recognition of camouflage targets in mixed background under proper detection condition.

GPU-based general-purpose computing is a new branch of modern parallel computing, so the study of parallel algorithms specially designed for GPU hardware architecture is of great significance. In order to solve the problem of high computational complexity and poor real-time performance in blind image restoration, the midfrequency-based algorithm for blind image restoration was analyzed and improved in this paper. Furthermore, a midfrequency-based filtering method is also used to restore the image hardly with any recursion or iteration. Combining the algorithm with data intensiveness, data parallel computing and GPU execution model of single instruction and multiple threads, a new parallel midfrequency-based algorithm for blind image restoration is proposed in this paper, which is suitable for stream computing of GPU. In this algorithm, the GPU is utilized to accelerate the estimation of class-G point spread functions and midfrequency-based filtering. Aiming at better management of the GPU threads, the threads in a grid are scheduled according to the decomposition of the filtering data in frequency domain after the optimization of data access and the communication between the host and the device. The kernel parallelism structure is determined by the decomposition of the filtering data to ensure the transmission rate to get around the memory bandwidth limitation. The results show that, with the new algorithm, the operational speed is significantly increased and the real-time performance of image restoration is effectively improved, especially for high-resolution images.

The space contamination of spacecraft surface is a hot topic in the spacecraft environment project and environment safeguard for spacecraft. Since the 20^th century, many American satellites have had malfunction for space contamination. The space optical systems are usually exposed to the external space environment. The particulate contamination of optical systems will degrade the detection ability. We call the optical damage. It also has a bad influence on the spectral imaging quality of the whole system. In this paper, effects of contamination on spectral imaging were discussed. The experiment was designed to observe the effect value. We used numeral curve fitting to analyze the relationship between the optical damage factor (Transmittance decay factor) and the contamination degree of the optical system. We gave the results of six specific wavelengths from 450 to 700nm and obtained the function of between the optical damage factor and contamination degree. We chose three colors of oil paint to be compared. Through the numeral curve fitting and processing data, we could get the mass thickness for different colors of oil paint when transmittance decreased to 50% and 30%. Some comparisons and research conclusions were given. From the comparisons and researches, we could draw the conclusions about contamination effects of oil paint on the spectral imaging system.

THz transmission spectrums of different glucose solution with concentration from 1% to 70% were measured on the condition of room temperature and fewer than 4% humidity in the nitrogen environment. According to the physical model of the THz optical parameters, their refractive indexes and absorption coefficients were gotten. The results showed that with the increase of glucose concentration, the THz absorption coefficients of solution decrease linearly. The fitting relations among the refractive index, the extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient and its concentration at the frequency of 0.33, 0.6 and 0.8 THz were acquired individually. Their correlation coefficients were larger than 0.95. Analysis and discussion about them were given. The THz time domain spectroscopy technologies could realize an accuracy measurement for the concentration of glucose solution. This work was meaningful to the exploration of THz spectral response of biological samples.

Hyperspectral remote sensing images are affected by different types of noise. In addition to typical random noise, nonperiodic partially deterministic disturbance patterns appear in the data. The strips usually found in images acquired by push-broom sensors, which are characterized by a high degree of spatial and spectral coherence. Many strips-reduction approaches such as histogram matching and moment matching have been developed. These methods assume that all sensor elements observe similar subscenes in a given image and adjust the distributions of values acquired by each sensor to some reference distribution by means of a histogram or moment matching, but this assumption usually is failure in many scenes which contain diverse materials. The formation of strips has close connection with the image formation process of push-broom imaging spectrometers. Many causes such as the uniformity of the pixels, the push-broom mode and the asymmetric width of thin slit at the entrance of imaging spectrometers can induce the strips in the images. Comparing with the dispersive spectrometers, interferometer spectrometers acquire the interference data, obtaining the spectrum by using the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). By analyzing the generating mechanism of strips in push-broom interferometer imaging spectrometers, we proposed an approach that corrects the strips using relative calibration factor directly computed from the acquired image. Once the relative calibration factor is determined, all the images acquired by the same imaging spectrometers can be corrected. So the methodology is an efficient one to reduce the strips. A formula is set up to describe the connection between gray values of pixels in images and relative calibration factor. The developed methodology is tested on data acquired by HJ-1A Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometers, which is an interferometer spectrometer put into operation in 2008. The shortwave bands of HJ-1A HSI have severe strips. Results show excellent rejection of the noise with respect to the original HJ-1A HSI images, improving the removal in those scenes with diverse materials as well as being high efficient.

A Static Polarizing Atmospheric Michelson Interferometer (SPAMI) system for multiple emission lines is reviewed. It changes the Optical Path Difference (OPD) by Polarization Array (PA) at one time, instead of rotating the polarizer by four times in traditional polarizing Michelson interferometer. This allows the NPAMI system to make simultaneous measurements. PA is a key element cemented by four polarizers with different polarization orientations in the SPAMI system. In practice, assembly error is brought to the polarization array unexpected. It is proved that the temperature and wind velocity measurements are highly depended on the polarization orientations of polarizers in PA. In this paper, the effect of deflection of polarization orientation on temperature and wind velocity are analyzed and discussed. Moreover, a proper approach is proposed to improve the accuracy of alignment.

The compressed coded aperture imaging method based on Compressed Sensing theory is developed to acquire high resolution image from a low resolution Focal Plane Array (FPA) device using Super Resolution (SR) reconstruction algorithms, which makes it possible to sample fewer points and reconstruct high resolution images. However, a lot of problems remain unsolved in this field. Aiming at realizing the super resolution imaging with multiple random samplings by using a low resolution optical sensor, a novel architecture of multi-shot compressed coded aperture imaging (MCCAI) is proposed in the paper. Based on the classical ℓ₂ -ℓ₁ optimization model, the high frequency information of the reconstructed image is reserved. Although the low-frequency components which should be smooth are mixed with high frequency components, which is displayed as the artifacts that arise in the process of the image reconstruction. With the purpose of solving this problem, a regular term of total variation is appended to the original optimization. The improved ℓ₂ -ℓ₁ -TV optimization model can save the high frequency of the scene in the largest degree, and at the same time reduce the artifacts, which can dramatically improve the quality of the reconstructed image. Using the two optimization model, three different images are tested, and the experimental results show that comparing with the ℓ₂ -ℓ₁ optimization model, the ℓ₂ -ℓ₁ -TV optimization model can improve the image quality of the compressed coded aperture effectively and eliminate the artifacts while retaining the original information of the signals and improving the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio).

To widen the working waveband, a new holographic parallel flat-field grating (HPFG) with two sub-gratings lying parallel on the same substrate is designed. Grating parameters of the two gratings, one for 2~5 nm and the other for 5~30 nm, are optimized based on the aberration theory of concave grating. The radius tolerances of curvature of the substrate are also analyzed. Ray-traced spectral images indicate that errors cased by ±1% deviation of radius can be offset by shifting the detector position within 2.5 mm. Finally, we analyze the spectral image-focusing properties. Theoretical spectral resolution of this new HPFG is pretty much the same as that of existing holographic flat-field grating. The simulation results demonstrate that our work probably can be used in the compact spectrometers with a broad spectral region and moderately high resolution.

The technology of image plane interferometric imaging spectrometer has been the research hotpot because of its high throughput, which brings the system a high Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and higher spectral resolution compared to other kinds of imaging spectrometer. In order to obtain the spectral images of scene at different distance, a system of image plane interferometric imaging spectrometer based on re-imaging is presented, which consists of a front-end objective lens, a collimator, a Sagnac lateral shearing interferometer, a back-end imaging lens and a detector. A separated front-end objective lens with zoom lens or fixed focus lens is adopted to image the scene on the first imaging plane. The light from the points in the first imaging plane is then collimated to parallel light by the collimator. Then the parallel light is sheared into two beams of coherent light by the Sagnac lateral shearing interferometer. The imaging lens converge the two beams on the detector. Intensity of the converged point is detected by the detector. The imaging system and resolution of spectrum are analyzed. Besides, two push broom modes are discussed. Experimental device is set up to detect the targets of near field indoor and far field outdoor. Twenty-six reconstructed spectral images are obtained from 460nm to 620nm. The experimental results show that the proposed imaging method is effectively applied in hyperspectral imaging of targets at different distances.

With the development of astrophysics, the astrophysics demands are higher and higher. Astronomical spectral polarization observation can obtain more object information to provide comprehensive data for further research. A polarization imaging spectrometer based on acousto-optic tunable filter was developed for ground-based telescope, which can obtain the image spectral polarization information at the same time. In this paper , first, the work principle of AOTF was introduced, then described the AOTF imaging system for ground-based astronomical observation，it covers the spectral band from 450nm to 900nm . The device can provide about 3.6° view field angle and 10mm aperture, which included TeO₂ crystal, image optical system, a charged coupled device(CCD)camera, rf electronics and control and processing software. Finally the paper presented the results of optical design.

Visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy technology, which is rapid, cost-effective, in-situ and non-destructive, is getting more and more widely used in improving the prediction and digital mapping for soil properties. Soil available nitrogen (AN) is closely related to soil fertility and quality, assessing its content and mapping the spatial variability greatly satisfies precision agriculture. In this study, the Vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectra collected by ASD FieldSpec Pro FR spectrometer with a performance of spectral range from 350 nm to 2500 nm, 1 nm resampling intervals, was used to model and characterize the spatial variability of available nitrogen. Firstly, the raw soil spectra was pre-processing by reducing to 400 nm - 2450 nm with transformation into apparent absorbance spectral using Log(1/R) and Savitzky-Golay smoothing. Secondly, spectral indices (normalized spectral index-NDI; difference index-DI; ratio index-RI) were convinced for seeking further relationship between AN. Afterwards, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) method was employed to predict AN. The results indicated good predictions with RPD more than 1.4. Finally, the spatial variability of AN was mapped by (co)kriging method, digital mapping of the measured and predicted AN showed similar patterns and value ranges, though there are some minor differences. The resultant prediction and mapping demonstrated a promotion of assessing and mapping of soil properties by a rapid and reliable approach from lab to field in-situ.

Base on system engineering theory, traditional optical design optimization is developed. General global optimization, which based on central optics system integrated with up-to-date comprehensive modules and methods in created way, is presented and supported by abundant results of research and development, especially on multiple configuration and system optimization.

In this paper, microstructures of human esophageal mucosa were evaluated using the two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy (TPLSCM), based on two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). The distribution of epithelial cells, muscle fibers of muscularis mucosae has been distinctly obtained. Furthermore, esophageal submucosa characteristics with cancer cells invading into were detected. The variation of collagen, elastin and cancer cells is very relevant to the pathology in esophagus, especially early esophageal cancer. Our experimental results indicate that the MPM technique has the much more advantages for label-free imaging, and has the potential application in vivo in the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of early esophageal cancer.

Hyperspectral remote sensing has been widely used in more and more fields nowadays, such as the oil spill analysis and chlorophyll estimation in green plants. To decompose the mixed pixels people always turns to the traditional method of Least Squares Method now. But its main drawback is that it involves a large amount of matrix operations, especially regarding to the huge dimension of hyperspectral images. So it will take much time. Motivated by this, in this paper we have developed a new model of endmember abundance estimate which is referred to as Spectral Characteristic Based Abundance Estimation Model (SCBAEM). The model is based on the fitted curve in which spectral characteristic were considered. To establish the model, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Information Divergence (SID) were utilized between endmember and mixed pixels. The main contributions of the paper are summarized as follows: Firstly, we build the model by calculating normalized SAM (NSAM) and normalized SID (NSID). Secondly, to test and verify the accuracy of the model, oil slick experiment is carried out. Finally, we further conduct its application in the real hyperspectral oil spill images which is from Peng-lai 19-3C platform. The results of simulation experiments and real hyperspectral image demonstrate that the proposed model could achieve the efficiency of LSM. At the same time, the time cost can be reduced greatly. So it can satisfy the real-time need.

As the hyperspectral image combines spacial information with spectral information, the spectroscopic data can describe the characteristics of surface feature more accurately, and provide possibilities for classification and quantitative calculation for the surface features. Now, the unmixing technology for mixed pixel has become a hot topic in this field. The technology for pixel unmixing contains two main directions. The first one is based on linear mixing model. This model assumes that the pixel is formed by endmembers according to linear relationship. The methods based on this model are easy to be implemented. But the ideal model can’t describe the mixed relation of the surface features accurately. So the accuracy of abundance estimation can’t be guaranteed. The second one is based on non-linear model. This method could get good analytical results, but they are mainly established for particular surface features and difficult for implementation. This paper was mainly aimed at the research of abundance estimation. A simplified Hapke model is proposed to be applied to actual hyperspectral image of oil spilling, so as to obtain the estimation of oil thickness. The Hapke model could transform the non-linear relationship to linear relationship for hyperspetral data. The spectral reflectances of non-linear relationship are transformed to spectral albedo satisfying linear relationship, without changing the abundance. At last, this model is applied to actual hyperspectral image of oil spilling, achieving estimation for oil thickness.

Oil spills could occur in many conditions, which results in pollution of the natural resources, marine environment and economic health of the area. Whenever we need to identify oil spill, confirm the location or get the shape and acreage of oil spill, we have to get the edge information of oil slick images firstly. Hyperspectral remote sensing imaging is now widely used to detect oil spill. Active Contour Models (ACMs) is a widely used image segmentation method that utilizes the geometric information of objects within images. Region based models are less sensitive to noise and give good performance for images with weak edges or without edges. One of the popular Region based ACMs, active contours without edges Models, is implemented by Chan-Vese. The model has the property of global segmentation to segment all the objects within an image irrespective of the initial contour. In this paper, we propose an improved CV model, which can perform well in the oil spill hyper-spectral image segmentation. The energy function embeds spectral and spatial information, introduces the vector edge stopping function, and constructs a novel length term. Results of the improved model on airborne hyperspectral oil spill images show that it improves the ability of distinguishing between oil spills and sea water, as well as the capability of noise reduction.

The food industry is always on the lookout for sensing technologies for rapid and nondestructive inspection of food products. Hyperspectral imaging technology integrates both imaging and spectroscopy into unique imaging sensors. Its application for food safety and quality inspection has made significant progress in recent years. Specifically, hyperspectral imaging has shown its potential for surface contamination detection in many food related applications. Most existing hyperspectral imaging systems use pushbroom scanning which is generally used for flat surface inspection. In some applications it is desirable to be able to acquire hyperspectral images on circular objects such as corn ears, apples, and cucumbers. Past research describes inspection systems that examine all surfaces of individual objects. Most of these systems did not employ hyperspectral imaging. These systems typically utilized a roller to rotate an object, such as an apple. During apple rotation, the camera took multiple images in order to cover the complete surface of the apple. The acquired image data lacked the spectral component present in a hyperspectral image. This paper discusses the development of a hyperspectral imaging system for a 3-D surface scan of biological samples. The new instrument is based on a pushbroom hyperspectral line scanner using a rotational stage to turn the sample. The system is suitable for whole surface hyperspectral imaging of circular objects. In addition to its value to the food industry, the system could be useful for other applications involving 3-D surface inspection.

Historically,computationally-intensive data processing for space-borne instruments has heavily relied on groundbased processing system.But with recent advances in FPGAs such as Xilinx Virtex-4 and Virtex-5 series devices that including PowerPC processors and DSP blocks thereby provding a flexible hardware and software co-design architecture to meet computationally-intensive data processing need,So it is able to shift more processing on– board;for high data active and passive instruments,such as interferometer,Implementations of on-board processing algorithms to perform lossless data reductions can dramatically reduce the data rates,therefore relaxing the downlink data bandwidth requirements.The interferograms are performs the inverse fourier transform on-board in order to decrease the transmission rate.In [Revercomb et al.] paper show that only use the modulus of the complx spectrum will lead to big calibration errors.So the amplitude and angle of the complex spectrum is need for radiometric cablibration,but there have a big challenge for on board obtained the amplitude and angle of the complex spectrum.In this paper,we introduce the CORDIC algorithm to slove it. The CORDIC algorithm is an iterative convergence algorithm that performs a rotation iteratively using a series of specific incremental rotation angles selected so that each iteration is performed by shift and add operation,which fit for FPGA implementation,and can be parallel in a chip to fullfill different latency and throughput.Implemention results with Xilinx FPGA are summarized.

The ideal focal curve for the soft x-ray flat-field spectrometer is a straight line, but the real one is not, thus the inconformity of aberrations between different wavelengths in the working waveband is inevitable. In order to further reduce aberrations and improve spectral resolutions, multi-area gratings (divided perpendicular the direction of grating grooves) are devised. Firstly, the grating is divided into three areas, and the spectral aberrations for these areas are analyzed by means of ray tracing. Then, diffraction efficiencies for the areas with worse aberrations should be reduced to lower the proportion regional aberrations contributing to the overall aberration, therefore better spectral image could be obtained and the spectral resolution would be improved. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that: using multi-area grating, the spectral resolutions at wavelength of 0.8 and 1.1nm are increased from 123 and 333 to 401 and 671, respectively. At the same time, the spectral resolutions at other wavelengths are not reduced.