Microscope Design, Volume 2: Practice

Author(s): Dmitry N. Frolov

Published: 2023

PDF ISBN: 9781510653368 | Print ISBN: 9781510653351

DESCRIPTION

This book describes the practice of building modern light microscopes, their components, and nodes, based on optical design methodology. Examples of practical applications of this approach are presented, including numerous real design parameters of systems. Original concepts in the construction of existing and new microscope systems are provided to give readers a foundation for microscope design. Full-color micrographs illustrate the high level of image quality found in current systems.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Synthesis of Optical Systems for Mass-produced Budget Microscopes

Chapter Outline +

1.1 Achromatic Correction Objectives
1.2 Investigation of Chromatic Aberrations of Objective Elements
1.3 An Example of Creating a Set of Simple Achromatic Objectives
1.4 Studying the Properties of the Planar Elements
1.5 Synthesis of Achromatic Objectives When the Image Curvature Is Reduced
1.5.1 An example of creating a set of achromatic objectives when the image curvature and LC are reduced
1.6 Synthesis of Plan Achromatic Objectives
1.6.1 Frontal part in the form of a thick meniscus
1.6.2 Last part of the objective in the form of a meniscus
1.6.3 An example of creating plan achromatic (semi–plan achromatic) objectives
1.6.4 An example of creating plan achromatic (semi–plan achromatic) objectives for studying under a microscope using special methods
1.6.4.1 Budget objectives for inverted biological microscopes
1.6.4.2 Budget objectives for inverted (and upright) metallography microscopes
1.6.4.3 Budget objectives for polarizing microscopes
1.7 Topical Reasoning about Optics for Budget Microscopes
1.7.1 The design features of objectives for microscopy of mass production
1.7.2 Some thoughts on the design of phase contrast and differential contrast in budget transmitted light microscopes
1.7.3 Independent correction terminology
1.8 Topical Reasoning about the Parts of Mass-produced Microscopes
1.8.1 Design of tube systems
1.8.2 Design of the visual head
1.8.3 Design of eyepieces
1.8.4 Design of digital receiver projection systems
1.8.4.1 Optimal receiver geometry
1.8.4.2 Increasing information content
1.8.4.3 What can software not fix?
1.8.4.4 Examples of visualization system designs
1.8.5 Design of focusing mechanisms
1.8.6 Design of illumination systems
1.8.6.1 Complex lighting systems
1.8.6.2 Simplified lighting systems
1.8.6.2.1 Light panels with LEDs arranged in a circle
1.8.6.2.2 Light panels based on LED strips
References

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CHAPTER 2.

Synthesis of Optical Systems for Medium Series Budget Microscopes

Chapter Outline +

2.1 An Example of Creating LCF Plan MicroFluar Objectives with Enlarged Numerical Apertures and 27-mm Linear Fields
2.2 An Example of Creating LCF Plan MicroFluar Objectives with Long Working Distances
2.3 Optical Materials with Special Dispersive Properties
2.3.1 Optical materials: Analogues of fluorite
2.3.2 Other optical materials needed to advance microscope optics
2.3.3 Immersion liquids
2.4 Using Fluorite in Budget Objectives
2.4.1 Optical designs of MicroFluar microscope objectives: Compromises in the aberration correction
2.4.1.1 A description of the model specimen
2.4.1.2 Compromises in curvature correction in visual microscopy
2.4.1.3 Compromise in LC correction in visual microscopy
2.4.1.4 Modernizing the design of old Zeiss achromats and apochromats
2.4.1.5 A description of fluorescence objectives
2.4.2 Optical designs of some nonstandard objectives
2.4.2.1 LWD water immersion objectives
2.4.2.2 LWD dualchromat objectives
2.4.2.3 Correction frame objectives for inverted biological microscopes
2.4.2.4 Objectives consisting of non-glued lenses
2.4.2.5 Wide spectral transmitting objectives have monochromatic aberration correction
2.4.3 Plan apochromatic objectives for medium series microscopes
2.5 Tube Systems with Fluorite Lenses
References

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CHAPTER 3.

Synthesis of Optical Systems for Small Series Microscopes

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3.1 Time-tested Optical Technologies in Use Today
3.1.1 Research microscope Metam-LV
3.1.2 Phase contrast device KF-3
3.2 A Brief History of the Development of Reflected Light Objectives
3.3 Scattered Light
3.4 Special Objectives with Super–High Linear Magnifications
3.5 Objectives with Long Working Distances and Standard Parfocal Height
3.6 Synthesis of Plan Apochromatic Objective Structures
3.6.1 Main technological parameters for the manufacture of plan apochromatic objectives
3.6.2 Aberration correction of plan apochromats: Criteria and degree
3.6.3 Unification of CCF plan apochromatic objectives
3.6.4 Unification of CCF plan apochromatic objectives for objects with and without a cover glass
3.6.5 Example drawings of plan apochromatic objective parts
3.7 Unifying Objectives by Changing Only the Frontal Lens
3.7.1 MIRO configuration plan MicroFluar objectives
3.7.2 Plan MicroFluars for inverted microscopes
3.7.3 Example optical designs of unified objectives
3.8 Plan Apochromats for Inverted Biological Microscopes
3.9 Objectives for 50-mm Observation and a Long Working Distance (95-mm Parfocal Distance)
3.10 Expanding the Spectral Range of Lens Microscope Objectives
3.10.1 A discussion about NUV and NIR microscopy research
3.10.2 Example designs of NUV objectives (95-mm parfocal distance)
3.10.3 Example designs of NIR objectives (95-mm parfocal distance)
3.10.4 Plan poly-apochromatic aberration correction objectives (45-mm parfocal distance)
3.10.4.1 Finite tube length objectives
3.10.4.2 Example drawings of a 20x/0.70 plan poly-apochromatic objective
3.10.4.3 Infinite tube length objectives
3.10.5 Plan multi-apochromatic aberration correction objectives (45-mm parfocal distance)
3.11 Contact Objectives
3.11.1 Example drawings of 500x contact objectives
3.12 Microscope Objectives for Direct Projection onto a Digital Image Receiver
3.13 Telecentric Objectives
3.14 Objectives Containing Mirrors
References

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CHAPTER 4.

Optical Systems for Single Exemplar Microscopes

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4.1 Standard Cover Glass as Specimen Glass
4.2 Microscope Design for NUV–DUV Ranges
4.2.1 What objects can be investigated?
4.2.2 Ultraviolet fluorescence method
4.2.3 What optical materials can be used?
4.2.4 Optical design of high-aperture dioptric objectives
4.2.4.1 Cover glass and specimen glass (0.35-mm thick)
4.2.4.2 Example optical designs of some objectives
4.2.5 Objectives as condensers
4.2.6 Applications for these objectives
4.2.7 Light source
4.2.8 Detectors
4.2.9 Telecentric illuminator
4.2.10 Additional requirements for microscope parts
4.3 Optics Achromatized in a Wide Spectral Range
4.3.1 Microscopy in NUV–VIS–NIR spectral ranges
4.3.1.1 Plan multi-apochromatic lens objectives for the NUV–NIR (200–1800 nm) spectral range
4.3.2 Optics of a microscope for working in the infrared range of the spectrum
4.3.2.1 Plan poly-apochromatic objectives for the SWIR (1.1–2.4 mm) spectral range
4.3.2.2 Plan poly-apochromatic objectives for the MWIR (3–8 mm) spectral range
4.3.2.3 Plan poly-apochromatic objectives for the LWIR (8–14 mm) spectral range
4.4 Concept and Design of an Underwater Microscope
4.4.1 What parts of a conventional light microscope can be used to build an underwater microscope?
4.4.2 Some average water parameters
4.4.3 Parts of a light microscope for underwater research that must be modernized
4.4.4 Specifications of designed parts
4.5 Reverse Microscope: Opportunities and Advantages
4.6 Topical Reasoning about Single Exemplar Microscopes
References

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Back Matter

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