Accurate infrared signature prediction of targets, such as humans or ground vehicles, depends primarily on the realistic prediction of physical temperatures. Thermal model development typically requires a geometric description of the target (i.e., a 3D surface mesh) along with material properties for characterizing the thermal response to simulated weather conditions. Once an accurate thermal solution has been obtained, signature predictions for an EO/IR spectral waveband can be generated. The image rendering algorithm should consider the radiative emissions, diffuse/specular reflections, and atmospheric effects to depict how an object in a natural scene would be perceived by an EO/IR sensor. The EO/IR rendering process within MuSES, developed by ThermoAnalytics, can be used to create a synthetic radiance image that predicts the energy detected by a specific sensor just prior to passing through its optics. For additional realism, blurring due to lens diffraction and noise due to variations in photon detection can also be included, via specification of sensor characteristics. Additionally, probability of detection can be obtained via the Targeting Task Performance (TTP) metric, making it possible to predict a target’s at-range detectability to a particular threat sensor. In this paper, we will investigate the at-range contrast and detectability of some example targets and examine the effect of various techniques such as sub-pixel sampling and target pixel thresholding.
In recent years, military operations have seen an increasing demand for high-fidelity predictive ground target signature
modeling in the hyperspectral thermal IR bands (2 to 25 μm). Simulating hyperspectral imagery of large scenes has
become a necessary component in evaluating ATR algorithms due to the prohibitive costs and the large volume of data
amassed by multi-band imaging sensors. To address this need, MuSES (Multi-Service Electro-optic Signature code), a
validated infrared signature prediction program developed for modeling ground targets, has been enhanced to compute
bi-directional reflectance distribution radiances and atmospheric propagation hyperspectrally, and to generate
hyperspectral image data cubes. In this paper, we present the extensions in MuSES and report on how the additional
features have allowed MuSES to be integrated into the Infra-Red Hyperspectral Scene Simulation (IRHSS), a scene
simulation tool that efficiently models sensor-weighted hyperspectral imagery of large IR synthetic scenes with full
thermal interaction between the target and terrain.
KEYWORDS: Thermal modeling, Electro optical modeling, Infrared signatures, Chemical elements, 3D modeling, Thermography, 3D acquisition, Scene simulation, Systems modeling, Data modeling
Modeling infrared (IR) synthetic scenes typically involves a different paradigm than modeling vehicles and other targets. Ground vehicles are modeled using meshed geometric representations that allow the 3D heat equation to be solved simultaneously for every element in the mesh. This includes calculation of 3D heat conduction, convective heat transfer including plume impingement, and radiation exchange between parts of the vehicle. Due to computational limitations it is not possible to model IR synthetic scenes using this same approach. For most synthetic scenes it is not practical to create geometric representations of each blade of grass or of every leaf. Due to the differences in modeling paradigms it becomes problematic to couple the thermal solutions directly so that the vehicle and terrain interact. For this reason, radiation exchange between the vehicle and the terrain or the effects of plume impingement on the terrain are not often modeled within a synthetic scene.
To address this limitation, MuSES (the Multi-Service Electro-optic Signature code), an infrared signature prediction program developed for modeling ground vehicles and other man-made targets, has been integrated into CameoSim, a broadband scene simulation software system that produces high resolution synthetic imagery of natural terrestrial scenes. To achieve the desired level of thermal interaction, a geometric description of the terrain surrounding the target is exported from CameoSim into MuSES; MuSES then calculates the temperature of both the target and the supplied terrain. To minimize artifacts between the temperature prediction of the terrain local to and distant from the target, MuSES terrain thermal models can be specified for use in the greater CameoSim scene. The resulting software tool is capable of modeling large scale IR synthetic scenes that include full thermal interaction between the target and the terrain in an area local to the target.
With an increased reliance on modeling and simulation in the defense community a requirement has developed for improved ground target infrared signature prediction capabilities. Predictive ground target infrared signature modeling has traditionally been done using the Physically Reasonable Infrared Signature Model (PRISM). The PRISM code has been used extensively in support of signature management for vehicle designers as well as other applications. The intended replacement for PRISM, the Multi-Service Electro-optic Signature (MuSES) code, has recently been developed and offers increased capabilities and ease of use. Until recently, IR/thermal signature analysis suffered from a disparity between the geometry required to predict signatures and the geometry used to design vehicles. The solution to the IR geometry problem was the development of MuSES, which uses meshed CAD geometry. MuSES is a rapid prototyping thermal design tool and an infrared signature prediction tool. To restore modularity lost over ten years of PRISM evolution, a new object-oriented thermal solver was created. The solver incorporates numerous advanced features including a net enclosure method for radiation, CFD interface, restart/seed capability, batch mode, and alternate solution strategies (such as the partial direct solution method). The MuSES interface is optimized for engineers/analysts who need to incorporate signature management treatments or heat management solutions into vehicle designs. Topics covered by this paper include a detailed description of the MuSES code and its capabilities, as well as multiple examples of model creation. The geometry modeling paradigm for the MuSES code represents a radical shift in how a vehicle model is created for the purpose of infrared signature modeling. The model creation examples are presented to demonstrate the tools and techniques used as well as to convey lessons learned to potential users in proper geometry modeling and meshing techniques.
This paper reviews current and future signature modeling activities at KRC and TACOM. PRISM (Physically Reasonable Infrared Signature Model) and its associated modeling tools are discussed along with the implementation of the physical principles that will evolve into the SuperCode. By continuing the current efforts with PRISM and then forming a SuperCode Research Consortium to implement additional advanced features, a universal code will be available to the modeling community.
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