Patterned photostimulation via visible-wavelength photonic probes for deep brain optogenetics

Eran Segev; Jacob Reimer; Laurent C. Moreaux; Trevor M. Fowler; Derrick Chi; Wesley D. Sacher; Maisie Lo; Karl Deisseroth M.D.; Andreas S. Tolias; Andrei Faraon; Michael L. Roukes

doi:10.1117/1.NPh.4.1.011002

6 December 2016 Patterned photostimulation via visible-wavelength photonic probes for deep brain optogenetics

Eran Segev, Jacob Reimer, Laurent C. Moreaux, Trevor M. Fowler, Derrick Chi, Wesley D. Sacher, Maisie Lo, Karl Deisseroth M.D., Andreas S. Tolias, Andrei Faraon, Michael L. Roukes

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Neurophotonics, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 011002 (December 2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.4.1.011002

Abstract

Optogenetic methods developed over the past decade enable unprecedented optical activation and silencing of specific neuronal cell types. However, light scattering in neural tissue precludes illuminating areas deep within the brain via free-space optics; this has impeded employing optogenetics universally. Here, we report an approach surmounting this significant limitation. We realize implantable, ultranarrow, silicon-based photonic probes enabling the delivery of complex illumination patterns deep within brain tissue. Our approach combines methods from integrated nanophotonics and microelectromechanical systems, to yield photonic probes that are robust, scalable, and readily producible en masse. Their minute cross sections minimize tissue displacement upon probe implantation. We functionally validate one probe design in vivo with mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2. Highly local optogenetic neural activation is demonstrated by recording the induced response—both by extracellular electrical recordings in the hippocampus and by two-photon functional imaging in the cortex of mice coexpressing GCaMP6.

CC BY: © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Eran Segev, Jacob Reimer, Laurent C. Moreaux, Trevor M. Fowler, Derrick Chi, Wesley D. Sacher, Maisie Lo, Karl Deisseroth M.D., Andreas S. Tolias, Andrei Faraon, and Michael L. Roukes "Patterned photostimulation via visible-wavelength photonic probes for deep brain optogenetics," Neurophotonics 4(1), 011002 (6 December 2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.4.1.011002

Received: 2 August 2016; Accepted: 24 October 2016; Published: 6 December 2016

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