Electrospinning technologies (e.g traditional electrospinning and near-field electrospinning) have been widely considered for the design of biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering and wound healing. The great advantage of electrospinning technologies lies in the possibility of controlling the surface area, porosity and pore size of the final materials as well as the loading and the release kinetics of the drugs. In addition, the processing of proteins by electrospinning technologies is a promising approach to design functional scaffolds offering better bioctivity (ability to support cell adhesion and growth), better drug stability and safer applicability on skin. In this work, keratin proteins of mammal origin, obtained from wool wastes were processed into electrospun mats. In particular, electrospun mats made of keratin nanofibers, keratin/hydrotalcites hybrid nanofibers and keratin/poly- (butylene succinate) blend nanofibers, loaded with diclofenac were compared as drug delivery systems and scaffolds for cell growth. All the electrospun mats are characterized by layers of interconnected web of nanofibers having a mean diameter of about 200 nm. They are able to adhere to wet skin to support fibroblast cells adhesion and growth. The diclofenac is almost totally released from the keratin nanofibers through a matrix swelling controlled mechanism and from keratin/hydrotalcites hybrid nanofibers through a totally Fickian diffusion mechanism. Instead, only the 50% of drug is released from the keratin/PBS blend nanofibers through a totally Fickian diffusion mechanism. These preliminary obtained results can be exploited to design functional patches with desired bioactivity and drug release profiles through an additive electrospinning process, to be applied in tissue engineering and wound healing. Moreover, the use of a chemical sensors in addition to drugs could be a promising strategy to develop functional patches acting as drug delivery and sensors systems.
We disclose a new composite featuring noble-metal nanorods in porous chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol mats or sponges for applications in wound healing and monitoring. The plasmonic component provides synergistic opportunities for the optical activation of functions as near-infrared laser welding, and the remote assessment of parameters of prognostic relevance in wound monitoring, like the environmental level of oxidative stress. At the same time, the polymer blend is ideal to bind connective tissue upon photothermal activation, and to support fabrication processes that ensure high porosity, such as electrospinning, thus paving the way to cellular repopulation and antimicrobial protection. In particular, we address the stabilization of the electrospun mats by cross-linking in a vapor of glutaraldehyde, and their cytotoxicity to a model of relevance in wound dressing like human fibroblasts.
Stitches or adhesive patches still represent the gold standard for the closure of wounds. However, inspite of their long history and widespread implementation, these solutions remain problematic in different respects, due to the combination of factors that complicate the healing process, such as foreign body reactions, antimicrobial infections, or the permeability of the repair. Our work consists of the pursuit of an alternative technological platform to seal wounds in different clinical contexts, by the use of laser welding in combination with biocompatible scaffolds made of electrospun fibers containing polysaccharidic components and hosting a variety of dyes, such as FDA-approved indocyanine green or more durable plasmonic nanoparticles. We illustrate the use of these materials in different regimes of optical irradiation, where cw light activates a cascade of photo-thermal and biochemical processes that result into a strong adhesion at the boundary with a connective tissue. We suggest the incorporation of multishell Au@Ag core@shell nanoparticles as a tool serving both as a photothermal transducer and a source of silver cations, which may migrate through the microporous scaffold and exert an antimicrobial function. While the versatility of our materials and methods still leaves substantial room for optimization and even more functionalization, we are confident that our work will make an impact and inspire new synergistic solutions at the crossroads between tissue engineering and biomedical optics.
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