KEYWORDS: Glucose, Proteins, Luminescence, Sensors, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, Green fluorescent protein, Fluorescent proteins, Yeast, In vivo imaging, Molybdenum
The glucose-mediated conformational changes in the glucose binding protein (GBP) have been exploited in the development of fluorescence based glucose sensors. The fluorescence response is generated by a polarity sensitive dye attached to a specific site. Such fluorescent sensors respond to submicromolar glucose at diffusion-controlled rates mimicking the wild type. However, such sensors have been limited to in vitro glucose sensing because of the preliminary dye-labeling step. In the study described here, the dye-labeling step is omitted by genetically encoding the GBP with two green fluorescent mutants namely, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in the N- and C-terminal ends, respectively. These two GFP mutants comprise a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor and acceptor pair. Thus, when glucose binds with GBP, the conformational changes affect the FRET efficiency yielding a dose-dependent response. A potential application for this FRET-based glucose biosensor is online glucose sensing in bioprocessing and cell culture. This was demonstrated by the measurement of glucose consumption in yeast fermentation. Further development of this system should yield in vivo measurement of glucose in bioprocesses.
A new antioxidant activity assay based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducible bacterial strain (E. coli DPD2511) is described. The strain harbors the plasmid pKatG::luxCDABE and responds to hydrogen peroxide treatment by increasing light emission at 490 nm. Antioxidant capacity is evaluated through the ability of an agent to inhibit the hydrogen peroxide-induced bioluminescence of E. coli DPD2511. Applicability of the developed assay in detecting levels of antioxidants in various aqueous plant extracts is demonstrated. The assay was validated against 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, a known antioxidant assay.
Analytical biophotonics techniques such as steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy have been proven to be important tools in the study of genetically engineered bacterial sensors for plant antigenotoxicity. The assay involves the use of E. coli RS4U tagged with the red fluorescent protein (RFP). The cells emit red fluoresce in direct proportion to the genotoxicant present. Antigenotoxicity is seen as an act of preventing the DNA-damage induced expression of RFP. Thus, co-treatment of the cells with the genotoxicant and antigenotoxicant plant samples resulted to the reduction of the RFP fluorescence.
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