Optical feeder links (OFL) are expected to become part of future Very High Throughput Satellite (VHTS) systems in response to the growing demand for higher capacity and lower costs. H2020 VERTIGO (Very High Throughput Satellite Ground Optical Link) project was set to prove key optical communication technologies and to address: 1) Throughput increase with high spectral and power efficiencies. 2) Higher optical power generation and delivery. 3) Atmospheric turbulence mitigation by optical and digital processing. Transmit and receive optical communication models were developed in rack units for assessing, in laboratory and outdoor trials, their intrinsic performance, robustness against atmospheric turbulence and compatibility with other technologies. The models for 25 Gbps OOK/DPSK and RF analog modulation with optically pre-amplified direct or differential detection are reported with the achieved performance. An atmospheric channel emulator fed with time series established by simulations was used to mimic the propagation losses and fading of the optical signal coupled into the receiver. Both the downlink and uplink under weak or strong turbulence were emulated. For digital transmission experiments, the performance metrics include BER curves, detection sensitivity and power penalty. State-of-the-art sensitivities were achieved especially under 25 Gbps DPSK. For RF analog transmission, the performance metrics were constellation diagrams and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) measured for various modulations from QPSK to 64-QAM. Are reported the results of optical transmission experiments first performed in the laboratory under static and dynamic propagation channels, then in the outdoor trial successfully carried out in July between Jungfraujoch and Zimmerwald in Switzerland.
KEYWORDS: Free space optics, Transmitters, RF photonics, Analog electronics, Modulation, Optical transmission, Digital modulation, Analog modulation, Satellites, Laser applications
Optical technologies play an increasing role in telecom satellite payloads for analog or digital applications. When large SWaP (size, weight, and power) is prohibitive or for applications where low cost is a major design goal, an electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) can provide a good balance between integration and performance optimization through separated control of emission and modulation. 1550 nm EML for ground applications were evaluated for optical local oscillator (LO) distribution, photonic RF frequency conversion, digital and analog free-space optical (FSO) communications. An EML-based LO distribution was assessed in terms of RF output power, spectral purity and phase noise. Using optical amplification, large-scale distribution of a 13 GHz LO was achieved with similar or greater RF power and a limited noise floor penalty compared to what is possible with a CW laser and Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). Photonic RF frequency-conversion was assessed as well and EML was found to perform better than direct modulation laser. For optical inter-satellite links in constellations, SWAP and cost really matter and EML is therefore an interesting candidate. An EML-based transmitter was evaluated for digital modulation at 10 and 20 Gbps as well as for RF analog modulation in transmit Ka band (20 GHz). For digital modulation, an EML module exhibited a similar dynamic extinction ratio as a MZM, and a limited penalty in detection sensitivity. For RF modulation, the carrier-to-noise ratio was measured as a function of the received optical power for various EML operating conditions: equivalent RF performance were achieved as well.
The European H2020-SPACE-ORIONAS project targets the development of optical transceiver and amplifier integrated circuits and modules applicable to high-speed and compact laser communication terminals. This paper presents the most recent project achievements in two areas. Firstly, the fabrication of high-speed electronic-photonic modulator and receiver circuits monolithically integrated in the silicon photonics platform and their assembly in bread-board level photonic modules. Secondly, the assembly, integration and testing of a radiation resistant, high-gain optical fiber preamplifier which exploits hi-rel small form factor fiber optics to shrink the module mass and footprint.
Mitigation of atmospheric turbulence is a major challenge in optical wireless communication, especially for optical feeder links. In this paper, we present a free space optical (FSO) mode diversity receiver, based on a spatial demultiplexer and a silicon photonic coherent combiner to reduce the atmospheric turbulence deleterious effects. We simulate the spatial light distribution in the ground receiver aperture for a use case consisting of a FSO link from a GEO satellite. We then generate experimentally wavefronts corresponding to the spatial light distribution for that use case with a wavefront emulator, and we compare the collection efficiency of the proposed mode diversity receiver with a FSO single mode fiber (SMF) receiver. The proposed FSO receiver outputs a signal much more stable as the system is resilient to energy redistribution among higher order spatial modes.
Ultra or Very High Throughput Satellites (U/VHTS), operating in the Ka-band (20/30GHz), are very large satellites with multi-beam coverage able to provide several hundreds of Gigabits up to few Terabits per second of aggregated throughput. The supply of these huge amounts of data to such a satellite is done by hundreds of wideband RF links, called feeder links, which operate in Ka-band (30GHz) and in Q/V-band (40/50GHz) between the satellite and a network of hundreds of ground (feeder/gateway) stations. Moreover, the poor availability of Q/V-band links in wet regions (such as Europe) requires additional back-up gateways (site diversity technique), further increasing the size of the ground network. In short, the cost of developing and operating such large station network becomes the major part of the cost of a VHTS and could become an obstacle to the development of the future generation of VHTS whose ambition is to exceed the Terabit of capacity. Today, none of the known techniques to reduce the number of gateway/feeder stations gives full satisfaction and have enough room for improvement. Thanks to an ESA supported study, nicknamed MATRIX for “Innovative fractionated satellite system enabling higher reuse of frequency”, Thales Alenia Space studied a very promising solution. The technical and economic feasibility of this new solution based on the concept of fractionation applied here to VHTS and on free space optical communication technologies, was demonstrated. The key feature of fractionated VHTS is Optical Inter-Satellite Links (OISL) that backhaul data intended to users from the Feeder Satellites to the User Satellite. Advantageously, these OISL makes use of analogue RF modulation of optical carriers. So, it allows deporting most of signal processing in the Feeder Satellites and therefore simplifying and alleviating the User Satellite. Finally, fractionated VHTS will allow a smooth and risk-free transition from RF feeder links to digital FSO feeder links. This paper presents the concept of fractionated VHTS as developed in the MATRIX study and highlights the role and benefits of FSO communication technologies in the development and operation of future Ultra High Throughput Satellite systems. It will focus on the Optical Inter-satellite Links, cornerstone of the system.
H2020-SPACE-ORIONAS is a 3-year Research and Innovation Action program funded by the European Commission focusing on the development of compact optical transceiver and amplifier modules applicable to new generation optical inter-satellite links. ORIONAS explores photonic integrated circuits and small form factor fiber optics leveraging their success in datacenter interconnect and hi-rel aerospace applications to deliver miniaturized modules and devices that can shrink considerably the SWaP of lasercom terminals. This paper presents the most recent project achievements.
The EU-SIPhoDiAS project deals with the development of critical photonic building blocks needed for highperformance and low size, weight, and power (SWaP) photonics-enabled Very High Throughput Satellites (VHTS). In this presentation, we report on the design and fabrication activities during the first year of the project concerning the targeted family of digital and microwave photonic components. This effort aims to demonstrate components of enhanced reliability at technology readiness level (TRL) 7. Specifically, with respect to microwave photonic links, we report: (i) the design of Ka and Q-bands analogue photodetectors that will be assembled in compact packages, allowing for very high bandwidth per unit area and (ii) on the design of compact V-band GaAs electro-optic modulator arrays, which use a folded-path optical configuration to manage all fiber interfaces packaged opposite direct in-line RF feeds for ease of board layouts and mass/size benefits. With respect to digital links, we report on the development of 100 Gb/s (4 x 25 Gb/s) digital optical transceiver sub-assemblies developed using flip-chip mounting of electronic and opto-parts on a high-reliability borosilicate substrate. The transceiver chipset developed specifically for this project refers to fullycustom 25 Gb/s radiation hard (RH) VCSEL driver and TIA ICs designed in IHP’s 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS Rad-Hard process.
To concurrently cope with the scarcity of RF frequency bands, the growing capacity demand and the required lower cost of the ground segment, Very High Throughput Satellites systems must rely on new technical solutions. Optical feeder links are considered as a promising alternative to surpass classical RF technology, offering assets inherent to optical technologies (large bandwidth, no frequency regulation, low beam divergence, components availability). Nevertheless the potential of this technology shall not conceal the remaining challenges to be overcome to make it relevant for operational missions : clouds, turbulence, power generation and high efficiency modulations. VERTIGO (Very High Throughput Satellite Ground Optical Link) is a 3-year H2020 project funded by the European commission and started mid-2019 focusing on the optical link itself regardless of site diversity aspect and aiming at demonstrating in a ground demonstration required technologies to implement very high capacity optical feeder links. In particular, VERTIGO is built on 3 pillars each addressing a key issue for the implementation of optical feerder links: 1) Throughput increase through the use of advanced schemes with high spectral and power efficiency compared to current modulations used in space, as well as RF-over-Fiber approach. 2) High optical power generation to close the demanding link budgets by developing on-board and ground means to raise the transmitted optical power, not only based on amplifier power increase, but also on incoherent/coherent power combining. 3) Opto-mechanical and digital techniques for the mitigation of atmospheric propagation impairments, to make full use of throughput and power increases. Several demonstrations in-flight or on-ground already demonstrated separately key aspects (atmospheric propagation and impairments mitigation techniques, modulation format, high power…), for the implementation of optical (feeder) links. These aspects are closely linked since the solutions to each of them are necessary but not sufficient to allow for high throughput transmissions. VERTIGO concept is to address each key issue with at least one solution and to combine them in an unprecedented manner. To reach these objectives, VERTIGO will lean on a highly skilled consortium composed of : CREONIC, ETH Zürich, Fraunhofer HHI, Gooch and Housego, Leo Space Photonics RD, ONERA, Thales Research and Technology, Thales Alenia Space in France and Switzerland. This paper will present the VERTIGO project and its status.
We present the development and verification testing of a high speed multimode, multicore transceiver technology for intra-satellite optical interconnects. We report the fabrication and functional testing of opto-parts including 25 Gb/s 850 nm VCSEL/PD as well as the verification testing of the VCSELs against radiation and lifetime performance. In addition we report the development and evaluation testing of a multi-core cable assembly that was fabricated and mated with MiniAVIM multi-core connectors to develop hi-rel multi-core optical patchcords for pigtailing the transceiver modules. The fiber optic, electronic and opto-parts were used to assemble the first ever fully packaged and pigtailed, six-core optical transceiver prototype module that operates at 25 Gb/s channel bit rate at an energy consumption of ∠4.5 mW/Gb/s.
KEYWORDS: Laser applications, RF photonics, Free space optics, Laser development, Free space optical communications, Frequency conversion, High power lasers, Telecommunications, Satellites, Laser damage threshold
This article reports the development of 200-mW 1.55-μm DFB laser module with RIN below -162 dB/Hz which are well suited for microwave photonics or free space optical communication applications. Specific design has allowed reaching high power (>300 mW), low noise and high spectral purity laser chip. The chip has been packaged in Butterfly module optimized for reducing the module power consumption. DFB laser module system validations have been done on three laboratory test-beds representative of target applications, namely high-frequency optical LO distribution, photonic RF frequency conversion, and free space optical communication links.
This paper reports on the assessment of the communication performance of DPSK- and OOK-based free-space optical (FSO) links in satellite-based applications, including LEO downlinks, LEO inter-satellite links, and feeder links for GEO Satellites. The performance is assessed by means of simulations as well as transmission experiments at 10 Gbps. The impact of optical filter bandwidth, optical delay-line-interferometer accuracy, frequency offset between transmitter laser and receiver, is quantified. OOK performance critically depends on transmitter extinction ratio, and proves robust to Doppler-induced frequency offsets. DPSK is sensitive to any laser wavelength drift and offset with the DLI response. Nevertheless, compensation of this drift is considered manageable, making it possible to maintain the 3dB advantage of DPSK vs. OOK in practical use conditions.
Multicore fiber enables a parallel optic data link in a single optical fiber. Thus, it is an attractive approach to increase the aggregate data throughput and the integration density of the interconnection.
We developed and demonstrated mid-board optical transceiver modules employing novel multicore fiber pigtails and multicore-optimized optoelectronic engines. The silica fibers having 125 µm diameter and including six graded-index multimode cores enable multi-gigabit interconnects at very short distances. The fiber is compatible with the 850-nm VCSEL technology that has many advantages, such as, the very low power operation and the mature and cost-effective GaAs-based device technology.
The transceiver incorporates transmitter and receiver subassemblies that are based on the multicore-optimized 850-nm VCSEL and photodiode array chips as well as on the co-designed multichannel VCSEL driver and TIA receiver ICs. All devices are operating up to 25 Gbps/channel and beyond, thus creating a 150 Gbps full-duplex link with the two 6-core fibers. The active areas on the 6-channel VCSEL and PD chips are arranged in a circular array layout that matches the cross-sectional layout of the fiber cores. This allows butt coupling to the fiber cores. The power consumption of the complete link is below 5 mW/Gbps.
The transceiver was developed to be applicable for harsh environmental conditions, including space. Therefore, for instance, hermetic packaging was applied and both the active devices and the integration structure enable very wide operation temperature range of up to approx. 100 °C.
This paper will present the technical approach including the basic building blocks and the transceiver module implementation. It will also present the results of the data link performance and some reliability testing.
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