Image-guided interventions using intraoperative 3D imaging can be less cumbersome than systems dependent on preoperative
images, especially by needing neither potentially invasive image-to-patient registration nor a lengthy process of
segmenting and generating a 3D surface model. In this study, a method for computer-assisted surgery using direct navigation
on intraoperative imaging is presented. In this system the registration step of a navigated procedure was divided into
two stages: preoperative calibration of images to a ceiling-mounted optical tracking system, and intraoperative tracking
during acquisition of the 3D medical image volume. The preoperative stage used a custom-made multi-modal calibrator
that could be optically tracked and also contained fiducial spheres for radiological detection; a robust registration algorithm
was used to compensate for the very high false-detection rate that was due to the high physical density of the optical
light-emitting diodes. Intraoperatively, a tracking device was attached to plastic bone models that were also instrumented
with radio-opaque spheres; A calibrated pointer was used to contact the latter spheres as a validation of the registration.
Experiments showed that the fiducial registration error of the preoperative calibration stage was approximately 0.1 mm.
The target registration error in the validation stage was approximately 1.2 mm. This study suggests that direct registration,
coupled with procedure-specific graphical rendering, is potentially a highly accurate means of performing image-guided
interventions in a fast, simple manner.
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