This manuscript presented the programmable metasurface based on LC (liquid crystal) material to manipulate the THz (terahertz) wave. To manipulate the EM (electromagnetic wave), the programmable and digital coding metasurfaces have been widely used in the microwave range using the semiconductor controlling elements (PIN diode and varactor diode). However, in the THz range, these semiconductor components have limited applications. Herein, a 1-bit digital programmable metasurface based on LC is proposed to achieve the THz wave manipulation with electrical control. The 1- bit digital coding metasurface is composed of two kinds of meta-atoms including “0” and “1” digital codes corresponding to the opposite reflection phase response “0” and “π” respectively. The reflection phase of the metasurface element is nearly 180° manipulating between biased (1) and unbiased (0) states of the coding sequence. When the different coding sequence is applied to the metasurface array, the phase profile between metasurface elements is changed dynamically and manipulate the incident THz beam. The proposed LC-based THz metasurface unit cell is applied with the different biasing voltages and in result the relative permittivity of the LC material is changed from 2.63 to 3.67 based on the orientation of the LC molecules. However, the resonant frequency is switching from 0.121 THz to 0.108 THz and achieved the 180 degree phase differences. Furthermore, 36x36 metasurface array is enabled to perform multi-functionalities including dual beam and multi-beam steering, beam splitting that could be implemented in the application of sensing, imaging, defence RCS (radar cross section) reduction and wireless communication such as RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces).
The construction of optical receivers using heterodyne detection techniques is a significant challenge due to the need for complex and power-intensive DSP approaches. Additionally, it is practically difficult to construct a local oscillator laser at the receiver that has the same frequency as the carrier laser for homodyne detection. Therefore, we propose a polarization multiplexed self-coherent detection method that sends both the message signal and the carrier through the same fiber while utilizing polarization diversity. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is used for modulating the message signal. The system is capable of transmitting a data rate of 150 Gbps. We demonstrate an integrated polarization stabilizer that consists of cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometers with a fast-tracking algorithm that can track the polarization of an incoming signal at the receiver and an integrated polarization converter based on Stokes vector that minimizes the effect of mixing of signals of orthogonal polarizations in the optical fiber. The algorithm used to feed the polarization controller can change the polarization of an incoming signal at the receiver to the polarization it had when it left the transmitter. Consequently, reducing the impact of PMD (Polarization mode dispersion) on transmission in fiber.
The solid core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with circular air holes arranged in triangular lattice and in hexagonal pattern is analyzed with variation in number of air hole rings array around the core region. In this fiber, the modified internal reflection mechanism of optical wave guiding has been explored. The core of higher index inhibits the passage of the light in the cladding, thereby resulting in light guidance. To validate the guiding phenomenon of this fiber, Finite Element Method (FEM) computation is applied. This method involves the sub-division of the geometrical area of interest into small composite elements. The refractive index of the cladding region is considered by using Sellmeier Equation to incorporate the dispersion effect of the fiber. The light is launched in the core region and the Electric-field intensity is confined at the center of solid core PCF. The mode confinement loss of this PCF decreases with increase in air hole ring layer. Also, the propagation loss is less for lower order wavelength in conventional optical wavelength band. Therefore this design of solid core PCF is suitable for sensing with lower number of air hole ring array, and suitable for communication with higher number of air hole ring array.
The stokes vector (SV) has been known since Stokes used it to represent the state of polarization (SOP) of light. While the polarization of light has been represented in the form of a SV since 1852, it has more recently found many applications in polarization management in optical communication. Our review begins with the mathematical representation of the SV. The system capacity in the optical transmission system is increased by employing a polarization diversity scheme. The rapidly changing SOP of the modulated optical signal is acquired using a Stokes vector-based direct detection (SV-DD) scheme at the receiver. A silicon photonics integrated circuit employs a SV-based polarization management scheme to control the on-chip SOP of light. Space-division multiplexed systems are a promising solution to the problem of capacity crunch. The multidimensional SV concept is employed to study signal propagation in these systems. The application of the SV in DD, silicon photonics, and space-division multiplexed systems is discussed in detail in our review. The conclusion provides a summary of the importance of SV-based polarization management in optical communication and its future prospects.
In this paper a subwavelength waveguide-to-fiber coupler based on two dimensional periodic grating is proposed. In this approach Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) based structure is employed to couple the radiated mode field inside the core of optical fiber. Rectangular photonic integrated circuit (PIC) waveguide having standard SOI height technology of 220 nm is considered for guiding optical field inside on chip waveguide.
Detection of DNA hybridization by Silicon Nanowire Optical Rectangular Waveguide (SNORW) using full vectorial finite element method is presented. Waveguide is designed to detect DNA hybridization through change in refractive index of single strand and double strand DNA. SNORW having high surface to volume ratio with optical confinement inside low index region permits a compact sensor. Waveguide sensing characteristics such as change in effective refractive index, waveguide sensitivity and power confinement is evaluated for optimized silicon wired waveguide.
A four layered strip waveguide grown on silicon substrate and having a silicon oxynitride (SiON)
guiding film with silicon oxide (SiO2) as buffer and cover is proposed and analyzed through transfer
matrix formulation and effective index method. Dependence of polarization characteristic on
waveguide parameters such as refractive index of SiON, buffer thickness and aspect ratio (b/a) of the strip waveguide are investigated. It is shown that by selecting an optimal combination of different
waveguide parameters, a TE-mode polarizer having polarization extinction ratio of 200 dB and
insertion loss of less than 1 dB/cm can be realized.
Novel closed form formulae are derived to study crosstalk degradation due to stimulated Raman scattering
(SRS) in WDM systems employing multi-span bi-directional pumped distributed Raman amplifier (DRA). The
formulae are used to evaluate the crosstalk performance of differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) and ON-OFF keying (OOK) modulation format which are widely used in optical communication. SRS crosstalk is
further evaluated for different data rates and pulse shapes prevalent in optical data transmission. Next, crosstalk
is calculated for different pumping schemes by taking into account the launched power of bi-directional
pumped DRA. The study shows that minimum SRS crosstalk can be achieved for 40 Gb/s RZ-DPSK signal
with 33.3% duty cycle in WDM system employing backward pumped DRA.
Power penalty in N-channel WDM system due to stimulated Raman crosstalk is investigated in a typical configuration
consisting of two periodically amplified single mode fibers (SMF) by Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and
dispersion compensated by dispersion compensating fiber (DCF). Results show that minimum power penalty is in central
wavelength region of WDM system and inclusion of EDFA and DCF increases power penalty. Power penalty in
individual channels due to remaining N-1 channels has also been investigated. The dependence of power penalty due to
stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) on average input power, interchannel separation and bit rate of the system has also
been assessed.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.