KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Data integration, Associative arrays, Databases, Geographic information systems, Roads, Software development, Nomenclature, Web services, Integrated modeling
In this paper we discuss syntactic, semantic and schematic issues which inhibit the integration of utility data in the UK.
We then focus on the techniques employed within the VISTA project to overcome schematic heterogeneity. A Global
Schema based architecture has been developed. Although automated approaches to Global Schema definition were
attempted the heterogeneities of the sector were too great. Hence, a manual approach to Global Schema definition was
employed. The techniques used to define and subsequently map source utility data models to this schema are discussed
in detail. In order to ensure a coherent integrated model, sub and cross domain validation issues are then highlighted.
Finally the proposed framework and data flow for schematic integration is introduced.
Satellite imagery is an increasingly important tool for cultural and natural heritage management. It has particular
relevance in those areas of the world where the heritage resource is poorly understood. In these areas what is known
may be significantly biased: i.e. heritage management strategies may have been skewed towards a specific type of
remain (normally monumental architecture). This paper will present work undertaken in the landscape around the
UNESCO World Heritage site of Sanchi, a major early-historic Buddhist site in Madhya Pradesh, India. Rather than
discuss the merits of individual sensors this paper takes a more holistic approach and examines the 'life-cycle' of satellite
imagery for an archaeological project. This means that satellite imagery is viewed not just as a source of archaeological
information but also as a data source that can be used to contextualise and interpret the archaeological resource. Hence
this paper provides a framework which should allow archaeological investigators to select, manipulate and integrate
different satellite sensors to provide information which is fit for purpose. This paper discusses the implications of
satellite sensors for different activities, including archaeological prospection, landuse mapping and terrain modeling and
considers how the synergies of different satellite and archaeological data can be exploited.
In common with all domains of remote sensing, residues indicative of past human activity can only be detected if they
exhibit some form of identifiable contrast with their surroundings. Unlike many other domains these residues do not
exhibit consistent spectral signatures. Archaeological spectral responses are commonly expressed as subtle deviations
from their surrounding matrix. This is true for crop marks, soil marks and thermal anomalies. The challenge is to collect
imagery when the contrast between archaeological residues and the background matrix is maximized and thus to find
algorithms that will enhance these sometimes subtle distinctions so that they can be more readily detected. This paper
will present work undertaken in the semi-arid environment of Homs, Syria. The project area includes two contrasting
environmental zones with a differing repertoire of archaeological remains: a basalt zone (120 km2) and a marl zone (480
km2). Declassified Corona space photography and Ikonos satellite imagery (panchromatic and multispectral) were
evaluated to determine their efficacy for detecting a range of different archaeological residues. No single image set was
able to provide the best result for the two zones, as each required imagery collected under different environmental
conditions.
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