KEYWORDS: Heart, Optical coherence tomography, 3D image reconstruction, 3D scanning, 3D image processing, Medical image reconstruction, Stereoscopy, 3D acquisition, Hemodynamics, Animal model studies
Cardiodynamics and hemodynamics are important factors regulating heart development, but dynamic 3D imaging of a beating embryonic heart has been challenging due to high requirements for both imaging scale and speed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has a unique imaging scale for 3D embryonic heart imaging in various animal models. However, the general imaging speed of OCT can only provide limited spatiotemporal sampling in direct volumetric acquisition of a beating heart. Here, we present an open-source, post-acquisition synchronization method that requires just a single, densely sampled linear 3D scan but generates superior 4D (3D+time) imaging quality with a high efficiency.
Understanding mammalian cardiogenesis requires high-resolution imaging to assess changes in cardiac structure, morphology, dynamics, and function during embryonic development. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) shows promise for advanced studies due to superior imaging scale and speed for 4D imaging of the early mouse embryonic heart. Building on this, and enabled by prolonged embryo culture, efficient reconstruction, and multi-dimensional visualization strategy, we present the first longitudinal, 4D, dual-contrast OCT imaging of the beating mouse embryonic heart over development for up to ~12 hours, termed as 5D cardiodynamic and hemodynamic imaging. This paves the way to study early developmental dynamics of the heart.
Live imaging of the mouse embryonic heart in 4D (3D+time) is critical for quantitative understanding of the early mammalian cardiac function and development. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for 4D imaging of the cardiodynamics and hemodynamics in the mouse embryo with a unique and important spatiotemporal imaging scale. However, a limited accessibility of the reconstruction method to produce high-quality 4D OCT visualizations of the beating heart acts as a hurdle for a broader application of OCT in studying the embryonic heart. Here, we present an open-source, highly efficient, post-acquisition synchronization method to address this limitation.
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