This study introduces an affordable approach to developing a millimeter-wave (MMW) focal plane array (FPA) using glow discharge detectors (GDDs) with rapid readout capabilities. The system investigates the effect of MMW incidence on GDD discharge current and employs a scanning mechanism with a step motor for sub-pixel imaging. The experimental setup features an 8x8 FPA with 64 GDD detectors, MMW source, optical components, and a data acquisition platform. Leveraging electrical detection and a signal processing algorithm, the system captures low-intensity MMW signals with each GDD value corresponding to a pixel in the image. The Fourier transform (FFT) is used to extract information from the modulated signals. The FPA demonstrated an improved imaging duration, reducing acquisition time by 75% compared to prior studies, with an 8x8 image captured in just 4 seconds. Responsivity was measured at 21.8 V/W, detecting signals as weak as 0.95 nW. These advancements offer significant benefits for time-sensitive applications like security and dynamic object tracking. The study proposes enhancing resolution through larger arrays and integrating image processing with AI techniques to further improve performance. This research provides a cost-effective solution for MMW imaging, addressing existing detector limitations.
Focal plane arrays (FPA) constructed using glow discharge detectors (GDD) as the pixel elements proved to be an inexpensive methodology for generating MMW (millimeter wave)/THz (terahertz) images. In the abnormal glow mode of operation, the weakly ionized plasma (WIP) in GDDs can be more responsive while interacting with the incident MMW/THz radiations. It has explicitly been found that the major influence of MMW/THz radiation on the emitted light spectrum from the GDD is located in the near-infrared (NIR) zone of the electromagnetic spectrum which is around 800 nm– 1000 nm. Also, there is no influence of the MMW/THz on the visual band ranging from 500 nm–600 nm emitted from the GDD. The up-conversion method utilized here refers to the detection of variations in the intensity of emitted light from the GDD due to the incident MMW radiation. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera is employed here to generate MMW/THz images by capturing the light output from the GDD pixel elements on the FPA located in the image plane. The DC bias voltage emitted light from the GDD is much stronger than the modulated light produced as a result of the incident MMW/THz radiation. The major challenge of this work is to measure this minute variation in the GDD light output caused by the MMW/THz radiation and to distinguish it from the intense DC bias operation light of the GDD. For achieving this, we propose using an optical long-pass filter as a part of the CCD camera component, thus enhancing the performance of the suggested up-conversion method. The addition of the long-pass filter eliminates most of the highly intense visual spectrum from the light output of the GDD, thereby decreasing noise and making the up-conversion imaging more effective. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility of implementing GDD-based FPAs using up-conversion readout for MMW/THz imaging applications in the NIR regime by testing with a single GDD whose detection impact was captured using a CCD camera whose zoom lens was coupled with a long pass optical filter.
Millimeter and sub-millimeter wave (50GHz – 20,00GHz) radiation has recently gained global attraction and is becoming more popular in the field of imaging concealed objects. We demonstrate here the employment of an inexpensive millimeter wave (MMW) imaging system using a focal plane array based on glow discharge detectors (GDDs) that can be used for these applications. The electrical detection method is used here, which refers to the detection by measuring the change in current between the GDD electrodes due to the incident radiation from an MMW source. A data acquisition (DAQ) platform is used here to acquire the readings from the sensor element, which is controlled by a LabVIEW code. The system measures the change in current passing through the GDD as a result of modulated radiation. We have implemented a DAQ platform with 8 channels that can be used to convert an analog signal to a digital one. Here we utilized a suitable digital algorithm that performs strong filtering of the noise and allows receiving a detection signal even for extremely low radiation intensities. A quasi-optical setup was composed of an MMW source, an off-axis parabolic mirror (OPM), and an imaging mirror. Calibration and alignment were carried out in order to locate the focal plane array (FPA) at the reflective focal length of the OPM. The salient advantages of the technology employed here are the low cost of detectors and the absence of a receiving antenna as exists in most detection systems. We currently construct a single row of detectors and propose to expand it to 64X64 pixels by using oversampling at sub-pixel resolution. Expansion and refinement of the concealed object detection systems can be achieved using image processing methods. The simplified version detection circuit implemented in this detection system is also capable of capturing images within a relatively short time with improved noise suppression.
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