Microscope Design, Volume 1: Principles

Author(s): Dmitry N. Frolov

Published: 2021

https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2585955

PDF ISBN: 9781510639942 | Print ISBN: 9781510639935

DESCRIPTION

This book traces the historical development of microscopy instruments from their invention to the current state of the art. New concepts and engineering solutions are presented for modern light microscopes, with a focus on the practical construction of optical systems. Real design parameters of dioptric objectives and other systems are provided to supply readers with basic information for independent designs. Full-color photomicrographs of real objects illustrate the quality of aberration correction that is required from optics.

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Front Matter

CHAPTER 1.

Non-modern Modern Microscopes

Chapter Outline +

CHAPTER 2.

Abstracts and Reviews

Chapter Outline +

2.1 Group Design of Optical Instruments
2.1.1 Basic design
2.1.2 Aggregate-modular design
2.2 Design of Unified Systems of Optical Instruments and Functional Nodes
2.3 Brief Classification of Microscopic Objects
2.3.1 Brief description of some special “microscopic” objects
2.4 Short Description of Image in the Microscope
2.5 Main Types of Microscopes and Components of the Light Microscope
2.6 On the Need to Change Some Norms and Standards for Light Microscopes
2.6.1 On the current level of technology
2.7 Optical System of a Modern Microscope
2.7.1 Illumination system
2.7.2 The visual observation system
2.7.3 Objectives
2.7.4 Eyepieces
2.7.5 Recording system
2.8 Engineering Solutions of Optics for Visualization Systems of Light Microscopes
2.9 Examples of Principal Optical Designs of Some Kinds of Light Microscopes
2.10 Synthesis of the Optical Systems of Lens Objectives for Light Microscopes
2.10.1 Designing the optical layouts of microscope objectives
2.10.2 The simplest microscope objectives
2.10.3 The simplest microscope objectives with corrected lateral color aberration
2.10.4 The simplest microscope objectives with correction for two wavelengths or spectral regions “dualchromat” type
2.10.5 Microscope objectives with increased numerical apertures
2.10.6 Microscope objectives with planapochromatic correction
2.10.7 Planachromats and planapochromats with increased working distances
2.10.8 Plansuperapochromat microscope objectives
2.10.9 “Microvideo” objectives
2.11 On Condensers of Microscopes of Transmitting Light
2.12 Conditions for Obtaining Uniform Light Distribution, Generated by Lighting Devices
2.13 Correction of Chromatic Aberration in the Optical Systems of Illumination in Microscopes
2.14 Features of the Construction of Lighting Devices of Microscopes for the Implementation of Methods of Contrasting
2.15 Examples of Phase Contrast Investigations using Different Producers of Devises
2.16 Several Photographs of Objects Taken using polarization and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes
2.17 Investigation of the Possibility of using Leds as Light Sources in Microscopes
2.17.1 LED optics
2.17.2 LEDs in the illumination devices of microscopes
2.17.3 Types of diffusers and their role in lighting devices of microscopes
2.17.4 Led lines and matrixes in microscopes
2.17.5 Practice and analysis of the experimental use of the LED in the microscope
2.18 Technique for Calculating the Designs of Filled-type Objectives
2.19 Estimation of Clearances in the Design and Adjustment of Barrel Type Lens Systems
2.20 Experience in Creating Elements of an Automated System for Testing the Quality of Microscope Objectives
2.20.1 The use in the microscope of the “infinity” tube length - a step towards automating the assembly and control of microscope objectives
2.20.2 “Virtual” quality and assembly – steps to automate the assembly and control of microscope objectives
2.20.3 Elements of automation control optical-mechanical components
2.20.4 Elements of automation of quality control microscope objectives
2.21 The Concept of an Automatic Assembly Line for Microscope Objectives, Based on Adaptive Selection of their Components
2.21.1 Concept of an automatic assembly line for microscope objectives
2.21.2 Standardization of microscope objective designs
2.21.3 Technological errors of the elements that influence the target quality indices of microscope objectives
2.21.4 Adaptive-selective assembly of microscope objectives
2.21.5 Monitoring and ensuring the target quality indices of an microscope objective
2.21.6 Structural composition of the assembly line
2.22 Providing Target Performance Indices when Automating the Assembly of Microscope Objectives
2.22.1 Compensating spherical aberration by virtual assembly
2.22.2 Compensating coma during virtual assembly
2.23 False Birefringence in a Polarization Microscope
2.24 Interferometric Quality Control of Lenses and Objectives
2.24.1 Interference pattern
2.24.2 Control of flat surface
2.24.3 Control of the spherical surface
2.24.4 Analysis of errors of the interferometry method
2.24.5 High-precision processing and interpretation of complex interferograms
2.25 Micro-interferometer MII-4
2.26 Light Section Microscope PSS-3
2.26.1 Principle of operation
2.26.2 Optical diagram
2.27 Analysis of the Problems of Optimizing the Parameters of a Microscope’s Optical System
2.28 Development of “Micron Resolution Microscopes” for Reducing Photolithography
2.28.1 Potential application of the micron photolithography system
2.28.2 Key parameters of the reducing photolithography objects
2.28.3 Concept of use microscope objective in reverse ray tracing
2.28.3.1 Possibility of using conventional microscope objectives for reducing photolithography purposes
2.28.3.2 Analysis of the possibility of creating special objectives for reduction lithography
2.28.4 Evolution not revolution of optical designs of lithography systems
2.28.5 MgF2 (or LiF) þ Lyman’s source
2.29 Building Lithography Optics by Mirrors
2.30 Concentric Mirror Objective Plan Anastigmat
2.31 Anamorphic Optics of Lighting Devices
References

CHAPTER 3.

Principles of Constructing Microscope Optics

Chapter Outline +

3.1 Element Base and Principles of the Composition of the Optical Systems of the Microscope
3.1.1 Aberrational properties of a spherical surface
3.1.2 Optical scheme of a microscope
3.1.2.1 Magnifier, a simple microscope
3.1.2.2 Complex microscope
3.2 The Relationship of the Resolution of the Image Formed by the Optical System of the Microscope, with its Parameters
3.2.1 The resolution of the optical system of the microscope and the useful magnification of the image formed by it
3.3 The Quality (Q-factor) of the Microscope Optical System
3.4 The System of Variable Magnification in the Scheme of the Illumination Device of the Microscope
3.4.1 Basic schemes of optical systems with variable magnification
3.4.2 The position of the optically conjugate points in variable magnification optical systems
3.4.3 Optical system of variable magnification in the scheme of the illumination device of the microscope
3.5 The Construction of Frontal Components of Objectives for Microscope: Optical Design
3.5.1 Lens objective for microscope: what is inside?
3.5.2 Autocollimation method of centering lenses
3.5.3 Calculation of the frontal lenses of objectives for microscopes
3.5.4 Optical design of the frontal lenses of microscope objectives
3.5.5 Mechanical design and methods of assembling the frontal lenses of microscope objectives
3.5.6 Frontal components of the immersion objectives
3.6 Optical Design and Unification of Optical Systems of Objectives for Microscopes
3.6.1 Basic components, unification of objective optical structures
3.6.2 Unification of objectives for microscopes using a parametric series of focal lengths
3.6.3 Unification of objectives for microscopes by variants of execution
3.7 An Example of the Optical and Mechanical Design of a Microscope Objective
3.7.1 Terms of reference for the design
3.7.2 Patent search
3.7.3 Analysis of identified analogues
3.7.4 Prototype selection
3.7.5 Brief theory and practice of calculating objectives
3.7.5.1 Methods for calculating microscope objectives
3.7.6 Aberration calculation of the prototype
3.7.7 Dimensional and aberration calculation of a new objective
3.7.8 Description of the optical scheme of the new objective
3.7.9 Manufacturability of microscope objectives and the principle of assigning tolerances
3.7.10 Image quality assessment of microscope objectives
3.7.10.1 Evaluation of the quality of the diffraction image of the point of the two or three glued component
3.7.11 Assignment of tolerances for the manufacture of optical parts
3.7.11.1 Spherical aberration
3.7.11.2 Decentering
3.7.12 A brief description of the mechanical structures of microscope objectives
3.7.13 Description of the design of the developed objective
3.8 An Example of the Design of a Stereo Microscope
3.8.1 Physiological and Geometric Factors of Stereoscopic Vision
3.8.2 Stereoscopic effect in microscopy
3.8.3 Design of a stereo microscope head
3.9 Polarizing Stereo Microscope MPS-2
3.9.1 Optical system of microscope
3.9.2 Microscope design: MPS-2
3.9.3 Work in transmitted light
3.9.4 Work in reflected light
3.9.5 Work in mixed lighting
3.9.6 Work with counting grids
3.9.7 Work with microconoscopes
3.9.8 Some pictures of real objects
3.10 Comparison Microscopes
3.10.1 MS-51 comparison microscope
3.10.2 Comparison microscope for criminalists
3.11 Some Useful Options for Digital Imaging Systems
3.12 Some Examples of Digital Imaging Systems used for Metallography
References