For any meaningful analysis of geostationary satellite data images, it is necessary to have accurate geographic locations
of each pixel which requires accurate information about the satellite altitude, attitude and scanning geometry. Except
above, in general, users are provided with the information about the count values of satellite image, sub-satellite point
geographic location, image size and scanning direction. Sometimes, the geographic location data is available at coarse
interval which is not adequate for the purpose of geophysical parameter retrieval, validation and other applications. The
problem is further compounded by data dropouts and garbling affecting the automated detection of earth disk required
for deriving geographic locations of the pixels. An automated procedure has been developed to find the geographic
locations of the earth view pixels. For the situations with noisy data and attitude errors in roll and pitch but with correct
and stable sub-satellite point geographic location, methods have been developed for space view noise rejection, earth
disk detection, proper overlaying of continental boundaries and finally for determining geographic locations of desired
pixels. These procedures, except the yaw attitude error, automatically correct other attitude errors for each image. The
basic assumption made here is that the sub-satellite point location is correct and stable. The method is useful in the
absence of any information except the image specifications. Examples of INSAT and METEOSAT images will be
presented.
We present in this work composite relationships among Barrier Layer (BL) depth, and various other parameters either
directly responsible for its formation or the sequence of events which follow once it is formed. Underlying mechanisms
responsible for the development of the BL depth, its sustenance and annihilation are examined in the southeastern
Arabian Sea (SEAS) in the north Indian Ocean using primarily ARGO floats observations along with ancillary data from
various satellites and surface currents from ocean model. All the available Argo floats observations of temperature and
salinity as of December 2005 have been analyzed to evaluate the seasonal characteristics of barrier layer (BL) in this
warm pool region of Arabian Sea. The annual average BL thickness in this region varies from 20 to 70 m, with larger
values towards coast. The standard deviation is also high (15-30 m) in this region showing a strong seasonal variation.
In a complete seasonal characteristic studied with the use of observations, BL thickness shows a primary peak (~ 50 m)
in January and a secondary peak in September (~ 35 m). While the former is remotely forced, the later owes its
generation to the local forcing via precipitation. TMI observations show a lag of 3 months in the SST warming with
respect to the maximum BL thickness observed during January. Peak warming in SST during April immediately follows
by rise in integrated water vapour. Interestingly, following the secondary maxima of BL, SST does not show any
warming signature, possibly due to the overcast condition, preventing the surface from heating up.
The lack of adequate observational information over the ocean, create a great difficulty in prediction of ocean state near
the Indian coasts. Frequent satellite passes over this region provides valuable wind data resources that can be used to
force regional models to evaluate ocean wave spectrum near coasts with a better accuracy. In this work both
scatterometer wind from QuikSCAT as well as the ETA model wind from NCMRWF are used to force coastal wave
model SWAN nested in open-ocean WAM model. The results indicate that the SWAN nested in WAM predicts the wind
generated wave height with better accuracy when forced when forced with the QuikSCAT wind. But the swell height
predominantly depends on the boundary conditions provided on the model.
The forthcoming Indian satellite Oceansat-2 to be launched in 2007 will carry a microwave scatterometer and an
ocean colour monitor onboard. The scatterometer, a Ku-band pencil beam sensor similar to that onboard Quikscat
satellite, will provide surface vector winds over global oceans with a two days repetivity. An algorithm for retrieving
wind vector from scatterometer has been developed with a solution ranking criteria of minimum normalized standard
deviation (NSD) of wind speeds derived using backscatter measurements through a geophysical model function
(GMF). Using Quikscat observational geometry and QSCAT-1 GMF, simulation based evaluation of algorithm
performance under different noise conditions and its comparison with standard algorithm known as Maximum
Likelihood Estimator (MLE) algorithm have been performed. Besides having retrieval performance closely
comparable with MLE, the present algorithm has quality and rain flagging provisions. Moreover, it is
computationally efficient with least subjectivity on various retrieval related parameters. These features are equally
desirable for the operational implementation. Results of simulation studies related to retrieval, quality control and
rain flagging along with its implementation to limited Quikscat data are presented.
In the present study, experiments have been performed to observe the impact of Southern Ocean Swell in the Indian
Ocean region. For this purpose, wave model (WAM) runs have been made for two years using National Centre for
Medium Range Weather Forecasting model derived analysed winds and QuikScat scatterometer derived surface winds.
To observe the swell impact in Indian Ocean region, the wave models runs have been made in global as well as regional
scale. The difference in the model derived wave heights have been compared with in-situ buoy data as well as satellite
altimeter derived wave height data. The study clearly demonstrates that high swell waves from the Southern Ocean
propagate towards the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Emission based radiative transfer simulations have been carried out to study the impact of atmospheric humidity on
clear-sky microwave emissions at various channels of Megha-Tropiques SAPHIR and NOAA AMSU-B sounders.
Detailed investigations reveal that under cool and drier conditions, water vapour channels in the far wing region like
183.31±7 GHz of AMSU-B and others behave like microwave imagers in contradiction to these being sounding
channels. This feature affects their utility for sounding the lower atmosphere. Simulation study confirms that the layer
average relative humidity is retrieved better as compared to its other forms requiring temperature information and has
logarithmic dependency on radiation. Present study deals with development of retrieval algorithms using multi-channel
sounder data for deriving average relative humidity for different layers of the atmosphere. AMSU-B data during June
and October 2002 over Indian region have been used for testing the algorithms to derive relative humidity in three layers
between 300 to 1000 hpa. The satellite derived humidity fields have been compared and found to be in good agreement
with those from NCEP data.
Interpretation of microwave radiometric measurements over land for atmospheric studies requires representative
information about surface emissivity. A simulation study has been performed to derive some of the meteorological
parameters like atmospheric water vapour content over land using TRMM TMI data through assumed land surface
emissivity satisfying the radiative transfer model. The process of minimization of simulated and observed radiation at
TMI frequencies using a large number of simulated atmospheric and surface conditions simultaneously yields many
atmospheric and surface parameters over land. Preliminary analysis of TRMM TMI data over India and adjoining land
region for few days during different season has been carried out. The derived surface emissivity difference of vertical and horizontal polarization is found highly resembling with Quikscat radar backscatter of land surface over the same area
corroborating the estimation of land surface emissivity parameters. The study has importance in synergic use of
microwave radiometer and scatterometer for studying the surface features as well as retrieval of geophysical parameters
over land in view of forthcoming Megha-Tropiques and Oceansat-2 satellites. Typical examples of TRMM-TMI and
Quikscat scatterometer are presented here.
KEYWORDS: MODIS, Microwave radiation, Satellites, Data acquisition, Near infrared, Space operations, Clouds, Meteorology, Medium wave, Image resolution
The south-west monsoon seasonal variations of the rainfall and water vapor over the Indian subcontinent and oceans are studied using microwave (MW) and near-Infrared (NIR) satellite measurements on monthly scales. The total precipitable water (TPW) derived from multi channel imaging data acquired with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) on the Terra Spacecraft and rainfall data from merged infrared estimates calibrated against Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave data respectively are used. Since TPW is an important link connecting the various components of the hydrological cycle, its variability with rainfall on monthly scales have been used to meet this objective in the present study during the three successive contrasting good (normal), bad (drought) and good (normal) south-west monsoon years of 2001 to 2003 respectively.
Radiative transfer simulation based study was carried for developing sea surface temperature algorithms for
ISRO's next geostationary satellite INSAT-3D that will be similar to GOES-9 configuration. Characterization of Indian
tropical marine atmosphere was done by utilising the surface and atmospheric parameters like temperature, pressure and
humidity observed onboard research vessels, covering entire Indian oceans. These parameters were further perturbed in
order to achieve the full temporal and spatial variability in the Indian region. 1392 such atmospheric profiles were
generated as input to the radiative transfer model. Brightness temperatures for INSAT-3D imager and sounder channels
were simulated for these profiles. Various combinations of the channels suitable for sea surface temperature and total
water vapor estimation were considered and depending on the statistical parameters and retrieval errors, daytime and
nighttime SST retrieval equations were finalised. These equations were applied to GOES-9 data over eastern pacific and
the retrieved SST fields were validated with insitu ship observations. The rms error achieved was ~ 0.68 K. Finally SST
retrieval equations were suggested for INSAT-3D. The advantage of frequent sampling by geostationary satellites was
also demonstrated by studying the diurnal variability of SST and improving the cloud free SST fields using INSAT-3A
data. It was found that cloud free fields can be increased to ~ 25% in a day by compositing eight images for that day.
A comparative study of ENVISAT ASAR data and corresponding wave rider buoy data has been attempted. An
algorithm has been developed to retrieve Ocean Wave Spectrum from SAR data. The resulting spectrum is compared
with the wave rider buoy measured wave spectrum. To compute the 2-D image spectrum from multi-look SAR data,
various corrections to the original SAR data has been applied. Thereafter, Modulation Transfer Function has been
computed and utilized to convert image spectrum to the Ocean Wave Spectrum. This final ocean wave height spectrum
is used to estimate the ocean wave spectral parameters and has been compared with the in-situ measurements and model
derived wave spectrum. An attempt has also been made to process the Single Look Complex (SLC) data to reduce the
speckle noise in the SAR data using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
Possibility of predicting surface boundary layer winds over coastal land and ocean has been explored in this paper. Prediction has been effected using a modern nonlinear data-fitting algorithm known as genetic algorithm (GA) based on the Darwinian evolutionary theory. Time series of tower-mounted anemometer measured wind speed has been used for carrying out forecast over land while time series of satellite scatterometer derived winds has been used for forecast over coastal ocean. The prediction over land can feed into weather advisories required for rocket launching stations while prediction over coastal ocean can be of use in offshore industries.
Spaceborne radar scatterometers operating in microwave frequency bands have several science and operational applications in Oceanography, meteorology, agricultural and geophysical sciences. The basic parameter measured by a scatterometer is the Backscattering coefficient (&psigma;^0) for a certain frequency, polarization and observational geometry. Before addressing a specific application, it is needed that the &psigma;^0 signatures be analyzed over natural, undisturbed and uniform/quasi-uniform target areas. As a prelude to ISRO's forthcoming OceanSat-II mission, carrying a Ku-band scatterometer, QuikSCAT scatterometer measured &psigma;^0 data are analyzed over its dynamical range using the global natural targets.
In order to improve third-order nonlinear optical properties of polydiacetylenes (PDAs), we have been investigating modification of PDA structures. From the point of view of PDA molecular design, three series of monomers for ladder- type PDAs were prepared. Oligoyne monomers having more than five conjugated acetylenes gave polymers which showed broad bands at longer wavelength than their excitonic absorption bands. This implies production of (pi) -conjugated ladder polymer having two PDA backbones linked by acetylenic groups in each repeating unit. From monomers with two butadiynes connected by an alkylene group, ladder-type PDAs were obtained when the carbon number of the alkylene group is more than four. However, monomers with two butadiynes connected by an arylene group gave only single-chain PDAs. From the point of view of PDA morphological engineering, PDA microcrystal water dispersions were applied to evaluate nonlinear optical susceptibilities by z-scan method together with PDA thin films. High-density microcrystal deposited film prepared by layer-by-layer deposition technique showed more than three orders of magnitude enhanced (chi) (3) than the dispersion state. Polycrystalline thin films compose of ladder-type PDAs were also found to have large (chi) (3). The quite large nonlinear refractive index of -41 cm2/GW was attained just near excitonic absorption maximum for one of the polymers.
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