We introduce an X-ray Hartmann Wavefront Sensor (HWS) simulation tool developed under the Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) framework. This metrology package can mimic an in-situ wavefront measurement experiment with a particular beamline optical layout, predict the expected Hartmanngrams, and then give access to the wavefront results under different beamline configurations. From the HWS design point of view, this SRW HWS simulation tool can be used to optimize the wavefront sensor parameters, such as the size and pitch of the Hartmann mask and the distance between the mask and the detector, in a specific X-ray energy range and help to tolerance complicated optical setup. Besides the X-ray HWS simulation in SRW, we also address some initial tests of a hard X-ray HWS under development at NSLS-II. Initial tests can be performed to evaluate the basic functionality of the X-ray HWS, such as the measurement repeatability and sensitivity to beam imperfections. It can provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of an X-ray HWS and help to optimize its design and functionality as a diagnostic tool for specific research questions and experimental conditions.
X-ray microscopy is an invaluable and powerful characterization tool applied in many scientific fields, such as materials science, biology, environmental science, and energy research. In recent years it has been driven by rapid developments of novel technologies and systems resulting in imaging experiments elucidating structural inhomogeneities and chemical reactions at the nanometer scale. To obtain high spatial resolution comprehensive chemical and structural information, an X-ray microscope must be equipped with adequate capabilities and allow for simultaneous acquisition of multiple datasets. In recent years, a number of X-ray microscopes have been designed, constructed, and commissioned at NSLS-II. Here we provide an overview of the microscopy instrumentation development program at NSLS-II and specifically focus on the multilayer Laue lens–based hard X-ray nanoprobe optimized for ~10 nm spatial resolution imaging, its current status, and future upgrades along with recently constructed Kirkpatrick-Baez based scanning microscope designed for ~100 nm spatial resolution experiments.
We propose a novel confocal x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging capability at the X-ray Fluorescence Microprobe (XFM) and Submicron Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy (SRX) beamlines of the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). Comparing to the conventional XRF tomography, this method can image a local region of interest within tens of minutes instead of hours. We will also present the optimized design of the confocal optic and estimated imaging resolution and throughput, based on the real parameters of the beamline photon delivery systems and the proposed confocal setup.
Engineering topics which span a range of length and time scales present a unique challenge to researchers. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) of oil shales is one of these challenges and provides an opportunity to use multiple research tools to thoroughly investigate a topic. Currently, the extraction efficiency from the shale is low but can be improved by carefully studying the processes at the micro- and nano-scale. Fracking fluid induces chemical changes in the shale which can have significant effects on the microstructure morphology, permeability, and chemical composition. These phenomena occur at different length and time scales which require different instrumentation to properly study. Using synchrotron-based techniques such as fluorescence tomography provide high sensitivity elemental mapping and an in situ micro-tomography system records morphological changes with time. In addition, the transmission X-ray microscope (TXM) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) beamline 6-2 is utilized to collect a nano-scale three-dimensional representation of the sample morphology with elemental and chemical sensitivity. We present the study of a simplified model system, in which pyrite and quartz particles are mixed and exposed to oxidizing solution, to establish the basic understanding of the more complex geology-relevant oxidation reaction. The spatial distribution of the production of the oxidation reaction, ferrihydrite, is retrieved via full-field XANES tomography showing the reaction pathway. Further correlation between the high resolution TXM data and the high sensitivity micro-probe data provides insight into potential morphology changes which can decrease permeability and limit hydrocarbon recovery.
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